Charles Brackett

American screenwriter and film producer (1892–1969)

Charles William Brackett

Brackett in 1942

Born| (1892-11-26)November 26, 1892

Saratoga Springs, New York, U.S.

Died| March 9, 1969(1969-03-09) (aged 76)

Beverly Hills, California, U.S.

Alma mater| Williams College
Occupation(s)| Screenwriter, producer
Years active| 1925–1962
Spouses|

Elizabeth Fletcher

(m. 1919; died 1948)​

Lillian Fletcher

(m. 1953)​

Children| 2

Charles William Brackett (November 26, 1892 – March 9, 1969) was an American screenwriter and film producer. He collaborated with Billy Wilder on sixteen films.

## Life and career

[edit]

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|

Brackett was born in Saratoga Springs, New York, the son of Mary Emma Corliss and New York State Senator, lawyer, and banker Edgar Truman Brackett. The family's roots traced back to the arrival of Richard Brackett in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. His mother's uncle, George Henry Corliss, built the Centennial Engine that powered the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. A 1915 graduate of Williams College, he earned his law degree from Harvard University. He joined the Allied Expeditionary Force during World War I, and was awarded the French Medal of Honor.

He was a frequent contributor to the Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, and Vanity Fair, and a drama critic for The New Yorker. He wrote five novels: The Counsel of the Ungodly (1920), Week-End (1925), That Last Infirmity (1926), American Colony (1929),[1] and Entirely Surrounded (1934).

Brackett was a president of the Screen Writers Guild (1938–1939) and for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (1949–1955). He either wrote and/or produced over forty films, including To Each His Own, Ninotchka, The Major and the Minor, The Mating Season (1951), Niagara, The King and I, Ten North Frederick, The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker and Blue Denim.

Beginning in August 1936, Brackett worked with Billy Wilder, writing the film classics The Lost Weekend and Sunset Boulevard, both of which won Academy Awards for their respective screenplays. Brackett described their collaboration process as follows: "The thing to do was suggest an idea, have it torn apart and despised. In a few days it would be apt to turn up, slightly changed, as Wilder's idea. Once I got adjusted to that way of working, our lives were simpler."[2]

His partnership with Wilder ended in 1950 and Brackett went to work at 20th Century-Fox as a screenwriter and producer. His script for Titanic (1953) won him another Academy Award.

He received an Honorary Oscar for Lifetime Achievement in 1958.

Brackett died on March 9, 1969.[3] His diaries covering his screenwriting and social life from 1932 to 1949 were edited by Anthony Slide into Slide's book It's the Pictures That Got Small: Charles Brackett on Billy Wilder and Hollywood's Golden Age.

## Personal life

[edit]

Brackett married Elizabeth Barrows Fletcher in 1919. They had two daughters, Alexandra Corliss Brackett and Elizabeth Fletcher Brackett. His wife died in 1948, and in 1953, Charles married Lillian Fletcher, her sister. They had no children.[4]

Brackett was a Republican who voted for Alf Landon in 1936 and supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.[5]

## Works

[edit]

* Brackett, Charles (December 16, 2014). Slide, Anthony (ed.). "It's the Pictures That Got Small": Charles Brackett on Billy Wilder and Hollywood's Golden Age. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/slid16708. ISBN 9780231167086. JSTOR 10.7312/slid16708.

## Partial filmography

[edit]

* Tomorrow's Love (1925) – based on a story Interlocutory
* Risky Business (1926) – based on a story Pearls Before Cecily
* Pointed Heels (1929) – based on a story [citation needed]
* Secrets of a Secretary (1931) – based on a story[6]
* College Scandal (1935) – writer
* Without Regret (1935) – writer
* The Last Outpost (1935) – writer
* Rose of the Rancho (1936) – writer
* Woman Trap (1936) – writer
* Piccadilly Jim (1936) – writer
* Live, Love and Learn (1937) – writer
* Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938)* – writer
* What a Life (1939)* – writer
* Ninotchka (1939)* – writer
* Arise, My Love (1940)* – writer
* Hold Back the Dawn (1941)* – writer
* Ball of Fire (1941)* – writer
* The Major and the Minor (1942)* – writer
* Five Graves to Cairo (1943)* – writer, producer
* The Uninvited (1944) – producer
* The Lost Weekend (1945)* – producer, writer
* To Each His Own (1946) – writer, producer
* The Bishop's Wife (1947) – uncredited writer
* A Foreign Affair (1948)* – writer, producer
* The Emperor Waltz (1948)* – writer, producer
* Miss Tatlock's Millions (1948) – writer, producer
* Sunset Boulevard (1950)* – writer, producer
* Edge of Doom (1950) – writer (uncredited)
* The Mating Season (1951) – writer, producer
* The Model and the Marriage Broker (1951) – writer, producer
* Niagara (1953) – writer, producer
* Titanic (1953) – writer, producer
* Woman's World (1954) – producer
* Garden of Evil (1954) – producer
* The Virgin Queen (1955) – producer
* The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955) – writer, producer
* Teenage Rebel (1956) – writer, producer
* The King and I (1956) – producer
* D-Day the Sixth of June (1956) – producer
* The Wayward Bus (1957) – producer
* The Gift of Love (1958) – producer
* Ten North Frederick (1958) – producer
* The Remarkable Mr. Pennypacker (1959) – producer
* Blue Denim (1959) – producer
* Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959) – writer, producer
* High Time (1960) – producer
* State Fair (1962) – producer

