Chaos (cosmogony)

Void state preceding creation

This article is about the cosmological void. For other uses, see Chaos (disambiguation).

George Frederic Watts – Chaos

In the context of religious cosmologony, Chaos (Ancient Greek: χάος, romanized: kháos) refers to the division of reality outside or in contrast to the ordered cosmos. As such it refers to a state, place, or time, beyond the known, familiar, and reliable world, often said to be inhabited by strange, ominous, or demonic beings.[1]

According to the creation of the universe (the cosmos) in early Greek cosmology, Chaos was the first being to exist.

## Etymology

[edit]

Greek kháos (χάος) means 'emptiness, vast void, chasm, abyss',[a] related to the verbs kháskō (χάσκω) and khaínō (χαίνω) 'gape, be wide open', from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂n-,[2] cognate to Old English geanian, 'to gape', whence English yawn.[3]

It may also mean space, the expanse of air, the nether abyss, or infinite darkness.[4] Pherecydes of Syros (fl. 6th century BC) interprets chaos as water, like something formless that can be differentiated.[5]

## Greco-Roman tradition

[edit]

Greek deities
series

* Titans and Olympians
* Water deities
* Chthonic deities
* Personified concepts

Primordial deities

* Aether
* Ananke
* Chaos
* Erebus
* Eros
* Gaia
* Hemera
* Nyx
* Ourea
* Phanes
* Pontus
* Tartarus
* Uranus

* v
* t
* e

Hesiod and the pre-Socratics use the Greek term in the context of cosmogony. Hesiod's Chaos has been interpreted as either "the gaping void above the Earth created when Earth and Sky are separated from their primordial unity" or "the gaping space below the Earth on which Earth rests".[6] Passages in Hesiod's Theogony suggest that Chaos was located below Earth but above Tartarus.[7][8] Primal Chaos was sometimes said to be the true foundation of reality, particularly by philosophers such as Heraclitus.

### Early Greece

[edit]

Main article: Early Greek cosmology

In Hesiod's Theogony, Chaos was the first thing to exist: "at first Chaos came to be" (or was),[9] but next (possibly out of Chaos) came Gaia, Tartarus, and Eros (elsewhere the name Eros is used for a son of Aphrodite).[b] Unambiguously "born" from Chaos were Erebus and Nyx.[10][11] For Hesiod, Chaos, like Tartarus, though personified enough to have borne children, was also a place, far away, underground and "gloomy", beyond which lived the Titans;[12] and, like the earth, the ocean, and the upper air, it was also capable of being affected by Zeus's thunderbolts.[13]

The notion of the temporal infinity was familiar to the Greek mind from remote antiquity in the religious conception of immortality.[14] The main object of the first efforts to explain the world remained the description of its growth, from a beginning. They believed that the world arose out from a primal unity, and that this substance was the permanent base of all its being. Anaximander claims that the origin is apeiron (the unlimited), a divine and perpetual substance less definite than the common elements (water, air, fire, and earth) as they were understood to the early Greek philosophers. Everything is generated from apeiron, and must return there according to necessity.[15] A conception of the nature of the world was that the earth below its surface stretches down indefinitely and has its roots on or above Tartarus, the lower part of the underworld.[16] In a phrase of Xenophanes, "The upper limit of the earth borders on air, near our feet. The lower limit reaches down to the "apeiron" (i.e. the unlimited)."[16] The sources and limits of the earth, the sea, the sky, Tartarus, and all things are located in a great windy-gap, which seems to be infinite, and is a later specification of "chaos".[16][17]

### Classical Greece

[edit]

In Aristophanes's comedy Birds, first there was Chaos, Night, Erebus, and Tartarus, from Night came Eros, and from Eros and Chaos came the race of birds.

> At the beginning there was only Chaos, Night, dark Erebus, and deep Tartarus. Earth, the air and heaven had no existence. Firstly, blackwinged Night laid a germless egg in the bosom of the infinite deeps of Erebus, and from this, after the revolution of long ages, sprang the graceful Eros with his glittering golden wings, swift as the whirlwinds of the tempest. He mated in deep Tartarus with dark Chaos, winged like himself, and thus hatched forth our race, which was the first to see the light. That of the Immortals did not exist until Eros had brought together all the ingredients of the world, and from their marriage Heaven, Ocean, Earth, and the imperishable race of blessed gods sprang into being. Thus our origin is very much older than that of the dwellers in Olympus. We [birds] are the offspring of Eros; there are a thousand proofs to show it. We have wings and we lend assistance to lovers. How many handsome youths, who had sworn to remain insensible, have opened their thighs because of our power and have yielded themselves to their lovers when almost at the end of their youth, being led away by the gift of a quail, a waterfowl, a goose, or a cock.[18]

In Plato's Timaeus, the main work of Platonic cosmology, the concept of chaos finds its equivalent in the Greek expression chôra, which is interpreted, for instance, as shapeless space (chôra) in which material traces (ichnê) of the elements are in disordered motion (Timaeus 53a–b). However, the Platonic chôra is not a variation of the atomistic interpretation of the origin of the world, as is made clear by Plato's statement that the most appropriate definition of the chôra is "a receptacle of all becoming – its wetnurse, as it were" (Timaeus 49a), notabene a receptacle for the creative act of the demiurge, the world-maker.[19]

Aristotle, in the context of his investigation of the concept of space in physics, "problematizes the interpretation of Hesiod's chaos as 'void' or 'place without anything in it'.[20] Aristotle understands chaos as something that exists independently of bodies and without which no perceptible bodies can exist. 'Chaos' is thus brought within the framework of an explicitly physical investigation. It has now outgrown the mythological understanding to a great extent and, in Aristotle's work, serves above all to challenge the atomists who assert the existence of empty space."[19]

### Roman tradition

[edit]

For Ovid, (43 BC – 17/18 AD), in his Metamorphoses, Chaos was an unformed mass, where all the elements were jumbled up together in a "shapeless heap".[21]

> Before the ocean and the earth appeared—before the skies had overspread them all—
>  the face of Nature in a vast expanse was naught but Chaos uniformly waste.
>  It was a rude and undeveloped mass, that nothing made except a ponderous weight;
>  and all discordant elements confused, were there congested in a shapeless heap.[22]

According to the Fabulae (c. 2nd century AD), attributed to Hyginus: "From Mist (Caligo) came Chaos. From Chaos and Mist, came Night (Nox), Day (Dies), Darkness (Erebus), and Aether."[23][c] An Orphic tradition apparently had Chaos as the son of Chronus and Ananke.[24]

## Old Testament studies

[edit]

Further information: Chaoskampf

Chaos by Wenceslaus Hollar (1607-1677).

