Cha (Indic)

Letter "Cha" in Indic scripts

Not to be confused with Ca (Indic).

This article should specify the language of its non-English content using {{lang}} or {{langx}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. See why. (April 2021)

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Cha

Example glyphs
Bengali–Assamese|
Tibetan|
Thai|

Malayalam|

Sinhala|

Ashoka Brahmi|
Devanagari|
Cognates
Hebrew| ק
Greek| Ϙ (Ϟ), Φ
Latin| Q
Cyrillic| Ҁ, Ф
Properties
Phonemic representation| /t͡ʃʰ/
IAST transliteration| cha Cha
ISCII code point| B9 (185)

This article contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Indic letters

Consonants
|  Ka|  Ca|  Ṭa|  Ta|  Pa|  Ya|  Śa

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Kha|  Cha|  Ṭha|  Tha|  Pha|  Ra|  Ṣa
Ga|  Ja|  Ḍa|  Da|  Ba|  La|  Sa
Gha|  Jha|  Ḍha|  Dha|  Bha|  Va|  Ha
Ṅa|  Ña|  Ṇa|  Na|  Ma| |
|  Ḷa|  Ḻa|  Ṟa| | |
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Vowels
|  A|  I|  U|  Ṛ|  Ḷ|  E|  O

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Ā|  Ī|  Ū|  Ṝ|  Ḹ|  Ai|  Au
Other marks

* Chandrabindu
* Anusvara
* Visarga
* Virama
* Nuqta
* Avagraha

Punctuation

* Daṇḍa

* v
* t
* e

Cha is the seventh consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, cha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter , which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter  ("Q") after having gone through the Gupta letter .

## Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of छ are:[1]

* छ [t͡ʃʰə] = 7 (७)
* छि [t͡ʃʰɪ] = 700 (७००)
* छु [t͡ʃʰʊ] = 70,000 (७० ०००)
* छृ [t͡ʃʰri] = 7,000,000 (७० ०० ०००)
* छॢ [t͡ʃʰlə] = 7×108 (७०८)
* छे [t͡ʃʰe] = 7×1010 (७०१०)
* छै [t͡ʃʰɛː] = 7×1012 (७०१२)
* छो [t͡ʃʰoː] = 7×1014 (७०१४)
* छौ [t͡ʃʰɔː] = 7×1016 (७०१६)

## Historic Cha

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Cha as found in standard Brahmi,  was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Cha  did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of cha, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

### Brahmi Cha

[edit]

The Brahmi letter , Cha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Tsade , and is thus related to the Greek San (letter). Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Cha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Cha historic forms  Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE) | Girnar
(~150 BCE) | Kushana
(~150-250 CE) | Gujarat
(~250 CE) | Gupta
(~350 CE)

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### Tocharian Cha

[edit]

The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Cha with vowel marks  Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Chr | Chr̄ | Che | Chai | Cho | Chau | Chä

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### Kharoṣṭhī Cha

[edit]

The Kharoṣṭhī letter  is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Tsade , and is thus related to the Greek San (letter), in addition to the Brahmi Cha.

## Devanagari script

[edit]

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration

* IAST
* Hunterian
* NLK
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and syllabic consonants

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū
ॶ (कॖ)| | |  ॷ (कॗ)
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai
(कॕ)| | |  (कॎ)
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au
ॳ (कऺ)| | |  ॴ (कऻ)
| | |  ॵ (कॏ)

* (Schwa deletion)

Consonants

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| |

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ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

च c| | | |  छ ch| | |
ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|

ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | |
ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|

त t| | | |  थ th| | |
द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ

प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| |
ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|

य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ
ल l| | | |  व v| | |

श ś|  ष ṣ|  स s| |  ह h| |  ॽ|

* (Conjuncts)

Diacritics, punctuation, symbols

|  अं ṁ|  अः ḥ|  अँ m̐|  अऀ|  ऽ ’

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क़|  क्|  ३ 3|  ᳵ ẖ|  ᳶ ḫ
अ॑  `|  अ॒  _|  अ॓|  अ॔|  ॐ aum̐
।|  ॥|  ॰|  ॱ|  ₹ INR

* and more (Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions)

Numerals

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā
* Kaṭapayādi

* v
* t
* e

Cha (छ) is the seventh consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter છ and the Modi letter 𑘔.

### Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In most languages, छ is pronounced as [t͡ʃʰə] or [t͡ʃʰ] when appropriate, while in standard Nepali, it is pronounced as [t͡sʰ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari छ with vowel marks  Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Chr | Chr̄ | Chl | Chl̄ | Che | Chai | Cho | Chau | Ch

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छ  | छा  | छि  | छी  | छु  | छू  | छृ  | छॄ  | छॢ  | छॣ  | छे  | छै  | छो  | छौ  | छ्

### Conjuncts with छ

[edit]

Half form of Cha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[3]

#### Ligature conjuncts of छ

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form  for an initial "R" instead of repha.

* Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa: note

* Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature cʰra:

#### Stacked conjuncts of छ

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

* ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:

* छ্ (cʰ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature cʰbʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature cʰca:

* छ্ (cʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature cʰcʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cʰḍa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature cʰḍʱa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature cʰdʱa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature cʰga:

* छ্ (cʰ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature cʰɡʱa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature cʰha:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cʰja:

* छ্ (cʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature cʰjʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cʰjña:

* छ্ (cʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature cʰka:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature cʰkʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature cʰla:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature cʰḷa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + म (ma) gives the ligature cʰma:

* छ্ (cʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature cʰna:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature cʰṇa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cʰña:

* छ্ (cʰ) + प (pa) gives the ligature cʰpa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature cʰpʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + स (sa) gives the ligature cʰsa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰṣa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + त (ta) gives the ligature cʰta:

* छ্ (cʰ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature cʰtʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature cʰṭa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature cʰṭʰa:

* छ্ (cʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature cʰva:

* छ্ (cʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature cʰya:

* द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

* ड্ (ḍ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍcʰa:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱcʰa:

* ख্ (kʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature kʰcʰa:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:

* ट্ (ṭ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ṭcʰa:

* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰcʰa:

* व্ (v) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature vcʰa:

## Bengali script

[edit]

The Bengali script ছ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, छ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ছ will sometimes be transliterated as "cho" instead of "cha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /cʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ছ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ছ with vowel marks  cha | chā | chi | chī | chu | chū | chr | chr̄ | che | chai | cho | chau | ch

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ছ  | ছা  | ছি  | ছী  | ছু  | ছূ  | ছৃ  | ছৄ  | ছে  | ছৈ  | ছো  | ছৌ  | ছ্

### ছ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ছ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

### Conjuncts with ছ

[edit]

Bengali ছ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike most Bengali letters, conjuncts with ছ do not tend towards stacked ligatures.[4]

* চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

* চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

* চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ccʰva, with the va phala suffix:

* ঞ (ñ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ñcʰa:

* র্ (r) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa, with the repha prefix:

* শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

## Gujarati Cha

[edit]

Gujarati Cha.

Cha (છ) is the seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Cha  with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter .

### Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, છ is pronounced as [cʰə] or [cʰ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Chr | Chl | Chr̄ | Chl̄ | Chĕ | Che | Chai | Chŏ | Cho | Chau | Ch

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Gujarati Cha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

### Conjuncts with છ

[edit]

Gujarati છ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Cha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Cha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

* ર્ (r) + છ (cʰa) gives the ligature RCha:

* છ્ (cʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa:

## Gurmukhi script

[edit]

Chhachhaa [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːɑ] (ਛ) is the twelfth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːɑ] and is pronounced as /t͡ʃʰ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter cha, and ultimately from the Brahmi cha. Gurmukhi chachaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃʰ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

## Telugu Cha

[edit]

Telugu independent and subjoined Cha.

Cha (ఛ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಛ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

## Malayalam Cha

[edit]

Malayalam letter Cha

Cha (ഛ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Cha matras: Cha, Chā, Chi, Chī, Chu, Chū, Chr̥, Chr̥̄, Chl̥, Chl̥̄, Che, Chē, Chai, Cho, Chō, Chau, and Ch.