("*" indicates collaboration with Wilder)

## Awards and nominations

[edit]

### Academy Awards

[edit]

Year  | Category  | Film  | Result  | Shared with

|
|
|
|

1939 | Best Adapted Screenplay |  Ninotchka | Nominated  | Billy Wilder & Walter Reisch
1941 | Best Adapted Screenplay  | Hold Back the Dawn | Nominated  | Billy Wilder
1945 | Best Picture | The Lost Weekend | Won  | —
1945 | Best Adapted Screenplay  |  The Lost Weekend  | Won  | Billy Wilder
1946 | Best Story | To Each His Own | Nominated  |
1948 | Best Adapted Screenplay  | A Foreign Affair | Nominated  | Billy Wilder & Richard L. Breen
1950 | Best Picture  | Sunset Boulevard | Nominated  | —
1950 | Best Original Screenplay |  Sunset Boulevard  | Won  | Billy Wilder & D. M. Marshman Jr.
1953 | Best Original Screenplay  | Titanic | Won  | Richard L. Breen & Walter Reisch
1956 | Best Picture  | The King and I | Nominated  | —
1957 | Honorary Award | —  | Won  | —

## References

[edit]

1. ^ See Drewey Wayne Gunn, Gay American Novels, 1870–1970: A Reader's Guide (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2016), 21-22.
2. ^ Brackett, Charles, It's the Pictures That Got Small, Columbia University Press, 2015, pg. 92
3. ^ "Charles Brackett Dies at 77; Made Oscar-Winning Movies. 'Sunset Boulevard,' 'The Lost Weekend' and 'Titanic' among his successes". The New York Times. March 10, 1969. Retrieved January 2, 2011.
4. ^ Hopper, H. (December 27, 1953). "Charlie Brackett marries sister of his first wife". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 166556164.
5. ^ Critchlow, Donald T. (October 21, 2013). When Hollywood Was Right: How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-65028-2.
6. ^ "Secrets of a Secretary". AFI Catalog of Featured Films. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

## External links

[edit]

* The Counsel of the Ungodly at Google Books
* Charles Bracket at IMDb
* Charles Brackett papers at the Margaret Herrick Library

Non-profit organization positions

Preceded by

Jean Hersholt

|  President of Academy of Motion Pictures, Arts and Sciences
1949–1955  | Succeeded by

George Seaton

Awards for Charles Brackett

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay

1940–1975|

* Preston Sturges (1940)
* Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles (1941)
* Michael Kanin and Ring Lardner Jr. (1942)
* Norman Krasna (1943)
* Lamar Trotti (1944)
* Richard Schweizer (1945)
* Muriel Box and Sydney Box (1946)
* Sidney Sheldon (1947)
* No award (1948)
* Robert Pirosh (1949)
* Charles Brackett, D. M. Marshman Jr., and Billy Wilder (1950)
* Alan Jay Lerner (1951)
* T. E. B. Clarke (1952)
* Charles Brackett, Richard L. Breen, and Walter Reisch (1953)
* Budd Schulberg (1954)
* Sonya Levien and William Ludwig (1955)
* Albert Lamorisse (1956)
* George Wells (1957)
* Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (1958)
* Clarence Greene, Maurice Richlin, Russell Rouse, and Stanley Shapiro (1959)
* I. A. L. Diamond and Billy Wilder (1960)
* William Inge (1961)
* Ennio De Concini, Pietro Germi, and Alfredo Giannetti (1962)
* James Webb (1963)
* S. H. Barnett, Peter Stone and Frank Tarloff (1964)
* Frederic Raphael (1965)
* Claude Lelouch and Pierre Uytterhoeven (1966)
* William Rose (1967)
* Mel Brooks (1968)
* William Goldman (1969)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Edmund H. North (1970)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1971)
* Jeremy Larner (1972)
* David S. Ward (1973)
* Robert Towne (1974)
* Frank Pierson (1975)