Since the classic 1895 German work Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit by Hermann Gunkel, various historians in the field of modern biblical studies have associated the theme of chaos in the earlier Babylonian cosmology with the Genesis creation narrative.[25] One locus of focus has been with respect to the term abyss / tohu wa-bohu in Genesis 1:2. The term may refer to a state of non-being before creation[26] or to a formless state. In the Book of Genesis, the spirit of God is moving upon the face of the waters, displacing the earlier state of the universe that is likened to a "watery chaos" upon which there is choshek (which translated from the Hebrew is darkness/confusion).[14] This model of a primordial state of matter has been opposed by the Church Fathers from the 2nd century, who posited a creation ex nihilo by an omnipotent God.[27]

Some scholars, however, reject the association between biblical creation and notions of chaos from Babylonian myths. The basis is that the terms themselves in Genesis 1:2 are not semantically related to chaos, and that the entire cosmos exists in a state of chaos in Babylonian myth, whereas at most this can be said of the earth in Genesis.[28] The Septuagint makes no use of χάος in the context of creation, instead using the term for גיא, "cleft, gorge, chasm", in Micah 1:6 and Zachariah 14:4.[29] The Vulgate, however, renders the χάσμα μέγα or "great gulf" between heaven and hell in Luke 16:26 as chaos magnum.

## Gnosticism

[edit]

According to the Gnostic On the Origin of the World, Chaos was not the first thing to exist. When the nature of the immortal aeons was completed, Sophia desired something like the light which first existed to come into being. Her desire appears as a likeness with incomprehensible greatness that covers the heavenly universe, diminishing its inner darkness while a shadow appears on the outside which causes Chaos to be formed. From Chaos, every deity including the Demiurge is born.[30]

## Hermeticism and alchemy

[edit]

Further information: Prima materia

Magnum Chaos, wood-inlay by Giovan Francesco Capoferri at the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Bergamo, based on a design by Lorenzo Lotto

The Greco-Roman tradition of prima materia, notably including the 5th- and 6th-century Orphic cosmogony, was merged with biblical notions (Tehom) in Christianity and inherited by alchemy and Renaissance magic.[citation needed]

The cosmic egg of Orphism was taken as the raw material for the alchemical magnum opus in early Greek alchemy. The first stage of the process of producing the philosopher's stone, i.e., nigredo, was identified with chaos. Because of association with the Genesis creation narrative, where "the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters" (Gen. 1:2), Chaos was further identified with the classical element of Water.

Ramon Llull (1232–1315) wrote a Liber Chaos, in which he identifies Chaos as the primal form or matter created by God. Swiss alchemist Paracelsus (1493–1541) uses chaos synonymously with "classical element" (because the primeval chaos is imagined as a formless congestion of all elements). Paracelsus thus identifies Earth as "the chaos of the gnomi", i.e., the element of the gnomes, through which these spirits move unobstructed as fish do through water, or birds through air.[31] An alchemical treatise by Heinrich Khunrath, printed in Frankfurt in 1708, was entitled Chaos.[32] The 1708 introduction states that the treatise was written in 1597 in Magdeburg, in the author's 23rd year of practicing alchemy.[33] The treatise purports to quote Paracelsus on the point that "[t]he light of the soul, by the will of the Triune God, made all earthly things appear from the primal Chaos".[34] Martin Ruland the Younger, in his 1612 Lexicon Alchemiae, states, "A crude mixture of matter or another name for Materia Prima is Chaos, as it is in the Beginning."

The term gas in chemistry was coined by Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont in the 17th century directly based on the Paracelsian notion of chaos. The g in gas is due to the Dutch pronunciation of this letter as a spirant, also employed to pronounce Greek χ.[35]

## Hawaiian tradition

[edit]

In Hawaiian folklore, a triad of deities known as the "Ku-Kaua-Kahi" (a.k.a. "Fundamental Supreme Unity") were said to have existed before and during Chaos ever since eternity, or put in Hawaiian terms, mai ka po mai, meaning "from the time of night, darkness, Chaos". They eventually broke the surrounding Po ("night"), and light entered the universe. Next the group created three heavens for dwelling areas together with the Earth, Sun, Moon, stars, and assistant spirits.[36]

## Modern usage

[edit]

The term chaos has been adopted in modern comparative mythology and religious studies as referring to the primordial state before creation, strictly combining two separate notions of primordial waters or a primordial darkness from which a new order emerges and a primordial state as a merging of opposites, such as heaven and earth, which must be separated by a creator deity in an act of cosmogony.[37] In both cases, chaos referring to a notion of a primordial state contains the cosmos in potentia but needs to be formed by a demiurge before the world can begin its existence.

The use of chaos in the derived sense of "complete disorder or confusion" first appears in Elizabethan Early Modern English, originally implying satirical exaggeration.[38] "Chaos" in the well-defined sense of chaotic complex system is in turn derived from this usage.

## See also

[edit]

* Abzu – Primeval sea in Mesopotamian mythology
* Ginnungagap – Primordial void mentioned in the Gylfaginning
* Greek primordial deities – First generation of deities in Greek mythology
* Hundun – Primordial and central chaos in Chinese cosmogony
* Nu – Ancient Egyptian personification of the primordial watery abyss
* Śūnya and śūnyatā in Hindu and Buddhist religions
* Tiamat – Primordial goddess of ancient Babylon religion
* Tohu va bohu – In the Genesis creation narrative, the earth's condition immediately before light's creationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* The Void – Philosophical concept of emptiness

