Charan Singh

5th prime minister of India (1902–1987)

For other people named Charan Singh, see Charan Singh (disambiguation).

Chaudhary Charan Singh

Singh in 1979

Prime Minister of India
In office
28 July 1979 – 20 August 1979
(caretaker: 21 August 1979 – 14 January 1980)
President| Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
Vice President| B. D. Jatti
Mohammad Hidayatullah
Deputy| Yashwantrao Chavan
Preceded by| Morarji Desai
Succeeded by| Indira Gandhi
Deputy Prime Minister of India
In office
24 January 1979 – 16 July 1979

Serving with Jagjivan Ram

Prime Minister| Morarji Desai
Preceded by| Morarji Desai
Succeeded by| Yashwantrao Chavan
Union Minister of Finance
In office
19 October 1979 – 14 January 1980
Prime Minister| Himself
Preceded by| Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna
Succeeded by| Ramaswamy Venkataraman
In office
24 January 1979 – 16 July 1979
Prime Minister| Morarji Desai
Preceded by| H. M. Patel
Succeeded by| Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna
Union Minister of Home Affairs
In office
24 March 1977 – 1 July 1978
Prime Minister| Morarji Desai
Preceded by| Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
Succeeded by| Morarji Desai
Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
In office
18 February 1970 – 1 October 1970
Governor| Bezawada Gopala Reddy
Preceded by| Chandra Bhanu Gupta
Succeeded by| President's rule
In office
3 April 1967 – 25 February 1968
Governor| Bishwanath Das
Bezawada Gopala Reddy
Preceded by| Chandra Bhanu Gupta
Succeeded by| President's rule
Personal details
Born|

Chaudhary Charan Singh

(1902-12-23)23 December 1902
Noorpur, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British India
(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died| 29 May 1987(1987-05-29) (aged 84)
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Monuments| Kisan Ghat
Political party| Lokdal (own party; 1979–1987)
Other political
affiliations| Indian National Congress (before 1967)
Bharatiya Kranti Dal (own party; 1967–1977)
Janata Party (1977–1979)
Janata Party (Secular) (1979–1980)
Spouse|

Gayatri Devi

(m. 1925)​

Children| 6; including Ajit Singh
Education| Bachelor of Science (1923), Masters of Arts (1925), Bachelor of Laws (1927)
Alma mater| Agra University

Chaudhary Charan Singh (23 December 1902 – 29 May 1987) was an Indian politician, peasant leader and a freedom fighter who briefly served as the prime minister of India from July 1979 to August 1979.[1] Singh was principally known for his land and agricultural reform initiatives was Member of Parliament (MP) for Baghpat. During prime ministership he was a member of the Janata Party (Secular). He served as the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh as a member of Bhartiya Kranti Dal. He also briefly served as the deputy prime minister of India from January 1979 to July 1979 as a member of the Janata Party. Singh is widely regarded as the "Champion of Farmers", after his life has been dedicated to advocating for the well being and rights of farmers.[2]

Singh was born in Meerut district, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. He graduated from Agra College in 1923 with a Bachelor of Science degree and then he did Master of Arts in history in 1925. In 1927 he did Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from Meerut College. Then they shifted to Bulandshahr district of present day Uttar Pradesh after their downfall due to Raja Nahar Sigh Ballabhgarh opposition to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.

Singh entered politics as a part of Indian independence movement motivated by Mahatma Gandhi. Singh followed Gandhi in non-violent struggle for independence from the British Government, and was imprisoned several times. In 1930, he was sent to jail for 12 years by the British for contravention of the salt laws. He was jailed again for one year in November 1940 for individual Satyagraha movement. In August 1942 he was jailed again by the British under DIR and released in November 1943. He was a Congress member for most of his life, he later founded his own Lok Dal party.[3][4] He is the first leader outside the Indian National Congress who formed government in the northern India and became the chief minister of Uttar Pradesh.[5] He was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna in 2024.[2]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Singh was born on 23 December 1902 to Mir Singh and Netar Kaur in Nurpur village of Meerut district, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. His father was a farmer belonging to the Tewatia clan of Jats.[6] Singh started his primary education in Jani Khurd village in Meerut. He did his Matriculation and Intermediate from the Government High School in 1921 and then he went to Agra College to pursue Bachelor of Science in 1923, Masters of Arts in History (British, European and Indian) in 1925. He then did Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from Meerut College in 1927. Singh have knowledge about European and Indian history as well as civil laws of British India as it affected the lives of village peoples.[7]

Charan Singh parents, Mir Singh and Netar Kaur in 1955

His clansmen hail from the Haryana's Gurgaon district, where they were revenue collectors during the Mughal period. But they shifted to Bulandshahr district of the present-day Uttar Pradesh after their downfall due to one of their prominent Raja Nahar Singh Ballabhgarh opposition to the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[8][9] Singh entered politics as part of the Indian Independence Movement motivated by Mahatma Gandhi. He was active from 1931 in the Ghaziabad District Arya Samaj as well as the Meerut district Indian National Congress for which he was jailed twice by the British. Before independence, as a member of Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces elected in 1937, he took a deep interest in the laws that were detrimental to the village economy and he slowly built his ideological and practical stand against the exploitation of tillers of the land by landlords.

Between 1952 and 1968, he was one of "three principal leaders in Congress state politics." He became particularly notable in Uttar Pradesh from the 1950s for drafting and ensuring the passage of what were then the most revolutionary land reform laws in any state in India under the tutelage of the then Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant; first as Parliamentary Secretary and then as Revenue Minister responsible for Land Reforms. He became visible on the national stage from 1959 when he publicly opposed the unquestioned leader and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's socialistic and collectivist land policies in the Nagpur Congress Session. Though his position in the faction-ridden Uttar Pradesh Congress was weakened, this was a point when the middle peasant communities across castes in North India began looking up to him as their spokesperson and later as their unquestioned leader. Singh stood for tight government spending, enforced consequences for corrupt officers, and advocated a "firm hand in dealing with the demands of government employees for increased wages and dearness allowances." It is also worth noting that within the factional Uttar Pradesh Congress, his ability to articulate his clear policies and values made him stand out from his colleagues. Following this period, Charan Singh defected from the Congress on 1 April 1967, joined the opposition party, and became the first non-Congress chief minister of UP.[10] This was a period when non-Congress governments were a strong force in India from 1967 to 1971.

As leader of the Bharatiya Lok Dal, a major constituent of the Janata coalition, he was disappointed in his ambition to become Prime Minister in 1977 by Jayaprakash Narayan's choice of Morarji Desai.