1976–2000|

* Paddy Chayefsky (1976)
* Woody Allen and Marshall Brickman (1977)
* Robert C. Jones, Waldo Salt, and Nancy Dowd (1978)
* Steve Tesich (1979)
* Bo Goldman (1980)
* Colin Welland (1981)
* John Briley (1982)
* Horton Foote (1983)
* Robert Benton (1984)
* William Kelley, Pamela Wallace, and Earl W. Wallace (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* John Patrick Shanley (1987)
* Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow (1988)
* Tom Schulman (1989)
* Bruce Joel Rubin (1990)
* Callie Khouri (1991)
* Neil Jordan (1992)
* Jane Campion (1993)
* Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary (1994)
* Christopher McQuarrie (1995)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (1996)
* Ben Affleck and Matt Damon (1997)
* Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard (1998)
* Alan Ball (1999)
* Cameron Crowe (2000)

2001–present|

* Julian Fellowes (2001)
* Pedro Almodóvar (2002)
* Sofia Coppola (2003)
* Pierre Bismuth, Michel Gondry and Charlie Kaufman (2004)
* Paul Haggis and Bobby Moresco (2005)
* Michael Arndt (2006)
* Diablo Cody (2007)
* Dustin Lance Black (2008)
* Mark Boal (2009)
* David Seidler (2010)
* Woody Allen (2011)
* Quentin Tarantino (2012)
* Spike Jonze (2013)
* Alejandro G. Iñárritu, Nicolás Giacobone, Alexander Dinelaris Jr., and Armando Bo (2014)
* Tom McCarthy and Josh Singer (2015)
* Kenneth Lonergan (2016)
* Jordan Peele (2017)
* Nick Vallelonga, Brian Currie and Peter Farrelly (2018)
* Bong Joon-ho and Han Jin-won (2019)
* Emerald Fennell (2020)
* Kenneth Branagh (2021)
* Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert (2022)
* Justine Triet and Arthur Harari (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

1928–1950|

* Benjamin Glazer (1928)
* Hanns Kräly (1929)
* Frances Marion (1930)
* Howard Estabrook (1931)
* Edwin J. Burke (1932)
* Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason (1933)
* Robert Riskin (1934)
* Dudley Nichols (1935)
* Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney (1936)
* Heinz Herald, Geza Herczeg, and Norman Reilly Raine (1937)
* Ian Dalrymple, Cecil Arthur Lewis, W. P. Lipscomb, and George Bernard Shaw (1938)
* Sidney Howard (1939)
* Donald Ogden Stewart (1940)
* Sidney Buchman and Seton I. Miller (1941)
* George Froeschel, James Hilton, Claudine West, and Arthur Wimperis (1942)
* Philip G. Epstein, Julius J. Epstein, and Howard Koch (1943)
* Frank Butler and Frank Cavett (1944)
* Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder (1945)
* Robert Sherwood (1946)
* George Seaton (1947)
* John Huston (1948)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1949)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1950)

1951–1975|

* Harry Brown and Michael Wilson (1951)
* Charles Schnee (1952)
* Daniel Taradash (1953)
* George Seaton (1954)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1955)
* John Farrow, S. J. Perelman, and James Poe (1956)
* Pierre Boulle, Carl Foreman and Michael Wilson (1957)
* Alan Jay Lerner (1958)
* Neil Paterson (1959)
* Richard Brooks (1960)
* Abby Mann (1961)
* Horton Foote (1962)
* John Osborne (1963)
* Edward Anhalt (1964)
* Robert Bolt (1965)
* Robert Bolt (1966)
* Stirling Silliphant (1967)
* James Goldman (1968)
* Waldo Salt (1969)
* Ring Lardner Jr. (1970)
* Ernest Tidyman (1971)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1972)
* William Peter Blatty (1973)
* Francis Ford Coppola and Mario Puzo (1974)
* Bo Goldman and Lawrence Hauben (1975)