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ West 1966, p. 192 line 116, Χάος, "best translated Chasm"; English chasm is a loan from Greek χάσμα, which is root-cognate with χάος. Most 2006, p. 13, translates Χάος as "Chasm", and notes: (n. 7): "Usually translated as 'Chaos'; but that suggests to us, misleadingly, a jumble of disordered matter, whereas Hesiod's term indicates instead a gap or opening".
2. ^ According to Gantz 1996, pp. 4–5: "With regard to all three of these figures – Gaia, Tartaros, and Eros – we should note that Hesiod does not say they arose from (as opposed to after) Chaos, although this is often assumed." For example, Morford & Lenardon 2007, p. 57, makes these three descendants of Chaos saying they came "presumably out of Chaos, just as Hesiod actually states that 'from Chaos' came Erebus and dark Night". Tripp 1970, p. 159, says simply that Gaia, Tartarus and Eros, came "out of Chaos, or together with it". Caldwell 1987, pp. 33, n. 116–122, however, interprets Hesiod as saying that Chaos, Gaia, Tartarus, and Eros, all "are spontaneously generated without source or cause". Later writers commonly make Eros the son of Aphrodite and Ares, though several other parentages are also given.
3. ^ Bremmer 2008, p. p. 5 translates Caligo as 'Darkness'; according to him:
"Hyginus ... started his Fabulae with a strange hodgepodge of Greek and Roman cosmogonies and early genealogies. It begins as follows:

Ex Caligine Chaos. Ex Chao et Caligine Nox Dies Erebus Aether. — (Praefatio 1)
His genealogy looks like a derivation from Hesiod, but it starts with the un-Hesiodic and un-Roman Caligo, 'Darkness'. Darkness probably did occur in a cosmogonic poem of Alcman, but it seems only fair to say that it was not prominent in Greek cosmogonies."

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Chaos, doi:10.1163/1872-5287_bdr_COM_00075, retrieved 2025-06-19
2. ^ R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, pp. 1614 and 1616–7.
3. ^ "chaos". Online Etymology Dictionary.
4. ^ Lidell-Scott, A Greek–English Lexiconchaos
5. ^ Kirk, Raven & Schofield 2003, p. 57
6. ^ Moorton, Richard F. Jr. (2001). "Hesiod as Precursor to the Presocratic Philosophers: A Voeglinian View". Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
7. ^ Gantz 1996, p. 3.
8. ^ Hesiod. Theogony. 813–814, 700, 740 - via Perseus, Tufts University.
9. ^ Gantz 1996, p. 3 says "the Greek will allow both".
10. ^ Gantz 1996, pp. 4–5.
11. ^ Hesiod. Theogony. 123 - via Persius, Tufts University.
12. ^ Hesiod. Theogony. 814 - via Persius, Tufts University. "And beyond, away from all the gods, live the Titans, beyond gloomy Chaos"
13. ^ Hesiod. Theogony. 740 - via Perseus, Tufts University.
14. ^ a b Guthrie 2000, pp. 59, 60, 83.
15. ^ Nilsson, Vol.I, p.743[full citation needed]; Guthrie 1952, p. 87.
16. ^ a b c Kirk, Raven & Schofield 2003, pp. 9, 10, 20.
17. ^ Hesiod. Theogony. 740–765 - via Perseus, Tufts University.
18. ^ Aristophanes 1938, 693–699; Morford & Lenardon 2007, pp. 57–58. Caldwell 1987, p. 2, describes this avian-declared theogony as "comedic parody".
19. ^ a b Lobenhofer 2020.
20. ^ Aristotle. Physics. IV 1 208b27–209a2 [...]
21. ^ Ovid. Metamorphoses. 1.5 ff. - via Perseus, Tufts University.
22. ^ Ovid & More 1922, 1.5ff.
23. ^ Gaius Julius Hyginus. Fabulae. Translated by Smith; Trzaskoma. Preface.
24. ^ Ogden 2013, pp. 36–37.
25. ^ Gunkel 1910, HKAT I.1; Tsumura 2022, p. 254.
26. ^ Westermann 1983; Tsumura 2005.
27. ^ Gerhard May, Schöpfung aus dem Nichts. Die Entstehung der Lehre von der creatio ex nihilo, AKG 48, Berlin / New York, 1978, 151f.
28. ^ Tsumura 2022, p. 255, 281.
29. ^ "Lexicon :: Strong's H1516 – gay'". www.blueletterbible.org.
30. ^ Marvin Meyer; Willis Barnstone (2009). "On the Origin of the World". The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
31. ^ De Nymphis etc. Wks. 1658 II. 391[full citation needed]
32. ^ Khunrath, Heinrich (1708). Vom Hylealischen, das ist Pri-materialischen Catholischen oder Allgemeinen Natürlichen Chaos der naturgemässen Alchymiae und Alchymisten: Confessio.
33. ^ Szulakowska 2000, p. 79.
34. ^ Szulakowska 2000, p. 91, quoting Khunrath 1708, p. 68.
35. ^ "halitum illum Gas vocavi, non longe a Chao veterum secretum." Ortus Medicinæ, ed. 1652, p. 59a, cited after the Oxford English Dictionary.
36. ^ Thrum, Thomas (1907). Hawaiian Folk Tales. A. C. McClurg. p. 15.
37. ^ Mircea Eliade, article "Chaos" in Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3rd ed. vol. 1, Tübingen, 1957, 1640f.
38. ^ Stephen Gosson, The schoole of abuse, containing a plesaunt inuectiue against poets, pipers, plaiers, iesters and such like caterpillers of a commonwelth (1579), p. 53 (cited after OED): "They make their volumes no better than [...] a huge Chaos of foule disorder."

### Works cited

[edit]