During 1977 Lok Sabha Elections, the fragmented opposition united a few months before the elections under the Janata Party banner, for which Chaudhary Charan Singh had been struggling almost single-handedly since 1974. It was because of the efforts of Raj Narain that he became Prime Minister in the year 1979 though Raj Narain was Chairman of Janata Party-Secular and assured Charan Singh of elevating him as Prime Minister, the way he helped him to become Chief Minister in the year 1967 in Uttar Pradesh. However, he resigned after just 23 days in office when Indira Gandhi's Congress Party withdrew support to the government. Singh said he resigned because he was not ready to be blackmailed into withdrawing Indira Gandhi's emergency-related court cases.[11] Fresh elections were held six months later. Charan Singh continued to lead the Lok Dal in opposition until his death in 1987.

## Early years – pre-Independence India

[edit]

Charan Singh's ancestor was a prominent leader of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Raja Nahar Singh of Ballabhgarh (in present-day Haryana). Nahar Singh was sent to the gallows in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. In order to escape the oppression from the British Government following their defeat, the Maharaja's followers, including Charan Singh's grandfather moved eastward to district Bulandshahr in Uttar Pradesh.[12]

He received a Master of Arts (MA) degree in 1925 and a law degree in 1926 from Agra University. He started practice as a civil lawyer at Ghaziabad in 1928.[13]

In February 1937 he was elected from the constituency of Chhaprauli (Baghpat) to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces at the age of 34.[13] In 1938 he introduced an Agricultural Produce Market Bill in the Assembly which was published in the issues of The Hindustan Times of Delhi dated 31 March 1938. The Bill was intended to safeguard the interests of the farmers against the rapacity of traders. The Bill was adopted by most of the States in India, Punjab being the first state to do so in 1940.[14]

Charan Singh (fifth from left in last row) with members of Arya Samaj in 1930

Charan Singh followed Mahatma Gandhi in non-violent struggle for independence from the British Government, and was imprisoned several times. In 1930, he was sent to jail for 12 years by the British for contravention of the salt laws. He was jailed again for one year in November 1940 for individual Satyagraha movement. In August 1942 he was jailed again by the British under DIR and released in November 1943.[15]

## Independent India

[edit]

Charan Singh opposed Jawaharlal Nehru on his Soviet-style economic reforms. Charan Singh was of the opinion that cooperative farms would not succeed in India. Being a son of a farmer, Charan Singh opined that the right of ownership was important to the farmer in remaining a cultivator. He wanted to preserve and stabilise a system of peasant proprietorship.[10] Charan Singh's political career suffered due to his open criticism of Nehru's economic policy.

Singh is known for piloting pro-farmer legislation such as the Consolidation of Holdings Act of 1953 and the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari and Land Reforms Act, 1952. The latter led to the abolition of zamindari system in the state.He was also strict in dealing with the 'Patwari strike crisis' in 1953. Land reforms resulted in empowering the tillers and providing the landless with ownership of land. It created a conducive atmosphere for the social and economic upliftment of the farmers. During the drought in 1966-1967, Singh offered the agriculturists a much higher procurement price than the prevailing market rates. The infrastructure he laid down led to the Minimum Support Price mechanism.[16]

Charan Singh left the Congress party in 1967, and formed his own political party, Bharatiya Kranti Dal. With the help and support of Raj Narain and Ram Manohar Lohia, he became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh in 1967, and later in 1970. In 1975, he was jailed again, but this time by then Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, daughter of his former rival Nehru. She had declared the state of emergency and jailed all her political opponents. In the 1977 general elections, the Indian populace voted her out, and the opposition party, of which Chaudhary Charan Singh was a senior leader came into power. He served as Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister and Finance minister in the Janata government headed by Morarji Desai.

### First term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1967–1968)

[edit]

Charan Singh for the first time, became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh on 3 April 1967 with the help of Samyukta Vidhayak Dal coalition.[13] Samyukta Vidhayak Dal was formed after failure of negotiations between Charan Singh and Chandra Bhanu Gupta on the composition of Gupta's ministry. Singh wanted some of his allies like Jai Ram Varma and Udit Narain Sharma to be included in the cabinet and removal of some of the men from the cabinet. As a result of failure of negotiations, Charan Singh with his 16 MLAs defected from Congress.[17]

Samyukta Vidhayak Dal was coalition formed with the help of non-Congress parties like Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Samyukta Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, Swatantra Party, Praja Socialist Party, Republican Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist).[18] Within months of his government formation disputes started to arise in SVD coalition. Samyukta Socialist Party, one of the constituent of this coalition, demanded to completely abolish the land revenue or at least abolish on uneconomic lands but Charan Singh refused to accept this demand as he was worried about the revenue generation and resources.[19] Praja Socialist Party, another constituent in this coalition, demanded for the release of government employees held in preventive detention for their strikes but this demand also Singh refused to accept.[20]

The disputes between Charan Singh and Samyukta Socialist Party became public when SSP decided to launch an agitation of Angrezi Hatao (get rid to English) and during this movement two of its ministers courted arrest.[13][21] SSP withdrew from coalition on 5 January 1968.[21] On 17 February 1968, Charan Singh submitted his resignation to the governor Bezawada Gopala Reddy and on 25 February 1968, President's rule was imposed on Uttar Pradesh.[22][23]

### Second term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1970)

[edit]

After the split in Congress party, Chandra Bhanu Gupta resigned as Chief Minister on 10 February 1970.[24] On 18 February 1970, Charan Singh became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the second time with the help of Indira Gandhi's Congress (R).[25][26] After three Rajya Sabha members of Bharatiya Kranti Dal voted against the decision of Indira Gandhi to eliminate the Privy Purse, Kamalapati Tripathi announced the withdrawal of the support of Congress (R) for the Singh's government.[27] Charan Singh demanded the resignation of 14 Congress (R) minister but they refused to resign.[27] On 27 September 1970, governor Bezawada Gopala Reddy accepted the resignation of ministers but also asked Charan Singh to resign.[26][28]

On 1 October 1970, President's rule was imposed on Uttar Pradesh by V. V. Giri from Kiev, who was on tour there.[29] Just two weeks later with the recalling of the Uttar Pradesh assembly, Tribhuvan Narain Singh was elected the leader of the house and became Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh with the support of Congress (O), Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and Samyukta Socialist Party.[30]

### Minister of Home Affairs (1977–1978)

[edit]

Charan Singh became Cabinet minister in Morarji Desai government and took the office as Minister of Home Affairs on 24 March 1977.[13][31] As a Home Minister, Charan Singh took the decision to dissolve all the state assemblies which were under Congress rule. He argued that these assemblies no longer represent the will of the electorate of their respective states.[32][33] Charan Singh wrote the letter to nine Chief Ministers to advise their governors to dissolve their state assemblies.[34] Chief Minister of these states went to Supreme Court against this dissolution but the dismissals were validated by Supreme Court.[35][36]

On 3 October 1977, Charan Singh got Indira Gandhi arrested from her 12 Willingdon Crescent residence.[37][38][39] The charges against her were that during 1977 election, she misused her position to get jeeps for election campaigns and another charge was related to contract between the ONGC and the French oil company CFP.[40][41] But the magistrate before whom she appeared, released her stating that there was no evidence to back up the arrest.[40] By botching up the arrest, Singh prepared his resignation letter but Morarji Desai did not accept it.[42]