### Conjuncts of ഛ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Cha does not form ligatures or other combining forms, and Cha conjuncts can only be formed with post-base forms of other letter or an explicit candrakkala. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

## Thai script

[edit]

Cho ching (ฉ) is the ninth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the high class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho ching is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, cho chan (จ), is also named cho but represents a different initial consonant sound ([tɕ]) and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, cho chang (ช) and cho choe (ฌ), are also named cho, however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ching (ฉิ่ง) means ‘cymbals (ching)’. Cho ching corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘छ’.

## Odia Cha

[edit]

Odia independent and subjoined letter Cha.

Cha (ଛ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Cha with vowel matras  Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Chr̥ | Chr̥̄ | Chl̥ | Chl̥̄ | Che | Chai | Cho | Chau | Ch

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ଛ | ଛା | ଛି | ଛୀ | ଛୁ | ଛୂ | ଛୃ | ଛୄ | ଛୢ | ଛୣ | ଛେ | ଛୈ | ଛୋ | ଛୌ | ଛ୍

### Conjuncts of ଛ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. The "infinity" shaped subjoined form of Cha used in a few conjuncts is identical to the normal subjoined form of Tha and should not be confused with Tha.

* ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

* ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ñcʰa:

* ଶ୍ (ʃ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

## Kaithi Cha

[edit]

Kaithi consonant Cha.

Cha (𑂓) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Cha with vowel matras  Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Che | Chai | Cho | Chau | Ch

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𑂓 | 𑂓𑂰 | 𑂓𑂱 | 𑂓𑂲 | 𑂓𑂳 | 𑂓𑂴 | 𑂓𑂵 | 𑂓𑂶 | 𑂓𑂷 | 𑂓𑂸 |

### Conjuncts of 𑂓

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂓 (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

## Tirhuta Cha

[edit]

Tirhuta consonant Cha

Cha (𑒕) is a consonant of the Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Tirhuta Cha with vowel matras  Cha | Chā | Chi | Chī | Chu | Chū | Chṛ | Chṝ | Chḷ | Chḹ | Chē | Che | Chai | Chō | Cho | Chau | Ch

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𑒕 | 𑒕𑒰 | 𑒕𑒱 | 𑒕𑒲 | 𑒕𑒳 | 𑒕𑒴 | 𑒕𑒵 | 𑒕𑒶 | 𑒕𑒷 | 𑒕𑒸 | 𑒕𑒹 | 𑒕𑒺 | 𑒕𑒻 | 𑒕𑒼 | 𑒕𑒽 | 𑒕𑒾 | 𑒕𑓂

### Conjuncts of 𑒕

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit virama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒔୍ (c) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

* 𑒕୍ (cʰ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature cʰra:

* 𑒕୍ (cʰ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature cʰva:

* 𑒘୍ (ñ) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature ñcʰa:

* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

* 𑒬୍ (ʃ) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒕 (cʰa) gives the ligature tcʰa:

## Comparison of Cha

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Cha, are related as well.

Comparison of Cha in different scripts

| | | | | | Aramaic
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Kharoṣṭhī
𐨖| | | | | | Ashoka Brahmi
| | Kushana Brahmi[a]
| | Tocharian[b]
| | | | | |

| | | | Gupta Brahmi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pallava
| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Kadamba
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Bhaiksuki
𑰔| | Siddhaṃ
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Grantha
𑌛| | Cham
ꨍ| |
| | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sinhala
ඡ| | | Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Tibetan
| | | | Newa
𑐕| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ahom
𑜋| | | Malayalam
ഛ| |
| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Telugu
ఛ| | | Burmese
ဆ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Lepcha
ᰇ| | | | | Ranjana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Saurashtra
ꢘ| | Dives Akuru
𑤒| |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kannada
ಛ| | Kayah Li
-| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Limbu
ᤇ| | | | | Soyombo[d]
𑩢| | | | | | | | | | | | | Khmer
ឆ| | Tamil
-| |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Chakma
𑄍| | | Tai Tham
ᨨ| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Meitei Mayek
-| | | | | Gaudi
-| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Thai
ฉ| | Lao
ຉ| |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tai Le
ᥡ| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | |
Marchen
𑱷| | | | | Tirhuta
𑒕| | | | | | | | | | New Tai Lue
ᦉ| | Tai Viet
ꪌ / ꪍ| | Aksara Kawi