* Aristophanes (1938). "Birds". In O'Neill, Jr, Eugene (ed.). The Complete Greek Drama. Vol. 2\. New York: Random House - via Perseus Digital Library.
* Bremmer, Jan N. (2008). Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East. Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16473-4. LCCN 2008005742.
* Caldwell, Richard (1987). Hesiod's Theogony. Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company. ISBN 978-0-941051-00-2.
* Gantz, Timothy (1996). Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9.
* Gunkel, H. (1910). Genesis. Göttinger Handkommentar zum Alten Testament (in German). Göttingen.
* Guthrie, W. K. (April 1952). "The Presocratic World-picture". The Harvard Theological Review. 45 (2): 87–104\. doi:10.1017/S0017816000020745. S2CID 162375625.
* Guthrie, W. K. C. (2000). A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 1, The Earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29420-1.
* Kirk, G. S.; Raven, J. E.; Schofield, M. (2003). The Presocratic philosophers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27455-9.
* Lobenhofer, Stefan (2020). "Chaos". In Kirchhoff, Thomas (ed.). Online Lexikon Naturphilosophie [Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature]. Online Encyclopedia Philosophy of Nature. University of Heidelberg. doi:10.11588/oepn.2019.0.68092.
* Morford, Mark P. O.; Lenardon, Robert J. (2007). Classical Mythology (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
* Most, G. W. (2006). Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Testimonia. Loeb Classical Library. Vol. 57\. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99622-9.
* Ogden, Daniel (2013). Dragons, Serpents, and Slayers in the Classical and early Christian Worlds: A sourcebook. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992509-4.
* Publius Ovidius Naso (1922). Metamorphoses. Translated by More, Brookes. Boston: Cornhill Publishing Co - via Perseus Digital Library.
* Szulakowska, Urszula (2000). The alchemy of light: geometry and optics in late Renaissance alchemical illustration. Symbola et Emblemata – Studies in Renaissance and Baroque Symbolism. Vol. 10\. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-11690-0.
* Tripp, Edward (1970). Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology (1st ed.). Thomas Y. Crowell Co. ISBN 0-690-22608-X.
* Tsumura, D. (2005) [1989]. Creation and Destruction. A Reappraisal of the Chaoskampf Theory in the Old Testament (2nd ed.). Winona Lake, IN: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-1-57506-106-1.
* Tsumura, David Toshio (2022). "Chaos and Chaoskampf in the Bible: Is "Chaos" a Suitable Term to Describe Creation or Conflict in the Bible?". In Watson, Rebecca S.; Curtis, Adrian H. W. (eds.). Conversations on Canaanite and Biblical Themes Creation, Chaos and Monotheism. De Gruyter. pp. 253–281.
* West, M. L. (1966). Hesiod: Theogony. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814169-6.
* Westermann, C. (1983) [1974]. Genesis, Kapitel 1–11. Biblischer Kommentar Altes Testament (in German). Vol. I/1 (3rd ed.). Neukirchen-Vluyn.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Aristophanes (1907). Hall, F.W.; Geldart, W.M. (eds.). Aristophanes Comoediae (in Greek). Vol. 2\. Oxford: Clarendon Press - via Perseus Digital Library.
* Day, John (1985). God's conflict with the dragon and the sea: echoes of a Canaanite myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge Oriental Publications. ISBN 978-0-521-25600-1.
* Hesiod (1914). "Theogony". The Homeric Hymns and Homerica (in English and Greek). Translated by Evelyn-White, Hugh G. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press - via Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
* Hyginus. Grant, Mary (ed.). Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus. Translated by Grant, Mary. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies - via Topos Text Project.
* Jaeger, Werner (1952). The theology of the early Greek philosophers: the Gifford lectures 1936. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 891905501.
* Miller, Robert D. (2014). "Tracking the Dragon across the Ancient Near East". Archiv Orientální. 82 (2): 225–45\. doi:10.47979/aror.j.82.2.225-245. hdl:2263/58405.
* Publius Ovidius Naso (1892). Magnus, Hugo (ed.). Metamorphoses (in Latin). Gotha, Germany: Friedr. Andr. Perthes - via Perseus Digital Library.
* Smith, William (1873). "Chaos". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London - via Perseus Digital Library.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Watson, Rebecca S. (2005). Chaos Uncreated: A Reassessment of the Theme of "Chaos" in the Hebrew Bible. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110900866. ISBN 978-3-11-017993-4.
* Wyatt, Nicolas (2022). "Distinguishing Wood and Trees in the Waters: Creation in Biblical Thought". In Watson, Rebecca S.; Curtis, Adrian H.W. (eds.). Conversations on Canaanite and Biblical Themes Creation, Chaos and Monotheism. De Gruyter. pp. 203–252.

* v
* t
* e

Ancient Greek deities

Primal
elements|

* Aether
* Chaos
* Erebus
* Eros
* Gaia
* Hemera
* Nyx
* The Ourea
* Pontus
* Tartarus
* Uranus

Titans|

| Twelve Titans|

* Coeus
* Crius
* Cronus
* Dione
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Mnemosyne
* Oceanus
* Phoebe
* Rhea
* Tethys
* Theia
* Themis

|

Descendants of the Titans|

* Asteria
* Astraeus
* Atlas
* Eos
* Epimetheus
* Helios
* Leto
* Menoetius
* Pallas
* Perses
* Prometheus
* Selene

Olympian
deities|

| Twelve Olympians|

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* Ares
* Artemis
* Athena
* Demeter
* Dionysus
* Hephaestus
* Hera
* Hermes
* Hestia
* Poseidon
* Zeus

|

Olympian Gods|

* Asclepius
* Eileithyia
* Enyo
* Eris
* Iris
* Harmonia
* Hebe
* Heracles
* Paean
* Pan

Muses|

* Daughters of Zeus
* Calliope
* Clio
* Euterpe
* Erato
* Melpomene
* Polyhymnia
* Terpsichore
* Thalia
* Urania
* Daughters of Apollo
* Apollonis
* Borysthenis
* Cephisso
* Boeotian Muses
* Aoide
* Melete
* Mneme
* Muses of the Lyre
* Hypate
* Mese
* Nete
* Muses at Sicyon
* Polymatheia

Charites (Graces)|

* Aglaia
* Euphrosyne
* Hegemone
* Pasithea
* Thalia

Horae (Hours)|

* Dike
* Eirene
* Eunomia

Children of Styx|

* Bia
* Kratos
* Nike
* Zelus

Water
deities|

| Sea deities|

* Amphitrite
* Benthesikyme
* Brizo
* Calliste
* Calypso
* Ceto
* Eurybia
* Glaucus
* Leucothea
* Melicertes
* Nereus
* Nerites
* Oceanus
* Phorcys
* Pontus
* Poseidon
* Proteus
* Rhodos
* Tethys
* Thalassa
* Thaumas
* Thetis
* Triton

|

Oceanids|

* Acaste
* Admete
* Asia
* Callirhoe
* Ceto
* Clymene (consort of Helios)
* Clymene (wife of Iapetus)
* Clytie
* Dione
* Dodone
* Doris
* Electra
* Eurynome
* Idyia
* Melia (consort of Apollo)
* Melia (consort of Inachus)
* Metis
* Perse
* Philyra
* Pleione
* Plouto
* Styx
* Telesto
* Theia
* Zeuxo