On 1 July 1978, Charan Singh resigned from the cabinet of Morarji Desai because of growing differences between them over trial of Indira Gandhi.[13][43] In December 1978, Singh wanted to undo Janata Party and wanted coalition government in place of Janata Party government.[44] On 24 January 1979, Singh returned into cabinet and held two portfolios of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.[45][13]

## Prime Ministership

[edit]

Charan Singh in Prime Minister office

When the Janata Party won the Lok Sabha elections in 1977, its MPs authorised the elder guiding lights of the movement, Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Kripalani to choose candidate for the post of Prime Minister. Morarji Desai was chosen and he named Singh Home Minister. Singh was asked to resign in June 1978 following disagreements with Desai, but was brought back to the cabinet as Deputy Prime Minister in January 1979. In 1979, the Janata government began to unravel over the issue of the dual loyalties of some members to Janata and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)—the Hindu nationalist,[46][47] organisation. Singh, who as the Union home minister during the previous year had ordered the Gandhis' arrests, took advantage of this and started courting Indira Gandhi's Congress (I) party. After a significant exodus from the Janata party to Singh's faction, Morarji Desai resigned as prime minister in July 1979. Singh was appointed prime minister, by President Reddy, after Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi promised Singh that Congress (I) would support his government from outside on certain conditions. Singh was sworn in as Prime Minister on 28 July 1979, with outside support from Indira Gandhi's Congress (I) party and with Yeshwantrao Chavan of the Congress (Socialist) party as his Deputy Prime Minister.[48][49]

His name got etched in history as he hoisted the tricolour at the coveted Red Fort on Independence Day, 15 August 1979. In his speech on Independence Day, Charan Singh said:

> ‘To be able to achieve noble objectives, your means should also be equally noble…A country where people are corrupt, will never be able to progress whosoever may be the leader of the party or whatever be the sound programme he might follow.’[50]

Prime Minister Charan Singh addresses nation at Red Fort on 15 August 1979

Indira's conditions included dropping all charges against her and Sanjay. Since Singh refused to drop them, Congress withdrew its support just before Singh was to confirm his majority in the Lok Sabha. He resigned as prime minister on 20 August 1979, after just 23 days in office, becoming the only Prime Minister to never face the Parliament. Singh then advised President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy to dissolve the Lok Sabha. Janata Party leader Jagjivan Ram challenged that advice and sought time to cobble support, but the Lok Sabha was dissolved, and Charan Singh continued as caretaker Prime Minister until January 1980.[51]

## Later years

[edit]

On 26 September 1979, he formed Lok Dal by merging Janata Party (Secular), Socialist Party and Orissa Janata Party.[52] He was elected president of Lok Dal and Raj Narain was elected as its working president.[52][53] In August 1982, a major split occurred in Lok Dal, with one faction of Charan Singh and another consisted of Karpoori Thakur, Madhu Limaye, Biju Patnaik, Devi Lal, George Fernandes and Kumbha Ram Arya.[54][55]

On 21 October 1984, Charan Singh founded a new party Dalit Mazdoor Kisan Party, by merging Lok Dal, Democratic Socialist Party of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, Rashtriya Congress of Ratubhai Adani and some leaders of Janata Party like Devi Lal.[56] Later it changed its name back to the Lok Dal.[57]

## Personal life

[edit]

Singh had six children with wife Gayatri Devi (1905–2002). Gayatri Devi was elected an MLA from Iglas (Aligarh) in 1969, from Gokul in 1974, then elected to Lok Sabha from Kairana in 1980, and lost Lok Sabha election from Mathura in 1984.

Charan Singh with Smt. Gayatri Devi

His son Ajit Singh was the president of a political party Rashtriya Lok Dal and a former Union Minister and a many times Member of Parliament. Ajit Singh's son Jayant Chaudhary was elected to 15th Lok Sabha from Mathura, which he lost to Hema Malini in the election of 2014, contested from Baghpat in 2014 and lost to Satyapal Singh Of BJP. He is now a Rajya Sabha M.P. from Uttar Pradesh and national president of Rashtriya Lok Dal.

## Death

[edit]

Singh suffered a stroke on 29 November 1985. He could not completely recover from the condition despite being treated at a hospital in the US. At 11:35 p.m. (IST) on 28 May 1987 doctors were called for to his residence in New Delhi, after his respiration was found "unsteady". Efforts to revive him failed and was declared dead at 2:35 a.m. (IST) the following morning after a "cardiovascular collapse".[58][59]

## Awards and honours

[edit]

* India:
* Bharat Ratna (9 February 2024, posthumous)[60]

## Legacy

[edit]

See also: Category:Memorials to Chaudhary Charan Singh

Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh paying floral tribute to the former Prime Minister, Late Ch. Charan Singh on his 104th birth anniversary at Kisan Ghat in Delhi on December 23, 2006

Singh, often hailed as the ‘Champion of Farmers,’ left behind a rich legacy that continues to inspire and shape the agricultural landscape of India. His contributions to the welfare of the farmers and the rural community were profound and multifaceted.

Singh’s journey as a stalwart for farmers’ rights began with his instrumental role in piloting pro-farmer legislation such as the Uttar Pradesh Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act of 1950, which aimed to redistribute land from the zamindars to the tillers, and the Consolidation of Holdings Act of 1953, which sought to prevent the fragmentation of agricultural land.[61]

Singh was the chief architect of land reforms in Uttar Pradesh, where he played a pivotal role in the formulation and finalisation of the Debt Redemption Bill 1939.[61] This legislation brought significant relief to rural debtors, easing the burden of debts that had long plagued the agricultural community.[62]

As Chief Minister of U.P., Singh was instrumental in enacting the Land Holding Act of 1960. This act aimed at lowering the ceiling on land holdings to make it uniform throughout the state, thereby promoting fairer land distribution and addressing the disparities in land ownership.[4]

Singh’s birthday, 23 December, was declared as Kisan Diwas or National Farmers’ Day in 2001. This day is celebrated across India to honor his memory and his unwavering dedication to the agrarian community.[63] To commemorate his second death anniversary, the Government of India issued a postage stamp on 29 May 1990. The stamp symbolises the nation’s respect for his contributions as the 5th prime minister of India and a champion of farmers’ rights.[64] His commitment to the agricultural sector were further immortalised with the establishment of Kisan Ghat in 1987 as this memorial in New Delhi serves as a serene place where people pay their respects to the man who was often referred to as the ‘Champion of Farmers.’[65]

Prime Minister Narendra Modi paying tributes at the portrait of the former Prime Minister, Late Ch. Charan Singh, on his 113th birth anniversary, at Parliament House on 23 December 2015