| |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 'Phags-pa
ꡅ| | | Odia
ଛ| | | | Sharada
𑆗| | Rejang
-| | | Batak
-| | | Buginese

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Zanabazar Square
𑨑| | | | | Bengali-Assamese
| | Takri
𑚐| | | | Javanese
ꦖ| | | Balinese
ᬙ| | Makasar

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Hangul[e]
-| | | | Northern Nagari
-| | Dogri
𑠐| | Laṇḍā
-| | | Sundanese
-| | Baybayin

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Modi
𑘔| | Gujarati
છ| | | | | Khojki
𑈏| | | Khudabadi
𑋁| | | Mahajani
𑅚| | | Tagbanwa

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Devanagari
| | Nandinagari
𑦴| | Kaithi
| | | | Gurmukhi
ਛ| | Multani
𑊋| | | | Buhid

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Canadian Syllabics[f]
-| | Soyombo[g]
𑩢| | Sylheti Nagari
ꠍ| | Gunjala Gondi
𑵼| | | Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴒| | | Hanuno'o

Notes

1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

## Character encodings of Cha

[edit]

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Cha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Cha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information  Preview |  |  | ఛ | ଛ | ಛ | ഛ | છ | ਛ

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Unicode name  | DEVANAGARI LETTER CHA  | BENGALI LETTER CHA  | TELUGU LETTER CHA  | ORIYA LETTER CHA  | KANNADA LETTER CHA  | MALAYALAM LETTER CHA  | GUJARATI LETTER CHA  | GURMUKHI LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 2331 | U+091B | 2459 | U+099B | 3099 | U+0C1B | 2843 | U+0B1B | 3227 | U+0C9B | 3355 | U+0D1B | 2715 | U+0A9B | 2587 | U+0A1B
UTF-8 | 224 164 155 | E0 A4 9B | 224 166 155 | E0 A6 9B | 224 176 155 | E0 B0 9B | 224 172 155 | E0 AC 9B | 224 178 155 | E0 B2 9B | 224 180 155 | E0 B4 9B | 224 170 155 | E0 AA 9B | 224 168 155 | E0 A8 9B
Numeric character reference | &#2331; | &#x91B; | &#2459; | &#x99B; | &#3099; | &#xC1B; | &#2843; | &#xB1B; | &#3227; | &#xC9B; | &#3355; | &#xD1B; | &#2715; | &#xA9B; | &#2587; | &#xA1B;
ISCII | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9 | 185 | B9

Character information  Preview |

Ashoka

Kushana

Gupta

| 𐨖 |  | 𑌛

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Unicode name  | BRAHMI LETTER CHA  | KHAROSHTHI LETTER CHA  | SIDDHAM LETTER CHA  | GRANTHA LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 69657 | U+11019 | 68118 | U+10A16 | 71060 | U+11594 | 70427 | U+1131B
UTF-8 | 240 145 128 153 | F0 91 80 99 | 240 144 168 150 | F0 90 A8 96 | 240 145 150 148 | F0 91 96 94 | 240 145 140 155 | F0 91 8C 9B
UTF-16 | 55300 56345 | D804 DC19 | 55298 56854 | D802 DE16 | 55301 56724 | D805 DD94 | 55300 57115 | D804 DF1B
Numeric character reference | &#69657; | &#x11019; | &#68118; | &#x10A16; | &#71060; | &#x11594; | &#70427; | &#x1131B;