Nereids|

* Amatheia
* Amphithoe
* Amphitrite
* Arethusa
* Cymatolege
* Cymo
* Dynamene
* Galatea
* Galene
* Protomedeia
* Psamathe
* Sao
* Spio
* Thalia
* Thetis

River gods|

* Achelous
* Alpheus
* Anapus
* Asopus
* Asterion
* Axius
* Caanthus
* Cebren
* Cephissus
* Enipeus
* Kladeos
* Meander
* Nilus
* Numicus
* Phyllis
* Peneus
* Sangarius
* Scamander
* Selemnus
* Simoeis
* Strymon

Naiads|

* Aegina
* Achiroe
* Aganippe
* The Anigrides
* Argyra
* Bistonis
* Bolbe
* Caliadne
* Cassotis
* Castalia
* Cleocharia
* Creusa
* Daphne
* Drosera
* Harpina
* The Ionides
* Ismenis
* Larunda
* Lilaea
* Liriope
* Melite
* Metope
* Minthe
* Moria
* Nana
* Nicaea
* Orseis
* Pallas
* Pirene
* Salmacis
* Stilbe
* The Thriae
* Corycia
* Cleodora
* Melaina
* Tiasa

Personifications|

| Children of Eris|

* Algos
* Amphillogiai
* The Androktasiai
* Atë
* Dysnomia
* Horkos
* Hysminai
* Lethe
* Logoi
* Limos
* Machai
* Neikea
* Phonoi
* Ponos
* Pseudea

|

Children of Nyx|

* Apate
* Eris
* Geras
* Hesperides
* Hypnos
* The Keres
* The Moirai
* Atropos
* Clotho
* Lachesis
* Momus
* Moros
* Nemesis
* Oizys
* The Oneiroi
* Philotes
* Thanatos

Others|

* Achlys
* Adephagia
* Aergia
* Aidos
* Aion
* Alala
* Alastor
* Aletheia
* Alke
* Amechania
* Anaideia
* Ananke
* Angelia
* Anteros
* Apheleia
* Arete
* The Arae
* Astraea
* Caerus
* Chronos
* Chrysus
* Corus
* Deimos
* Dikaiosyne
* Dyssebeia
* Eiresione
* Ekecheiria
* Eulabeia
* Eupraxia
* Eusebeia
* Ersa
* Eros
* Erotes
* Gelos
* Hedone
* Hedylogos
* Heimarmene
* Hermaphroditus
* Homados
* Homonoia
* Horme
* Hymen
* Iacchus
* Ioke
* Kakia
* Koalemos
* Kydoimos
* The Litae
* Lyssa
* The Maniae
* Methe
* Nomos
* Palioxis
* Peitharchia
* Peitho
* Penia
* Penthus
* Pepromene
* Pheme
* Phobos
* Phrike
* Phthonus
* Poine
* Polemos
* Poros
* Praxidice
* Proioxis
* Prophasis
* Soter
* Soteria
* Thrasos
* Tyche

Other deities|

| Sky|

* The Anemoi
* Boreas
* Eurus
* Notus
* Zephyrus
* Hesperus
* Phosphorus
* Phaethon
* Astrape and Bronte
* Aura
* The Hesperides
* The Hyades
* Nephele
* The Pleiades
* Alcyone
* Sterope
* Celaeno
* Electra
* Maia
* Merope
* Taygete
* Sirius
* Tritopatores

|

Agriculture|

* Aphaia
* Demeter
* Despoina
* Eunostus
* Opora
* Philomelus
* Plutus

Health|

* Asclepius
* Aceso
* Epione
* Iaso
* Hygieia
* Paean
* Panacea
* Telesphorus

Rustic
deities|

* Aetna
* Agdistis
* The Alseids
* Amphictyonis
* Aristaeus
* Attis
* Britomartis
* The Cabeiri
* Comus
* The Dryades
* Erato
* The Hamadryades
* Chrysopeleia
* The Epimelides
* Hecaterus
* Leuce
* The Maenades
* The Meliae
* Hyperborean maidens
* The Oreads
* Echo
* Priapus
* Rhapso
* Silenus
* Telete

Others|

* Aphroditus
* Arke
* Auxesia
* Enodia
* Circe
* Enyalius
* Hecate
* Orthanes
* Palaestra
* Pasiphaë
* Phanes
* Sosipolis

* v
* t
* e

Ancient Greek religion and mythology

Religion and religious practice

Main beliefs|

* Ages of Man
* Golden Age
* Heroic Age
* Ancient accounts of Homer
* Apotheosis
* Arete
* Daemon
* Destiny
* Eudaimonia
* Euhemerism
* Eunoia
* Eusebeia
* Golden mean
* Golden Rule
* Greek words for love
* Hemitheos
* Hero cult
* Hubris
* Interpretatio graeca
* Katabasis
* Kleos
* Know thyself
* Metamorphosis
* Metempsychosis
* Nympholepsy
* Paradoxography
* Patron gods
* Pederasty
* Phronesis
* Polytheism
* Sophrosyne
* Soter
* Theia mania
* Xenia

Texts / odes /
epic poems|

| Epic Cycle|

* Aethiopis
* Cypria
* Iliad
* Iliupersis
* Little Iliad
* Nostoi
* Odyssey
* Telegony

|

Theban Cycle|

* Oedipodea
* Thebaid
* Epigoni
* Alcmeonis

Others|

* Aesop's Fables
* Aretalogy
* Argonautica
* Bibliotheca
* Catalogue of Women
* Cyranides
* Delphic maxims
* Derveni papyrus
* Dionysiaca
* Golden Verses of Pythagoras
* Greek Magical Papyri
* Homerica
* Homeric Hymns
* Interpretation of Dreams
* Oneirocritica
* Orphic Hymns
* Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis
* Sibylline Books
* Sortes Astrampsychi
* Stories from Plato
* Atlantis
* Myth of Er
* Ring of Gyges
* Theogony
* Works and Days