Several monuments and institutions have been named after Singh to honour his legacy which includes the Chaudhary Charan Singh University in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, and the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, which was renamed in his honour. On 23 December 2023, a 51-foot statue of Singh was unveiled by Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath in Bilari, Moradabad district coinciding Singh’s birth anniversary.[66]

On 30 March 2024, Singh was posthumously honoured with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award by President Droupadi Murmu, for his exceptional service and contributions to the agricultural sector, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Singh’s multifaceted personality encompassed roles as a patriot, administrator, statesman, and a man of integrity and humanist values.[67][68]

## In popular culture

[edit]

Charan Singh 1990 stamp of India

Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta – Ch. Charan Singh is a 1996 short documentary film directed by Ashok Vazirani and produced by the Films Division of India which covers the life and achievements of the prime minister including his contributions to the Indian agriculture sector.[69][70] Charan Singh has also been portrayed by Anwar Fatehan in the 2013 television series Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), which covers the tenures of Indian PMs,[71] by Sundaram in the 2019 film NTR: Mahanayakudu which is based on the life of Indian actor-politician N. T. Rama Rao.,[72] and by Govind Namdeo in the 2021 film Main Mulayam Singh Yadav which charts the life of former Uttar Pradesh CM Mulayam Singh Yadav.[73]

## Books

[edit]

* Abolition of Zamindari (1947)[74]
* Whither Co-operative Farming (1956)[75]
* Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh (1957)[76]
* Joint Farming X-rayed (1959)[77]
* India’s Poverty and Its Solution (1964)[78]
* India's Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint (1978)[79]
* Economic Nightmare of India: Its Cause and Cure (1981)[80]
* Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks (1986)[81]
* Peasant Proprietorship or Land to the Workers
* Prevention of Division of Holdings Below a Certain Minimum

## See also

[edit]

* Bharatiya Kisan Union
* Lok Dal
* Chaudhary Charan Singh University
* Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
* Janata Dal (Secular)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "An architect of social justice: How Charan Singh's legacy can help address political issues today". The Indian Express. 16 January 2025. Retrieved 18 January 2025. “ His rise as a peasant leader in late colonial India was not delinked from the larger national anti-colonial politics, which considered peasants as a key mobilising force against foreign rule.”
2. ^ a b
* Kumar, Satendra (23 December 2018). "Chaudhary Charan Singh – a True Champion of the Indian Farmer". The Wire. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
* "Former PM Charan Singh gets Bharat Ratna: Here is all you should know about 'Champion of Farmers'". The Economic Times. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
* Teotia, Riya (14 February 2024). "Bharat Ratna for Chaudhary Charan Singh, a true 'champion of farmers' and staunch advocate of inclusive growth". Wion. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
* "Bharat Ratna to Chaudhary Charan Singh is honour to India's 90 crore farmers: UP minister". Hindustan Times. PTI. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2025.
3. ^ Byres, Terence J. (1 January 1988). "Charan Singh, 1902–87: An assessment". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 15 (2): 139–189\. doi:10.1080/03066158808438356.139-189&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/03066158808438356&rft.aulast=Byres&rft.aufirst=Terence+J.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
4. ^ a b "Shri Charan Singh | Prime Minister of India". www.pmindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
5. ^ "Chaudhary Charan Singh: Champion of farmers, first CM of non-Congress govt in northern India". The Economic Times. 9 February 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
6. ^ New Delhi. Ananda Bazar Patrika, Limited. 1979. p. 20.
7. ^ "Chaudhary Charan Singh Biography: Early Life, Education, Political Career, Works and Contributions, Legacy, and More". Jagranjosh.com. 23 December 2021. Archived from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
8. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2011). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1937 to 1961. SAGE Publishing. p. 32\. ISBN 978-81-321-0686-9. "Charan Singh was born on 23 December 1902 in village Nurpur, Meerut district, United Provinces, the eldest of five children of Meer Singh, a small farmer, of the Tewatiya gotra of the Jat caste, and his wife, Netra Kaur, from a village in Bulandshahr district. The Tewatiya clan originally comprised five villages in Gurgaon district of present-day Haryana, but, ultimately, during the Mughal period expanded as revenue collectors for some 210 villages. One of the clan members rose to some prominence toward the end of Mughal rule, but brought the clan to destruction by supporting Bahadur Shah Zafar against the British in 1857 and was himself hanged. Thereafter, the clan remnants moved across the Yamuna, and established a presence in Bulandshahr district of western UP."
9. ^

* McLeod, John (2015). The History of India (2nd ed.). Greenwood. p. 221\. ISBN 978-1-61069-765-1. "Singh, Chaudhuri Charan (1902–1987). Politician. Born into a former royal family of the Jat caste; practiced law; joined Mahatma Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha 1930, the Individual Satyagraha against World War II 1940, and the Quit India movement 1942; a member of the Indian National Congress 1930–1967, the Bharatiya Kranti Dal 1967–1974, the Lok Dal 1974–1977, the Janata Party 1977–1979, and the Lok Dal again 1979–1987; chief minister of Uttar Pradesh 1967–1968 and 1970; deputy prime minister of India 1977–1979; prime minister of India 1979–1980."
* Brass, Paul R. (2013). "Singh, Chaudhary Charan (1902–1987)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/97003. "Singh, Chaudhary Charan (1902–1987), prime minister of India, was born on 23 December 1902 in the village of Nurpur, in Meerut district, United Provinces, India, the eldest of five children of Meer (Mukhiaji) Singh (c.1880–1960), a small farmer, of the jat caste, and his wife, Netra Kaur (c.1882–1957)." (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