Character information  Preview |  | ྖ | ꡅ | 𑨑 | 𑐕 | 𑰔 | 𑆗

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Unicode name  | TIBETAN LETTER CHA  | TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER CHA  | PHAGS-PA LETTER CHA  | ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CHA  | NEWA LETTER CHA  | BHAIKSUKI LETTER CHA  | SHARADA LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3910 | U+0F46 | 3990 | U+0F96 | 43077 | U+A845 | 72209 | U+11A11 | 70677 | U+11415 | 72724 | U+11C14 | 70039 | U+11197
UTF-8 | 224 189 134 | E0 BD 86 | 224 190 150 | E0 BE 96 | 234 161 133 | EA A1 85 | 240 145 168 145 | F0 91 A8 91 | 240 145 144 149 | F0 91 90 95 | 240 145 176 148 | F0 91 B0 94 | 240 145 134 151 | F0 91 86 97
UTF-16 | 3910 | 0F46 | 3990 | 0F96 | 43077 | A845 | 55302 56849 | D806 DE11 | 55301 56341 | D805 DC15 | 55303 56340 | D807 DC14 | 55300 56727 | D804 DD97
Numeric character reference | &#3910; | &#xF46; | &#3990; | &#xF96; | &#43077; | &#xA845; | &#72209; | &#x11A11; | &#70677; | &#x11415; | &#72724; | &#x11C14; | &#70039; | &#x11197;

Character information  Preview | ဆ | ᨨ | ᦉ

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Unicode name  | MYANMAR LETTER CHA  | TAI THAM LETTER HIGH CHA  | NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH SA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 4102 | U+1006 | 6696 | U+1A28 | 6537 | U+1989
UTF-8 | 225 128 134 | E1 80 86 | 225 168 168 | E1 A8 A8 | 225 166 137 | E1 A6 89
Numeric character reference | &#4102; | &#x1006; | &#6696; | &#x1A28; | &#6537; | &#x1989;

Character information  Preview | ឆ | ຉ | ฉ | ꪌ | ꪍ

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Unicode name  | KHMER LETTER CHA  | LAO LETTER PALI CHA  | THAI CHARACTER CHO CHING  | TAI VIET LETTER LOW CHO  | TAI VIET LETTER HIGH CHO
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6022 | U+1786 | 3721 | U+0E89 | 3593 | U+0E09 | 43660 | U+AA8C | 43661 | U+AA8D
UTF-8 | 225 158 134 | E1 9E 86 | 224 186 137 | E0 BA 89 | 224 184 137 | E0 B8 89 | 234 170 140 | EA AA 8C | 234 170 141 | EA AA 8D
Numeric character reference | &#6022; | &#x1786; | &#3721; | &#xE89; | &#3593; | &#xE09; | &#43660; | &#xAA8C; | &#43661; | &#xAA8D;

Character information  Preview | ඡ | 𑄍 | ᥡ | 𑜋 | 𑤒 | ꢘ | ꨍ

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Unicode name  | SINHALA LETTER MAHAAPRAANA CAYANNA  | CHAKMA LETTER CHAA  | TAI LE LETTER TSHA  | AHOM LETTER CHA  | DIVES AKURU LETTER CHA  | SAURASHTRA LETTER CHA  | CHAM LETTER CHHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 3489 | U+0DA1 | 69901 | U+1110D | 6497 | U+1961 | 71435 | U+1170B | 71954 | U+11912 | 43160 | U+A898 | 43533 | U+AA0D
UTF-8 | 224 182 161 | E0 B6 A1 | 240 145 132 141 | F0 91 84 8D | 225 165 161 | E1 A5 A1 | 240 145 156 139 | F0 91 9C 8B | 240 145 164 146 | F0 91 A4 92 | 234 162 152 | EA A2 98 | 234 168 141 | EA A8 8D
UTF-16 | 3489 | 0DA1 | 55300 56589 | D804 DD0D | 6497 | 1961 | 55301 57099 | D805 DF0B | 55302 56594 | D806 DD12 | 43160 | A898 | 43533 | AA0D
Numeric character reference | &#3489; | &#xDA1; | &#69901; | &#x1110D; | &#6497; | &#x1961; | &#71435; | &#x1170B; | &#71954; | &#x11912; | &#43160; | &#xA898; | &#43533; | &#xAA0D;