Religions|

| Antecedents|

*   * Minoan religion
* Mycenaean religion
* List of Mycenaean deities
* Paleo-Balkan mythology
* Proto-Indo-European mythology
* Religions of the ancient Near East

|

Expressions|

* Atheism
* Henotheism
* Monotheism
* Polytheism

Hellenistic religions|

* Early Christianity
* Christianization
* Relationship with Greek philosophy
* Esoteric systems
* Early alchemy
* Gnosticism
* Hermeticism
* Neoplatonism
* Hellenistic Judaism
* God-fearers
* Syncretic religions
* Alexander
* Ptolemaic cult
* Etruscan religion
* Greco-Buddhism
* Roman religion
* Imperial cult
* Religious views of emperor Julian

Mystery religions
and sacred mysteries|

* Arcadian Mysteries
* Delos Mysteries
* Dionysian Mysteries
* Eleusinian Mysteries
* Imbrian Mysteries
* Mithraism
* Mysteries of Isis
* Orphism
* Samothracian Mysteries

New religious movements|

* Discordianism
* Feraferia
* Gaianism
* Hellenism

Religious practice|

| Worship
/ rituals|

* Amphidromia
* Arotoi Hieroi
* Astragalomancy
* Baptes
* Cult of Artemis at Brauron
* Daduchos
* Divination
* Funeral and burial practices
* Funeral oration
* Greco-Roman mysteries
* Hero cult
* Heroön
* Hierophany
* Hieros gamos
* Hymns
* Incubation
* Komos
* Nekyia
* Omophagia
* Orgia
* Panegyris
* Prayer
* Sacrifice
* Animal sacrifice
* Hecatomb
* Holocaust
* Libation
* Pharmakos
* Votive offering
* Theatre

|

Religious
offices|

* Amphictyonic league
* Archon basileus
* Basilinna
* Gerarai
* Hiereia
* Hierophant
* Hierophylakes
* Iatromantis
* Kanephoros
* Mystagogue
* Oracle
* Sibyl
* Thiasus

Religious
objects|

* Baetyl
* Cult image
* Chryselephantine sculpture
* Xoanon
* Greek terracotta figurines
* Kernos
* Kykeon
* Loutrophoros
* Omphalos
* Panathenaic amphora
* Rhyton
* Sacrificial tripod
* Sceptre
* Thymiaterion

Magic|

* Apotropaic magic
* Curse tablet
* Divination
* Greek Magical Papyri
* Hermeticism
* Hermetica
* Necromancy
* Philia

Events|

| Festivals
/ feasts|

* Actia
* Adonia
* Agrionia
* Amphidromia
* Anthesteria
* Apellai
* Apaturia
* Aphrodisia
* Arrhephoria
* Ascolia
* Bendidia
* Boedromia
* Brauronia
* Buphonia
* Chalceia
* Diasia
* Delia
* Delphinia
* Dionysia
* Ecdysia
* Elaphebolia
* Gamelia
* Halieia
* Haloa
* Heracleia
* Hermaea
* Hieromenia
* Iolaia
* Kronia
* Lenaia
* Leucophryna
* Lykaia
* Metageitnia
* Munichia
* Oschophoria
* Pamboeotia
* Pandia
* Plynteria
* Ptolemaieia
* Pyanopsia
* Skira
* Synoikia
* Soteria
* Tauropolia
* Thargelia
* Theseia
* Thesmophoria

|

Games|

* Agon
* Panathenaic Games
* Rhieia

Panhellenic Games|

* Olympic Games
* Heraean Games
* Pythian Games
* Nemean Games
* Isthmian Games
* Actia

Sacred places|

| Temples /
sanctuaries|

* Asclepieion
* Delphinion
* Mithraeum
* Necromanteion of Acheron
* Nymphaeum
* Panionium
* Parthenon
* Ploutonion
* Telesterion
* Temenos
* Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
* Temple of Zeus, Olympia

|

Oracles|

* Amphiareion of Oropos
* Aornum
* Claros
* Delphi
* Didyma
* Dodona
* Oracle of Apollo Thyrxeus at Cyaneae
* Oracle of Apollo at Ptoion
* Oracle of Artemis at Ikaros
* Oracle of Menestheus
* Sanctuary of the Great Gods
* Tegyra

Mountains|

* Cretea
* Mount Ida (Crete)
* Mount Ida (Turkey)
* Mount Lykaion
* Olympus

Caves|

* Cave of Zeus, Aydın
* Caves of Pan
* Psychro Cave
* Vari Cave

Islands|

* Island of Achilles
* Delos
* Islands of Diomedes

Springs|

* Castalian Spring
* Hippocrene
* Pierian Spring

Others|

* Athenian sacred ships
* Paralus
* Salaminia
* Eleusis
* Hiera Orgas
* Kanathos
* Olympia
* Sacred Way
* Theatre of Dionysus

Myths and mythology

Deities
(Family tree)|

| Primordial deities|

* Aether
* Ananke
* Chaos
* Chronos
* Erebus
* Eros
* Gaia
* Hemera
* Nyx
* Phanes
* Pontus
* Thalassa
* Tartarus
* Uranus

|

Titans|

| First generation|

* Coeus
* Crius
* Cronus
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Mnemosyne
* Oceanus
* Phoebe
* Rhea
* Tethys
* Theia
* Themis

|

Second generation|

* Asteria
* Astraeus
* Atlas
* Eos
* Epimetheus
* Helios
* Leto
* Menoetius
* Metis
* Pallas
* Perses
* Prometheus
* Selene

Third generation|

* Hecate
* Hesperus
* Phosphorus

Twelve Olympians|

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* Ares
* Artemis
* Athena
* Demeter
* Dionysus
* Hephaestus
* Hera
* Hermes
* Hestia
* Poseidon
* Zeus

Water deities|

* Amphitrite
* Alpheus
* Ceto
* Glaucus
* Naiads
* Nereids
* Nereus
* Oceanids
* Phorcys
* Poseidon
* Proteus
* River gods
* Scamander
* Thaumas
* Thetis
* Triton

Love deities|

| Erotes|

* Anteros
* Eros
* Hedylogos
* Hermaphroditus
* Himeros
* Hymen/Hymenaeus
* Pothos

|

* Aphrodite
* Aphroditus
* Philotes
* Peitho

War deities|

* Adrestia
* Alala
* Alke
* Amphillogiai
* Androktasiai
* Ares
* Athena
* Bia
* Deimos
* Enyalius
* Enyo
* Eris
* Gynaecothoenas
* Homados
* Hysminai
* Ioke
* Keres
* Kratos
* Kydoimos
* Ma
* Machai
* Nike
* Palioxis
* Pallas
* Perses
* Phobos
* Phonoi
* Polemos
* Proioxis