10. ^ a b Brass, Paul R. (1993). "Chaudhuri Charan Singh: An Indian Political Life". Economic and Political Weekly. 28 (39): 2087–2090\. JSTOR 4400204.2087-2090&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4400204#id-name=JSTOR&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
11. ^ "Charan singh resigns". The Glasgow Herald. 21 August 1979. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
12. ^ "Charan Singh biography". 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
13. ^ a b c d e f g "Chaudhary Charan Singh: Stalwart farmer leader who was PM for 170 days". The Indian Express. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
14. ^ "Charan Singh farmer friendly legislation". 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
15. ^ "Charan Singh:Champion of farmers". Deccan Herald. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
16. ^ "Charan Singh:Champion of farmers". Deccan Herald. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
17. ^ Brass, Paul (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. pp. 4–6\. ISBN 978-9351500322.4-6&rft.pub=Sage+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9351500322&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). SAGE India. p. 7\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
19. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. pp. 10–12\. ISBN 978-9351500322.10-12&rft.pub=Sage+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9351500322&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
20. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. pp. 12–13\. ISBN 978-9351500322.12-13&rft.pub=Sage+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9351500322&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
21. ^ a b Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 14\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
22. ^ "HT This Day: Feb 18, 1968 – Charan Singh quits as CM". Hindustan Times. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2023. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
23. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 16\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
24. ^ "Chandra Bhanu Gupta, third UP CM, formidable politician". The Indian Express. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
25. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 56\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
26. ^ a b "Chaudhary Charan Singh, India's 6th PM, first non-Congress CM of UP". The Indian Express. 9 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
27. ^ a b Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 65\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
28. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 69\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
29. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 73\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
30. ^ "Tribhuvan Narain Singh, sixth UP CM with shortest tenure so far". The Indian Express. 13 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
31. ^ Deol, Taran (23 December 2019). "Chaudhary Charan Singh — prime minister for 23 days and champion of India's farmers". ThePrint. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
32. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. pp. 210–211\. ISBN 978-9351500322.210-211&rft.pub=Sage+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9351500322&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
33. ^ "Impending dissolution of Congress-led state assemblies reaches a controversial climax". India Today. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
34. ^ "India's Congress Party Wins Delay Of Move to Dissolve Legislatures". The New York Times. 26 April 1977. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
35. ^ Borders, William (30 April 1977). "New Indian Regime Moves to Hold New Assembly Elections in 9 States". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
36. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 216\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
37. ^ Simons, Lewis (4 October 1977). "Indira Gandhi Arrested in India". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
38. ^ Frank, Katherine (2007). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Harper Perennial. p. 654\. ISBN 978-0007259304.
39. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 - Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 227\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
40. ^ a b "How Indira Gandhi's arrest in 1977 revamped Congress". India Today. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
41. ^ Times, William Borde Special to The New York (4 October 1977). "Wirs. Gandhi Arrested On Charge Of Misuse Of Premier's Office". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
42. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 228\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
43. ^ Brass, Paul R. (2014). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1967 to 1987 – Vol.3 (The Politics of Northern India). Sage India. p. 243\. ISBN 978-9351500322.
44. ^ "December 18, 1978, Forty Years Ago". The Indian Express. 18 December 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
45. ^ "HT This Day: Jan 24, 1979 – Charan Singh, J. Ram become Dy PMs today". Hindustan Times. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
46. ^ Horowitz, Donald L. (2001). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. University of California Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-520-22447-6.
47. ^ Jeff Haynes (2 September 2003). Democracy and Political Change in the Third World. Routledge. pp. 168–. ISBN 978-1-134-54184-3. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
48. ^ de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno (2010). The Predictioneer's Game: Using the Logic of Brazen Self-Interest to See and shapte the future. New York: Random House. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-8129-7977-0.
49. ^ Sanghvi, Vijay (2006). The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi By. Delhi: Kalpaz. pp. 114–122\. ISBN 978-81-7835-340-1.114-122&rft.pub=Kalpaz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-340-1&rft.aulast=Sanghvi&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&pg;=PAPA7&q;=charan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charan+Singh" class="Z3988">
50. ^ "Quotes from Indian Prime Ministers from the ramparts of Red Fort". Hindustan Times. 23 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
51. ^ "Forty Years Ago, August 21, 1979: Charan Govt Resigns". 21 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
52. ^ a b "September 27, 1979, forty years ago: Lok Dal formed". The Indian Express. 27 September 2019. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
53. ^ "With Chaudhury Charan Singh in hospital, Ajit Singh likely to step in as Lok Dal chief". India Today. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
54. ^ "August 10, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Two Lok Dals". The Indian Express. 10 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
55. ^ "August 3, 1982, Forty Years Ago: Lok Dal Split". The Indian Express. 3 August 2022. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
56. ^ "Formation of DMKP gives decent burial to Lok Dal-Janata merger talks". India Today. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
57. ^ "Sharad Yadav's revolt against Nitish Kumar: How Janata Parivar unites to split". India Today. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
58. ^ "Charan Singh Dead". The Indian Express. 30 May 1987. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
59. ^ Weisman, Steven R.; Times, Special To the New York (30 May 1987). "CHARAN SINGH DIES AT AGE 85; INDIA'S FIFTH PRIME MINISTER". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
60. ^ "PV Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan to get Bharat Ratna: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. 9 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
61. ^ a b "Chaudhary Charan Singh – a True Champion of the Indian Farmer". The Wire. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
62. ^ "National Farmer's Day 2022: Why is Farmer's Day or Kisan Diwas celebrated on December 23?". Jagranjosh.com. 23 December 2022. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
63. ^ "Kisan Diwas 2023: Know its history and significance - CNBC TV18". CNBCTV18. 23 December 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
64. ^ "CHARAN SINGH". www.indianpost.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
65. ^ "Meerut News: किसान घाट पर चौ. चरणसिंह को श्रद्धांजलि देने जाएंगे 5000 गांव के लोग". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
66. ^ Kumar, Mayank (23 December 2023). "Yogi Adityanath unveils 51-foot statue of former PM Charan Singh, lauds farmers contribution in India's development". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
67. ^ "Who is Chaudhary Charan Singh: Bharat Ratna winner, symbol of farmer empowerment". The Economic Times. 11 February 2024. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
68. ^ "Bharat Ratna for Chaudhary Charan Singh: Why this is significant". The Indian Express. 9 February 2024. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
69. ^ "Kisan Kranti Ke Prenta Chowdhary Charan Singh | Films Division". filmsdivision.org. Retrieved 10 June 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
70. ^ Films Division, Kisan Kranti Ke Praneta – Ch. Charan Singh – Part 2, archived from the original on 21 December 2021, retrieved 10 June 2021
71. ^ "Pradhanmantri – Episode 13: India after emergency, Janata Party wins general election". ABP News. 6 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
72. ^ "NTR: Kathanayakudu". Amazon Prime Video. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
73. ^ "Main Mulayam Singh Yadav | Official Trailer". YouTube. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020.
74. ^ "Abolition of Zamindari, Two Alternatives | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
75. ^ "Whither Co-operative Farming | Charan Singh Archives". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
76. ^ "Agrarian Revolution in Uttar Pradesh | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
77. ^ "Joint Farming X-Rayed: the Problem and its Solution | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
78. ^ "India's Poverty and It's [sic] Solution | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
79. ^ "India's Economic Policy – The Gandhian Blueprint | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
80. ^ "Economic Nightmare of India – Its Cause and Cure | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
81. ^ "Land Reforms in UP and the Kulaks | Charan Singh". charansingh.org. 22 September 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Paul R Brass (2012). An Indian Political Life: Charan Singh and Congress Politics, 1957 to 1967. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-81-321-0947-1.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Charan Singh at Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations related to Charan Singh at Wikiquote
* Works by Charan Singh at Open Library
* Public archives on Charan Singh

Political offices

Preceded by

Chandra Bhanu Gupta

|  Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
1967–1968  | Succeeded by

Chandra Bhanu Gupta

Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
1970  | Succeeded by

Tribhuvan Narain Singh

Preceded by

Morarji Desai

|  Deputy Prime Minister of India
1977–1979
Served alongside: Jagjivan Ram | Succeeded by