1976–2000|

* William Goldman (1976)
* Alvin Sargent (1977)
* Oliver Stone (1978)
* Robert Benton (1979)
* Alvin Sargent (1980)
* Ernest Thompson (1981)
* Costa-Gavras and Donald E. Stewart (1982)
* James L. Brooks (1983)
* Peter Shaffer (1984)
* Kurt Luedtke (1985)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1986)
* Bernardo Bertolucci and Mark Peploe (1987)
* Christopher Hampton (1988)
* Alfred Uhry (1989)
* Michael Blake (1990)
* Ted Tally (1991)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1992)
* Steven Zaillian (1993)
* Eric Roth (1994)
* Emma Thompson (1995)
* Billy Bob Thornton (1996)
* Curtis Hanson and Brian Helgeland (1997)
* Bill Condon (1998)
* John Irving (1999)
* Stephen Gaghan (2000)

2001–present|

* Akiva Goldsman (2001)
* Ronald Harwood (2002)
* Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson, and Fran Walsh (2003)
* Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor (2004)
* Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana (2005)
* William Monahan (2006)
* Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (2007)
* Simon Beaufoy (2008)
* Geoffrey S. Fletcher (2009)
* Aaron Sorkin (2010)
* Alexander Payne, Jim Rash, and Nat Faxon (2011)
* Chris Terrio (2012)
* John Ridley (2013)
* Graham Moore (2014)
* Adam McKay and Charles Randolph (2015)
* Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (2016)
* James Ivory (2017)
* Charlie Wachtel, David Rabinowitz, Kevin Willmott and Spike Lee (2018)
* Taika Waititi (2019)
* Christopher Hampton and Florian Zeller (2020)
* Sian Heder (2021)
* Sarah Polley (2022)
* Cord Jefferson (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Academy Honorary Award

1928–1950|

* Warner Bros. / Charlie Chaplin (1928)
* Walt Disney (1932)
* Shirley Temple (1934)
* D. W. Griffith (1935)
* The March of Time / W. Howard Greene and Harold Rosson (1936)
* Edgar Bergen / W. Howard Greene / Museum of Modern Art Film Library / Mack Sennett (1937)
* J. Arthur Ball / Walt Disney / Deanna Durbin and Mickey Rooney / Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills, Louis Mesenkop, Walter Oberst / Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey / Harry Warner (1938)
* Douglas Fairbanks / Judy Garland / William Cameron Menzies / Motion Picture Relief Fund (Jean Hersholt, Ralph Morgan, Ralph Block, Conrad Nagel) / Technicolor SA (1939)
* Bob Hope / Nathan Levinson (1940)
* Walt Disney, William Garity, John N. A. Hawkins, and the RCA Manufacturing Company / Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott / British Ministry of Information (1941)
* Charles Boyer / Noël Coward / Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942)
* George Pal (1943)
* Bob Hope / Margaret O'Brien (1944)
* Republic Studio, Daniel J. Bloomberg, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / Walter Wanger / The House I Live In / Peggy Ann Garner (1945)
* Harold Russell / Laurence Olivier / Ernst Lubitsch / Claude Jarman Jr. (1946)
* James Baskett / Thomas Armat, William Nicholas Selig, Albert E. Smith, and George Kirke Spoor / Bill and Coo / Shoeshine (1947)
* Walter Wanger / Monsieur Vincent / Sid Grauman / Adolph Zukor (1948)
* Jean Hersholt / Fred Astaire / Cecil B. DeMille / The Bicycle Thief (1949)
* Louis B. Mayer / George Murphy / The Walls of Malapaga (1950)

1951–1975|

* Gene Kelly / Rashomon (1951)
* Merian C. Cooper / Bob Hope / Harold Lloyd / George Mitchell / Joseph M. Schenck / Forbidden Games (1952)
* 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation / Bell & Howell Company / Joseph Breen / Pete Smith (1953)
* Bausch & Lomb Optical Company / Danny Kaye / Kemp Niver / Greta Garbo / Jon Whiteley / Vincent Winter / Gate of Hell (1954)
* Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto (1955)
* Eddie Cantor (1956)
* Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers / Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson / Charles Brackett / B. B. Kahane (1957)
* Maurice Chevalier (1958)
* Buster Keaton / Lee de Forest (1959)
* Gary Cooper / Stan Laurel / Hayley Mills (1960)
* William L. Hendricks / Fred L. Metzler / Jerome Robbins (1961)
* William J. Tuttle (1964)
* Bob Hope (1965)
* Yakima Canutt / Y. Frank Freeman (1966)
* Arthur Freed (1967)
* John Chambers / Onna White (1968)
* Cary Grant (1969)
* Lillian Gish / Orson Welles (1970)
* Charlie Chaplin (1971)
* Charles S. Boren / Edward G. Robinson (1972)
* Henri Langlois / Groucho Marx (1973)
* Howard Hawks / Jean Renoir (1974)
* Mary Pickford (1975)