Character information  Preview | 𑘔 | 𑦴 | 𑩢 | ꠍ | 𑵼 |

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Unicode name  | MODI LETTER CHA  | NANDINAGARI LETTER CHA  | SOYOMBO LETTER CHA  | SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER CHO  | GUNJALA GONDI LETTER CHA  | KAITHI LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71188 | U+11614 | 72116 | U+119B4 | 72290 | U+11A62 | 43021 | U+A80D | 73084 | U+11D7C | 69779 | U+11093
UTF-8 | 240 145 152 148 | F0 91 98 94 | 240 145 166 180 | F0 91 A6 B4 | 240 145 169 162 | F0 91 A9 A2 | 234 160 141 | EA A0 8D | 240 145 181 188 | F0 91 B5 BC | 240 145 130 147 | F0 91 82 93
UTF-16 | 55301 56852 | D805 DE14 | 55302 56756 | D806 DDB4 | 55302 56930 | D806 DE62 | 43021 | A80D | 55303 56700 | D807 DD7C | 55300 56467 | D804 DC93
Numeric character reference | &#71188; | &#x11614; | &#72116; | &#x119B4; | &#72290; | &#x11A62; | &#43021; | &#xA80D; | &#73084; | &#x11D7C; | &#69779; | &#x11093;

Character information  Preview | 𑒕 | ᰇ | ᤇ | 𑱷

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Unicode name  | TIRHUTA LETTER CHA  | LEPCHA LETTER CHA  | LIMBU LETTER CHA  | MARCHEN LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 70805 | U+11495 | 7175 | U+1C07 | 6407 | U+1907 | 72823 | U+11C77
UTF-8 | 240 145 146 149 | F0 91 92 95 | 225 176 135 | E1 B0 87 | 225 164 135 | E1 A4 87 | 240 145 177 183 | F0 91 B1 B7
UTF-16 | 55301 56469 | D805 DC95 | 7175 | 1C07 | 6407 | 1907 | 55303 56439 | D807 DC77
Numeric character reference | &#70805; | &#x11495; | &#7175; | &#x1C07; | &#6407; | &#x1907; | &#72823; | &#x11C77;

Character information  Preview | 𑚐 | 𑠐 | 𑈏 | 𑋁 | 𑅚 | 𑊋

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Unicode name  | TAKRI LETTER CHA  | DOGRA LETTER CHA  | KHOJKI LETTER CHA  | KHUDAWADI LETTER CHA  | MAHAJANI LETTER CHA  | MULTANI LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 71312 | U+11690 | 71696 | U+11810 | 70159 | U+1120F | 70337 | U+112C1 | 69978 | U+1115A | 70283 | U+1128B
UTF-8 | 240 145 154 144 | F0 91 9A 90 | 240 145 160 144 | F0 91 A0 90 | 240 145 136 143 | F0 91 88 8F | 240 145 139 129 | F0 91 8B 81 | 240 145 133 154 | F0 91 85 9A | 240 145 138 139 | F0 91 8A 8B
UTF-16 | 55301 56976 | D805 DE90 | 55302 56336 | D806 DC10 | 55300 56847 | D804 DE0F | 55300 57025 | D804 DEC1 | 55300 56666 | D804 DD5A | 55300 56971 | D804 DE8B
Numeric character reference | &#71312; | &#x11690; | &#71696; | &#x11810; | &#70159; | &#x1120F; | &#70337; | &#x112C1; | &#69978; | &#x1115A; | &#70283; | &#x1128B;

Character information  Preview | ᬙ | ꦖ

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Unicode name  | BALINESE LETTER CA LACA  | JAVANESE LETTER CA MURDA
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex
Unicode | 6937 | U+1B19 | 43414 | U+A996
UTF-8 | 225 172 153 | E1 AC 99 | 234 166 150 | EA A6 96
Numeric character reference | &#6937; | &#x1B19; | &#43414; | &#xA996;

Character information  Preview | 𑴒

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Unicode name  | MASARAM GONDI LETTER CHA
Encodings | decimal | hex
Unicode | 72978 | U+11D12
UTF-8 | 240 145 180 146 | F0 91 B4 92
UTF-16 | 55303 56594 | D807 DD12
Numeric character reference | &#72978; | &#x11D12;

## See also

[edit]

* Qoph

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
2. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
3. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
4. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.

* Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
* Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
* B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
* Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126\. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
* Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126\. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

* v
* t
* e

Devanāgarī

* Abugida
* Brahmic scripts
* Inherent vowel

Languages|

* Hindi
* Marathi
* Nepali
* Konkani
* Maithili
* Sindhi
* Bodo
* Pali
* Prakrit
* Sanskrit and more

Transliteration|

* IAST
* Hunterian
* National Library at Kolkata
* ISO 15919
* Harvard-Kyoto
* ITRANS
* Velthuis
* SLP1
* WX notation
* (ISCII)

Vowels and
syllabic consonants|

|  अ a|  ॲ æ|  ऄ|  आ (का) ā| | |

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इ (कि) i| | |  ई (की) ī| | |
उ (कु) u| | |  ऊ (कू) ū|  ॶ (कॖ)|  ॷ (कॗ)|
ऋ (कृ) r̥| | |  ॠ (कॄ) r̥̄| | |
ऌ (कॢ) l̥| | |  ॡ (कॣ) l̥̄| | |
ए (के) ē|  ऍ (कॅ) ê|  ऎ (कॆ) e|  ऐ (कै) ai|  (कॕ)|  (कॎ)|
ओ (को) ō|  ऑ (कॉ) ô|  ऒ (कॊ) o|  औ (कौ) au|  ॳ (कऺ)|  ॴ (कऻ)|  ॵ (कॏ)

* Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages

Consonants|

|  क k|  क़ q| | |  ख kh|  ख़ k̲h̲| | |  ग g|  ग़ ġ|  ॻ gg| |  घ gh| |  ङ ṅ|

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च c| | | |  छ ch| | | |  ज j|  ज़ z|  ॼ jj|  ॹ ž|  झ jh|  झ़ zh|  ञ ñ|
ट ṭ| | | |  ठ ṭh| | | |  ड ḍ|  ड़ ṛ|  ॾ ḍḍ|  ॸ ḍ|  ढ ḍh|  ढ़ ṛh|  ण ṇ|
त t| | | |  थ th| | | |  द d| | | |  ध dh| |  न n|  ऩ ṉ
प p| | | |  फ ph|  फ़ f| | |  ब b| |  ॿ bb| |  भ bh| |  म m|
य y|  य़ ẏ| |  ॺ|  र r|  ऱ ṟ|  ळ ḷ|  ऴ ḻ|  ल l| | | |  व v| | |
श ś| | | |  ष ṣ| | | |  स s| | | |  ह h| | |  ॽ
* Consonant conjuncts

Diacritics,
punctuation
and other symbols|

|  अं ṁ (anusvāra)|  अः ḥ (visarga)|  अँ m̐ (candrabindu)|  अऀ (inverted candrabindu)|  ऽ ’ (avagraha)

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क़ (nuqta)|  क् (virāma)|  ३ 3 (pluta)|  ᳵ ẖ (jihvāmūlīya)|  ᳶ ḫ (upadhmānīya)
अ॑ ` (svarita)|  अ॒ (anudātta)|  अ॓ (grave)|  अ॔ (acute)|  ॐ aum̐
। (daṇḍa)|  ॥ (double daṇḍa)|  ॰ (lāghava cihna)|  ॱ (high spacing dot)|  ₹ INR (Indian rupee sign)
* Devanagari (Unicode block)
* Devanagari Extended
* Devanagari Extended-A
* Vedic Extensions
* Devanagari Braille

Numerals|

|  ० 0|  १ 1|  २ 2|  ३ 3|  ४ 4|  ५ 5|  ६ 6|  ७ 7|  ८ 8|  ९ 9

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* Āryabhaṭa numeration
* Akṣarapallī
* Bhūtasaṃkhyā system
* Kaṭapayādi system
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