Yashwantrao Chavan

Preceded by

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy

|  Minister of Home Affairs
1977–1978  | Succeeded by

Morarji Desai

Preceded by

Haribhai Patel

|  Minister of Finance
1979  | Succeeded by

Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna

Preceded by

Morarji Desai

|  Prime Minister of India
1979–1980  | Succeeded by

Indira Gandhi

Chairperson of the Planning Commission
1979–1980

* v
* t
* e

Prime Minister of India

* List
* By previous experience

Prime ministers|

* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Lal Bahadur Shastri
* Premiership
* Indira Gandhi
* Morarji Desai
* Premiership
* Charan Singh
* Rajiv Gandhi
* V. P. Singh
* Premiership
* Chandra Shekhar
* P. V. Narasimha Rao
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Premiership
* H. D. Deve Gowda
* Inder Kumar Gujral
* Manmohan Singh
* Narendra Modi (Incumbent)
* Premiership

Acting|

* Gulzarilal Nanda

* Things named after prime ministers
* Nehru
* Indira
* Rajiv
* Office
* Residence
* International trips
* Nehru
* Indira
* Vajpayee
* Modi
* Spouses
* Children
* Nicknames
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Ministry of Finance (India)

Departments|

| Economic Affairs|

* Economic Division: Economic Survey

* Budget Division: Union budget

Expenditure|

* Pay Commission
* 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces
* Sixth Central Pay Commission

Revenue|

* Income Tax Department
* Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs

Financial Services|

* Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

DIPAM|

* Disinvestment in India
* Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India

DPE|

* Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure
* Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)

Secretaries|

| Economic Affairs|

* Rajiv Mehrishi
* Shaktikanta Das
* Subhash Chandra Garg
* Atanu Chakraborty (incumbent)

|

Revenue|

* Shaktikanta Das
* Ajay Bhushan Pandey
* Hasmukh Adhia (incumbent)

Finance|

* Ratan P. Watal
* Ashok Lavasa
* Hasmukh Adhia
* Ajay Narayan Jha
* Rajiv Kumar (incumbent)

Finance ministers|

* R. K. Shanmukham Chetty
* John Mathai
* C. D. Deshmukh
* T. T. Krishnamachari
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* Morarji Desai
* Sachindra Chaudhuri
* Indira Gandhi
* Yashwantrao Chavan
* Chidambaram Subramaniam
* Hirubhai M. Patel
* Charan Singh
* Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna
* R. Venkataraman
* Pranab Mukherjee
* Vishwanath Pratap Singh
* Rajiv Gandhi
* N. D. Tiwari
* Shankarrao Chavan
* Madhu Dandavate
* Yashwant Sinha
* Manmohan Singh
* Jaswant Singh
* P. Chidambaram
* I. K. Gujral
* Arun Jaitley
* Piyush Goyal
* Nirmala Sitharaman (incumbent)

Ministers of state
for finance|

* Nirmala Sitharaman
* Jayant Sinha
* Arjun Ram Meghwal
* Pon Radhakrishnan
* Anurag Thakur
* Bhagwat Karad (incumbent)
* Pankaj Chaudhary (incumbent)

Chief Economic
Advisor|

* JJ Anjaria
* IG Patel
* IG Patel
* VK Ramaswamy
* Ashok Mitra
* Manmohan Singh
* RM Honavar
* Bimal Jalan
* Nitin Desai
* Deepak Nayyar
* Shankar Acharya
* Rakesh Mohan
* Ashok K Lahiri
* Arvind Virmani
* Kaushik Basu
* Raghuram Rajan
* Arvind Subramanian
* Krishnamurthy Subramanian
* V. Anantha Nageswaran (incumbent)

Finance commissions|

* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th
* 7th
* 8th
* 9th
* 10th
* 11th
* 12th
* 13th
* 14th
* 15th

* v
* t
* e

Ministry of Home Affairs (India)

Departments|

| Department of Internal Security|

* Indian Police Service
* Intelligence Bureau
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Bureau of Police Research and Development
* Central Industrial Security Force
* National Security Guard
* National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences
* National Crime Records Bureau
* National Civil Defence College
* National Investigation Agency
* National Crime Investigation Bureau
* North Eastern Council
* North Eastern Police Academy
* Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner
* Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy
* Assam Rifles
* Rashtriya Rifles
* Narcotics Control Bureau

|

Department of Official Language|

* Central Translation Bureau
* Central Hindi Training Institute

Central Armed Police Forces|

* Border Security Force
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police
* Sashastra Seema Bal
* Central Reserve Police Force
* Central Industrial Security Force
* National Security Guards
* Special Frontier Force
* Assam Rifles
* Defence Security Corps

Bureaus|

* Bureau of Immigration (India)
* Narcotics Control Bureau
* National Crime Records Bureau
* Central Bureau of Investigation
* National Crime Investigation Bureau

Other departments|

* Department of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs
* Department of Home
* Department of States

Home secretaries|

* R. N. Banerjee
* H. V. R. Iyengar
* A. V. Pai
* B. N. Jha
* V. Vishwanathan
* L. P. Singh
* Govind Narain
* N. K. Mukherjee
* S. L. Khurana
* T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan
* S. M. H. Burney
* T. N. Chaturvedi
* M. M. K. Wali
* Prem Kumar
* R. D. Pradhan
* C. G. Somiah
* J. A. Kalyankrishnan
* Shiromani Sharma
* Naresh Chandra
* R. K. Bhargava
* Madhav Godbole
* N. N. Vohra
* K. Padmanabhaiah
* Balmiki Prasad Singh
* Kamal Pande
* N. Gopalaswami
* Anil Baijal
* Dhirendra Singh
* Vinod Kumar Duggal
* Gopal Krishna Pillai
* R. K. Singh
* Anil Goswami
* L. C. Goyal
* Rajiv Mehrishi
* Rajiv Gauba
* Ajay Kumar Bhalla (incumbent)

Home ministers|

* Vallabhbhai Patel
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* C. Rajagopalachari
* Kailash Nath Katju
* Govind Ballabh Pant
* Lal Bahadur Shastri
* Gulzari Lal Nanda
* Indira Gandhi
* Yashwantrao Chavan
* Uma Shankar Dikshit
* Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
* Charan Singh
* Morarji Desai
* Hirubhai M. Patel
* Zail Singh
* R. Venkataraman
* Prakash Chandra Sethi
* P. V. Narasimha Rao
* Shankarrao Chavan
* Buta Singh
* Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
* Chandra Shekhar
* Murli Manohar Joshi
* H. D. Deve Gowda
* Indrajit Gupta
* L. K. Advani
* Shivraj Patil
* P. Chidambaram
* Sushilkumar Shinde
* Rajnath Singh
* Amit Shah (incumbent)

Ministers of state
for home affairs|

* Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh
* Kiren Rijiju
* G. Kishan Reddy (incumbent)