Chthonic deities|

| Psychopomps|

* Charon
* Hermes
* Hermanubis
* Thanatos

|

* Angelos
* Cabeiri
* The Erinyes (Furies)
* Hades / Pluto
* Hecate
* Hypnos
* Keres
* Lampad
* Melinoë
* Persephone
* Zagreus

Health deities|

* Aceso
* Aegle
* Artemis
* Apollo
* Asclepius
* Chiron
* Darrhon
* Eileithyia
* Epione
* Hebe
* Hygieia
* Iaso
* Paean
* Panacea
* Telesphorus

Sleep deities|

* Empusa
* Epiales
* Hypnos
* Pasithea
* Oneiroi

Messenger deities|

* Angelia
* Arke
* Hermes
* Iris

Trickster deities|

* Apate
* Hermes
* Momus

Magic deities|

* Circe
* Hecate
* Hermes Trismegistus
* Pasiphaë

Art and beauty deities|

* Aphrodite
* Apollo
* The Charites (Graces)
* Aglaea
* Euphrosyne
* Thalia
* Dionysus
* The Muses
* Calliope
* Clio
* Polyhymnia
* Euterpe
* Terpsichore
* Erato
* Melpomene
* Thalia
* Urania

Other major deities|

* The Anemoi (Winds)
* Boreas
* Eurus
* Notus
* Zephyrus
* Azone
* Chrysaor
* Cybele
* Eileithyia
* Glycon
* Harmonia
* Nemesis
* Pan
* Pegasus
* Zelus

Heroes /
heroines|

| Individuals|

* Abderus
* Achilles
* Actaeon
* Adonis
* Aeneas
* Ajax the Great
* Ajax the Lesser
* Akademos
* Amphiaraus
* Amphitryon
* Antilochus
* Atalanta
* Autolycus
* Bellerophon
* Bouzyges
* Cadmus
* Chrysippus
* Cyamites
* Daedalus
* Diomedes
* Dioscuri (Castor and Polydeuces)
* Echetlus
* Eleusis
* Erechtheus
* Eunostus
* Ganymede
* Hector
* Heracles
* Icarus
* Iolaus
* Jason
* Meleager
* Menelaus
* Narcissus
* Nestor
* Odysseus
* Oedipus
* Orpheus
* Otrera
* Pandion
* Peleus
* Pelops
* Penthesilea
* Perseus
* Theseus
* Triptolemus

|

Groups|

* Argonauts
* Calydonian hunters
* Epigoni
* Seven against Thebes

Oracles
/ seers|

* Aesacus
* Aleuas
* Amphiaraus
* Amphilochus
* Ampyx
* Anius
* Asbolus
* Bakis
* Branchus
* Calchas
* Carnus
* Carya
* Cassandra
* Elatus
* Ennomus
* Epimenides
* Halitherses
* Helenus
* Iamus
* Idmon
* Manto
* Melampus
* Mopsus
* Munichus
* Phineus
* Polyeidos
* Polypheides
* Pythia
* Sibyls
* Cimmerian
* Cumaean
* Delphic
* Erythraean
* Hellespontine
* Libyan
* Persian
* Phrygian
* Samian
* Telemus
* Theiodamas
* Theoclymenus
* Tiresias

Other
mortals|

* Aegeus
* Aegisthus
* Agamemnon
* Andromache
* Andromeda
* Antigone
* Augeas
* Briseis
* Cassiopeia
* Creon of Thebes
* Chryseis
* Chrysothemis
* Clytemnestra
* Damocles
* Deidamia
* Deucalion
* Electra
* Eteocles
* Europa
* Gordias
* Hecuba
* Helen of Troy
* Hellen
* The Heracleidae
* Hermione
* Hippolyta
* Io
* Iphigenia
* Ismene
* Jocasta
* Laius
* Lycian peasants
* Lycaon
* The Maenads
* Memnon
* Messapian shepherds
* Midas
* Minos
* Myrrha
* Neoptolemus
* Niobe
* Orestes
* Paris
* Patroclus
* Penelope
* Philomela
* Phoenix
* Polybus of Corinth
* Polynices
* Priam
* Procne
* Pylades
* Pyrrha
* Telemachus
* Troilus

Underworld|

| Entrances to
the underworld|

| Rivers|

* Acheron
* Cocytus
* Eridanos
* Lethe
* Phlegethon
* Styx

|

Lakes/swamps|

* Acherusia
* Avernus Lake
* Lerna Lake

Caves|

* Cave at Cape Matapan
* Cave at Lake Avernus
* Cave at Heraclea Pontica

Charoniums|

* Charonium at Aornum
* Charonium at Acharaca

Ploutonion|

* Ploutonion at Acharaca
* Ploutonion at Eleusis
* Ploutonion at Hierapolis

Necromanteion (necromancy temple)|

* Necromanteion of Acheron

Places|

* Elysium
* Erebus
* Fields of Asphodel
* Isles of the Blessed
* Mourning Fields
* Tartarus

Judges|

* Aeacus
* Minos
* Rhadamanthus

Guards|

* Campe
* Cerberus

Residents|

* Anticlea
* Danaïdes
* Eurydice
* Ixion
* Ocnus
* Salmoneus
* The Shades
* Sisyphus
* Tantalus
* Tiresias
* Titans
* Tityos

Visitors|

* Dionysus
* Heracles
* Hermes
* Odysseus
* Orpheus
* Pirithous
* Psyche
* Theseus

Symbols/objects|

* Bident
* Cap of invisibility
* Charon's obol

Animals, daemons,
and spirits|

* Ascalaphus
* Ceuthonymus
* Eurynomos
* Menoetius

Mythical|

| Beings|

| Lists|

* Deities
* Mythological creatures
* Mortals
* Minor figures
* Trojan War characters

|

Minor spirits|

* Daemon
* Agathodaemon
* Cacodaemon
* Eudaemon
* Nymph
* Satyr

Beasts /
creatures|

* Centaur
* Centaurides
* Ichthyocentaur
* Cyclops
* Dragon
* Drakaina
* Echidna
* Giant
* Gorgon
* Harpy
* Hecatonchires
* Hippocampus
* Horses of Helios
* Lamia
* Phoenix
* Python
* Siren
* Scylla and Charybdis
* Sphinx
* Typhon