* v
* t
* e

Energy ministries and departments of India

Power|

| Statutory bodies|

* Central Electricity Authority
* Central Electricity Regulatory Commission
* Bureau of Energy Efficiency
* Damodar Valley Corporation

|

Autonomous bodies|

* Central Power Research Institute
* National Power Training Institute

PSUs|

* NTPC Limited
* NHPC Limited
* North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited
* Power Finance Corporation
* REC Limited
* Power Grid Corporation of India
* THDC India Limited
* Power System Operation Corporation

New and
Renewable Energy|

* Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)

Ministry of Coal|

* Coal India
* Bharat Coking Coal
* Central Mine Planning and Design Institute
* NLC India Limited
* Singareni Collieries Company
* Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation

Petroleum and
Natural Gas|

| Academic|

* Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy
* Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology
* Pandit Deendayal Energy University

|

Other|

* Directorate General of Hydrocarbons
* Oil Industry Safety Directorate
* Petroleum Conservation Research Association

Operational|

* Balmer Lawrie
* Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited
* Bharat Petroleum
* Engineers India Limited
* Gas Authority of India Limited
* Indian Oil Corporation
* Numaligarh Refinery Limited
* Oil India Limited
* Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
* Hindustan Petroleum

Defunct|

* Biecco Lawrie

Other|

* Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Department of
Atomic Energy|

| Apex board|

* Atomic Energy Commission

|

Regulatory board|

* Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

R&D|

* Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
* Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research
* Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
* Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
* Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
* Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership

PSUs|

* Electronics Corporation of India
* Indian Rare Earths Limited
* Uranium Corporation of India
* Nuclear Power Corporation of India
* Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited

Industrial|

* Heavy Water Board
* Nuclear Fuel Complex
* Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology

Academic|

* National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar
* National Board for Higher Mathematics
* Atomic Energy Education Society
* Tata Memorial Centre
* Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
* Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
* Institute of Physics
* Harish-Chandra Research Institute
* Institute of Mathematical Sciences
* Institute for Plasma Research

* v
* t
* e

Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)

Department

Commerce|

| Divisions|

* Administrative & General Division
* Finance Division
* Economic Division
* Trade Policy Division
* Foreign Trade
* Territorial Division
* Plantation Division
* Supply Division
* State Trading & Infrastructure Division

|

Attached &
Subordinate Offices|

* Directorate General of Foreign Trade
* Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals (DGS&D)
* Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties (DGAD)
* Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata
* Special Economic Zones
* Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)

Autonomous Bodies|

* Commodity Boards
* Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
* Export Inspection Council
* Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
* Indian Institute of Packaging
* Marine Products Export Development Authority
* National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA)
* Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA)
* Network for Fish Quality Management & Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH)

PSUs|

* State Trading Corporation (STC)
* PEC Limited
* MMTC Ltd
* Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
* India Trade Promotion Organisation
* Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)

Advisory Bodies|

* Board of Trade (BOT)
* Inter State Trade Council
* Council for Trade Development & Promotion

Export
Promotion Councils|

* Engineering Exports Promotion Council
* Project Export Promotion Council of India (PEPC)
* Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)
* Chemicals & Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)
* Council for Leather Exports
* Sports Goods Export Promotion Council
* Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council
* Shellac Export Promotion Council
* Cashew Export Promotion Council of India
* Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council
* The Plastics Export Promotion Council
* Indian Oil Seeds & Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)
* Services Export Promotion Council

Other Organisations|

* Federation of Indian Export Organisations
* Indian Diamond Institute
* Footwear Design & Development Institute (FDDI)
* National Centre for Trade Information
* India Brand Equity Foundation
* Price Stabilization Fund Trust

DPIIT|

| Statutory Bodies|

* Intellectual Property Appellate Board
* Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation
* Copyright Office
* Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry

|

Autonomous
Institutions|

* National Council for Cement & Building Materials (NCCBM)
* Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA)
* National Institute of Design
* National Productivity Council (NPC)
* Quality Council of India
* Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI)
* Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI)

Attached &
Subordinate offices|

* Grievance Offices
* Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks
* Office of Chief Controller of Accounts (Disclosure of Central Government Accounting Data)
* Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM)
* Principal Account Office
* Office of Technical Adviser (Boilers)
* Tariff Commission
* Office of the Salt Commissioner
* Office of the Economic Adviser
* National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
* Office of Chief Controller of Accounts

Secretaries|

* Guruprasad Mohapatra(incumbent)

Ministers|

| Industry|

* Syama Prasad Mukherjee
* Harekrushna Mahtab
* Nityanand Kanungo
* Ram Subhag Singh
* H. C. Dasappa
* Tribhuvan Narain Singh
* Damodaram Sanjivayya
* F. A. Ahmed(Industrial Development)
* Dinesh Singh (Industrial Development & Internal Trade)
* Moinul Hoque Choudhury(Industrial Development)
* C Subramaniam(Industrial Development)
* T. A. Pai(Industry)
* Brij Lal Verma
* George Fernandes
* Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
* T. A. Pai
* N. D. Tiwari
* Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy
* Veerendra Patil
* N. D. Tiwari
* J. Vengala Rao
* K. Karunakaran
* Suresh Prabhu
* Murasoli Maran
* Sikandar Bakht

|

Commerce|

* I. I. Chundrigar
* Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha (Commerce)
* Kshitish Chandra Neogy (Commerce)
* Jawaharlal Nehru(Commerce & Industry)
* Sri Prakasa (Commerce)
* Harekrushna Mahtab (Commerce & Industry)
* T T Krishnamachari (Commerce & Industry)
* Swaran Singh
* Morarji Desai (Commerce & Industry)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri(Commerce & Industry)
* KC Reddy (Commerce & Industry)
* Manubhai Shah (As MoS till 24 January 1966)(Commerce)'
* Dinesh Singh(Commerce)
* Bali Ram Bhagat(Foreign Trade & Supply)
* Dinesh Singh(Commerce)
* Lalit Narayan Mishra(MoS)
* D. P. Chattopadhyay(Commerce)(as MoS till 23 December 1976)'
* Morarji Desai(Commerce)
* Mohan Dharia(Commerce)
* Charan Singh(Commerce)
* Hitendra Desai(Commerce)
* Indira Gandhi
* Pranab Mukherjee(Commerce)
* Pranab Mukherjee(Commerce)
* Rajiv Gandhi
* Arjun Singh
* P Shiv Shankar (Commerce)
* N. D. Tiwari (Commerce)
* Dinesh Singh(Commerce & Industry)
* Chandra Shekhar (Commerce)
* Subramanian Swamy (Commerce)
* P Chidambaram(MoS, IC) (Commerce)
* P. V. Narasimha Rao
* P Chidambaram (MoS, IC) (Commerce)
* P. V. Narasimha Rao
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Devendra Prasad Yadav(Commerce)
* Bolla Bulli Ramaiah(Commerce)
* Ramakrishna Hegde(Commerce)
* Murasoli Maran(Commerce & Industry)
* Anand Sharma(Commerce & Industry)
* Nirmala Sitharaman(Commerce & Industry)'(MoS, IC)'
* Suresh Prabhu(Commerce & Industry)
* Piyush Goyal(Commerce and Industry)(incumbent)