Captured
/ slain by
heroes|

* Calydonian boar
* Cerberus
* Cerynian Hind
* Chimera
* Cretan Bull
* Crommyonian Sow
* Erymanthian boar
* Khalkotauroi
* Lernaean Hydra
* Mares of Diomedes
* Medusa
* Minotaur
* Nemean lion
* Orthrus
* Polyphemus
* Stymphalian birds
* Talos
* Teumessian fox

Tribes|

* Achaeans
* Amazons
* Anthropophagi
* Bebryces
* Cicones
* Curetes
* Dactyls
* Gargareans
* Halizones
* Korybantes
* Laestrygonians
* Lapiths
* Lotus-eaters
* Myrmidons
* Pygmies
* Spartoi
* Telchines

Places
/ Realms|

* Aethiopia
* Ara
* Colchis
* Erytheia
* Hyperborea
* Ismarus
* Ithaca
* Libya
* Nysa
* Ogygia
* Panchaia
* Phlegra
* Scheria
* Scythia
* Symplegades
* Tartessos
* Themiscyra
* Thrinacia
* Troy

Events|

* Apollo and Daphne
* Calydonian boar hunt
* Eros and Psyche
* Judgment of Paris
* Labours of Heracles
* Orpheus and Eurydice
* Returns from Troy
* Odyssey

Wars|

* Amazonomachy
* Attic War
* Centauromachy
* Gigantomachy
* Indian War
* Theomachy
* Titanomachy
* Trojan War

Objects|

* Adamant
* Aegis
* Ambrosia
* Apple of Discord
* Argo
* Dragon's teeth
* Diipetes
* Eidolon
* Galatea
* Girdle of Aphrodite
* Golden apple
* Golden Fleece
* Gordian knot
* Harpe
* Ichor
* Labyrinth
* Lotus tree
* Milk of Hera
* Moly
* Necklace of Harmonia
* Orichalcum
* Palladium
* Panacea
* Pandora's box
* Petasos (Winged helmet)
* Phaeacian ships
* Philosopher's stone
* Shield of Achilles
* Shirt of Nessus
* Sword of Damocles
* Talaria
* Thunderbolt
* Thyrsus
* Trident of Poseidon
* Trojan Horse
* Winnowing Oar
* Wheel of fire

Symbols|

* Bowl of Hygieia
* Caduceus
* Cornucopia
* Gorgoneion
* Kantharos
* Labrys
* Orphic egg
* Ouroboros
* Owl of Athena
* Phallus
* Rod of Asclepius
* Swan song
* Wind
* East
* West
* North
* South

Modern
treatments|

* Classical mythology in western art and literature
* Classicism
* Classics
* Greek mythology in popular culture
* Modern understanding of Greek mythology

* v
* t
* e

Thelema

Organizations|

* A∴A∴
* Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
* Fraternitas Saturni
* O∴A∴A∴
* Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
* Ordo Templi Orientis
* Society Ordo Templi Orientis
* Thelemic Order of the Golden Dawn
* Typhonian Order

Personalities|

* List of Thelemites
* Ankh-af-na-khonsu
* Aleister Crowley
* Kenneth Anger
* Allan Bennett
* William Breeze
* Mary Butts
* Marjorie Cameron
* Lon Milo DuQuette
* Jeanne Robert Foster
* J. F. C. Fuller
* Karl Germer
* Kenneth Grant
* Lady Frieda Harris
* Leah Hirsig
* Christopher Hyatt
* Charles Stansfeld Jones
* George Cecil Jones
* Richard Kaczynski
* Rose Edith Kelly
* James Lees
* Grady Louis McMurtry
* Mogg Morgan
* Marcelo Ramos Motta
* Nema Andahadna
* Victor Neuburg
* Sara Northrup
* Jack Parsons
* Helen Parsons Smith
* Theodor Reuss
* C. F. Russell
* Phyllis Seckler
* Wilfred Talbot Smith
* Leila Waddell
* James Wasserman
* Sam Webster
* Jane Wolfe

Thelemic texts|

* Aleister Crowley bibliography
* The Book of Lies
* The Book of the Law (Liber AL vel Legis)
* The Book of Thoth
* Clouds without Water
* Collected Works
* Confessions
* The Diary of a Drug Fiend
* Eight Lectures on Yoga
* The Equinox
* The Blue Equinox
* The Equinox of the Gods
* The Holy Books of Thelema
* Konx Om Pax
* The Law is for All
* Liber 777
* Liber Aleph
* Liber OZ
* Liber Pennae Praenumbra
* Liber Resh
* Liber Trigrammaton
* Little Essays Toward Truth
* Magick (Book 4)
* Magick Without Tears
* Moonchild
* One Star in Sight
* The Stratagem and other Stories
* Thoth Tarot
* The Vision and the Voice
* White Stains

Concepts and ideas|

* 93
* Abyss
* Aeon
* Agape
* Astral projection
* Body of light
* English Qaballa
* Great Work
* Hermetic Qabalah
* Holy Guardian Angel
* Magical formula
* Night of Pan
* Stele of Revealing
* Stellar wisdom
* True Will

Magick|

* Abrahadabra
* Ceremonial magic
* Enochian magic
* Eroto-comatose lucidity
* Goetia
* Obeah and wanga
* Sex magic

Ceremony and ritual|

* Liber Resh
* Pentagram Ritual
* Bornless Ritual
* Gnostic Mass
* Rites of Eleusis

Godforms|

* Nuit
* Hadit
* Heru-ra-ha
* Aiwass
* Therion
* Babalon
* Chaos
* Ma'at
* Harpocrates

Symbolism|

* Number of the beast
* Pentagram
* Rose Cross
* Tree of Life
* Unicursal hexagram

Related topics|

* Abbey of Thelema
* Abramelin oil
* Agape Lodge
* Boleskine House
* Book of Abramelin
* Cake of Light
* Choronzon
* Dianism
* Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
* IPSOS
* Magical alphabet
* Magical organization
* Solar deity
* Solar Lodge
* The Beast
* Whore of Babylon

Portals:

* History of science
* Science
* Astronomy
* Stars

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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