MOS|

* Hardeep Singh Puri(incumbent)

* v
* t
* e

Ministry of Communications (India)

Department of Telecommunications|

| Statutory Bodies|

* Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT)
* Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)

|

Attached Offices|

* Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)
* Director General Telecom (DGT)
* Telecommunication Engineering Center (TEC)
* Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)

Subordinate Offices|

* National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)
* Wireless Monitoring Organisation (WMO)

Field Offices|

* Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)

Autonomous Bodies|

* Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)

Training Institutes|

* National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)
* National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)

Others|

* Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management
* Digital Communications Commission
* Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring (TERM)
* Telephone Advisory Committees (TAC)
* Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing (WPC)

PSUs|

* Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL)
* Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
* Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI)
* Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
* Telecommunications Consultants India Limited (TCIL)

Civil Service|

* Indian Telecommunication Service
* Indian Radio Regulatory Service

Department of Posts|

* Army Postal Service
* India Post
* India Post Payments Bank

Legislations|

* The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
* The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940
* The Indian Post Office Act, 1898
* The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997

Ministers|

* Rafi Ahmed Kidwai
* Amrit Kaur
* Jagjivan Ram
* Raj Bahadur
* Lal Bahadur Shastri
* S. K. Patil
* Jawaharlal Nehru
* P. Subbarayan
* Ashoke Kumar Sen
* Satya Narayan Sinha
* Ram Subhag Singh
* Indira Gandhi
* Sher Singh
* Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna
* Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
* Shankar Dayal Sharma
* Morarji Desai
* Parkash Singh Badal
* George Fernandes
* Brij Lal Varma
* Charan Singh
* Shyam Nandan Mishra
* Bhishma Narain Singh
* C. M. Stephen
* Anant Prasad Sharma
* Rajiv Gandhi
* V. N. Gadgil
* Arjun Singh
* Vasant Sathe
* Bir Bahadur Singh
* V. P. Singh
* K. P. Unnikrishnan
* Chandra Shekhar
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Beni Prasad Verma
* Buta Singh
* Sushma Swaraj
* Jagmohan
* Ram Vilas Paswan
* Pramod Mahajan
* Arun Shourie
* Dayanidhi Maran
* A. Raja
* Manmohan Singh
* Kapil Sibal
* Ravi Shankar Prasad
* Ashwini Vaishnaw (incumbent)

Ministers of State|

* Manoj Sinha
* Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre
* Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan (incumbent)

Preceding Ministry: Ministry of Communications and Information Technology

* v
* t
* e

Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh

* Govind Ballabh Pant
* Sampurnanand
* Chandra Bhanu Gupta
* Sucheta Kripalani
* Charan Singh
* Tribhuvan Narain Singh
* Kamalapati Tripathi
* Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna
* N. D. Tiwari
* Ram Naresh Yadav
* Banarsi Das
* Vishwanath Pratap Singh
* Sripati Mishra
* Vir Bahadur Singh
* Mulayam Singh Yadav
* Kalyan Singh
* Mayawati
* Ram Prakash Gupta
* Rajnath Singh
* Akhilesh Yadav
* Yogi Adityanath

* v
* t
* e

The Emergency of 1975–1977

Personalities|

* Atal Bihari Vajpayee
* Basawon Singh (Sinha)
* Bansi Lal
* C. Achutha Menon
* Charan Singh
* Chandra Shekhar
* Devakanta Barua
* Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
* George Fernandes
* Hans Raj Khanna
* Harchand Singh Longowal
* H. N. Bahuguna
* Indira Gandhi
* Jagjivan Ram
* Jagmohan
* Jagmohanlal Sinha
* Jayaprakash Narayan
* Jivatram Kripalani
* K. Kamaraj
* K. Karunakaran
* L. K. Advani
* M. G. Ramachandran
* M. Karunanidhi
* Morarji Desai
* Narendra Modi
* Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
* Niren De
* Pranab Mukherjee
* Raj Narain
* Sanjay Gandhi
* Siddhartha Shankar Ray
* Subramanian Swamy
* Zail Singh

Organisations|

* Bharatiya Jana Sangh
* Bharatiya Lok Dal
* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Dravidar Kazhagam
* Indian National Congress (Organisation)
* Indian National Congress (R)
* Indian National Congress
* Janata Morcha
* Janata Party
* People's Union for Civil Liberties
* Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
* Shiromani Akali Dal
* Socialist Party of India
* Swatantra Party

Events|

* State of Emergency in India
* State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain
* 38th Amendment
* 39th Amendment
* 42nd Amendment
* Turkman gate demolition and rioting
* Baroda dynamite case
* Shah Commission
* Maintenance of Internal Security Act
* Rajan case
* Indian general election, 1977

* v
* t
* e

Recipients of Bharat Ratna Award

1954–1960|

* C. Rajagopalachari, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and C. V. Raman (1954)
* Bhagwan Das, M. Visvesvaraya, and Jawaharlal Nehru (1955)
* Govind Ballabh Pant (1957)
* Dhondo Keshav Karve (1958)

1961–1980|

* Bidhan Chandra Roy, and Purushottam Das Tandon (1961)
* Rajendra Prasad (1962)
* Zakir Husain, and Pandurang Vaman Kane (1963)
* Lal Bahadur Shastri (1966)
* Indira Gandhi (1971)
* V. V. Giri (1975)
* K. Kamaraj (1976)
* Mother Teresa (1980)

1981–2000|

* Vinoba Bhave (1983)
* Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1987)
* M. G. Ramachandran (1988)
* B. R. Ambedkar, and Nelson Mandela (1990)
* Rajiv Gandhi, Vallabhbhai Patel, and Morarji Desai (1991)
* Abul Kalam Azad, J. R. D. Tata and Satyajit Ray (1992)
* Gulzarilal Nanda, Aruna Asaf Ali, and A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1997)
* M. S. Subbulakshmi, and C. Subramaniam (1998)
* Jayaprakash Narayan, Amartya Sen, Gopinath Bordoloi, and Ravi Shankar (1999)

2001–2020|

* Lata Mangeshkar, and Bismillah Khan (2001)
* Bhimsen Joshi (2008)
* C. N. R. Rao, and Sachin Tendulkar (2014)
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and Madan Mohan Malaviya (2015)
* Nanaji Deshmukh, Bhupen Hazarika, and Pranab Mukherjee (2019)

2021–2040|

* Karpoori Thakur, Lal Krishna Advani, Charan Singh, P. V. Narasimha Rao, and M. S. Swaminathan (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Netherlands
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef

*[m.]: married
*[lit.]: literal translation
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