1976–2000|

* Margaret Booth (1977)
* Walter Lantz / Laurence Olivier / King Vidor / Museum of Modern Art Department of Film (1978)
* Hal Elias / Alec Guinness (1979)
* Henry Fonda (1980)
* Barbara Stanwyck (1981)
* Mickey Rooney (1982)
* Hal Roach (1983)
* James Stewart / National Endowment for the Arts (1984)
* Paul Newman / Alex North (1985)
* Ralph Bellamy (1986)
* Eastman Kodak Company / National Film Board of Canada (1988)
* Akira Kurosawa (1989)
* Sophia Loren / Myrna Loy (1990)
* Satyajit Ray (1991)
* Federico Fellini (1992)
* Deborah Kerr (1993)
* Michelangelo Antonioni (1994)
* Kirk Douglas / Chuck Jones (1995)
* Michael Kidd (1996)
* Stanley Donen (1997)
* Elia Kazan (1998)
* Andrzej Wajda (1999)
* Jack Cardiff / Ernest Lehman (2000)

2001–present|

* Sidney Poitier / Robert Redford (2001)
* Peter O'Toole (2002)
* Blake Edwards (2003)
* Sidney Lumet (2004)
* Robert Altman (2005)
* Ennio Morricone (2006)
* Robert F. Boyle (2007)
* Lauren Bacall / Roger Corman / Gordon Willis (2009)
* Kevin Brownlow / Jean-Luc Godard / Eli Wallach (2010)
* James Earl Jones / Dick Smith (2011)
* D. A. Pennebaker / Hal Needham / George Stevens Jr. (2012)
* Angela Lansbury / Steve Martin / Piero Tosi (2013)
* Jean-Claude Carrière / Hayao Miyazaki / Maureen O'Hara (2014)
* Spike Lee / Gena Rowlands (2015)
* Jackie Chan / Lynn Stalmaster / Anne V. Coates / Frederick Wiseman (2016)
* Charles Burnett / Owen Roizman / Donald Sutherland / Agnès Varda (2017)
* Marvin Levy / Lalo Schifrin / Cicely Tyson (2018)
* David Lynch / Wes Studi / Lina Wertmüller (2019)
* Samuel L. Jackson / Elaine May / Liv Ullmann (2021)
* Euzhan Palcy / Diane Warren / Peter Weir (2022)
* Angela Bassett / Mel Brooks / Carol Littleton (2023)
* Quincy Jones / Juliet Taylor (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement

1950s|

* Sonya Levien (1952)
* Dudley Nichols (1953)
* Robert Riskin (1954)
* Julius Epstein & Philip Epstein and Albert Hackett & Frances Goodrich (1955)
* Charles Brackett & Billy Wilder (1956)
* John Lee Mahin (1957)
* Nunnally Johnson (1958)
* Norman Krasna (1959)

1960s|

* George Seaton (1960)
* Philip Dunne (1961)
* Joseph L. Mankiewicz (1962)
* John Huston (1963)
* Sidney Buchman (1964)
* Isobel Lennart (1965)
* Richard Brooks (1966)
* Casey Robinson (1967)
* Carl Foreman (1968)
* Dalton Trumbo (1969)

1970s|

* James Poe (1970)
* Ernest Lehman (1971)
* William Rose (1972)
* Paddy Chayefsky (1973)
* Preston Sturges (1974)
* Michael Wilson (1975)
* Samson Raphaelson (1976)
* Edward Anhalt (1977)
* Neil Simon (1978)
* Billy Wilder & I. A. L. Diamond (1979)

1980s|

* Ben Hecht (1980)
* Paul Osborn (1981)
* Lamar Trotti (1982)
* Melville Shavelson, Jack Rose, Norman Panama, and Melvin Frank (1983)
* William Goldman (1984)
* Waldo Salt (1985)
* Woody Allen (1986)
* Irving Ravetch & Harriet Frank Jr. (1987)
* Ring Lardner Jr. (1988)
* Donald Ogden Stewart (1989)

1990s|

* Alvin Sargent (1990)
* Frank Pierson (1991)
* Horton Foote (1992)
* Ruth Prawer Jhabvala (1993)
* Charles Bennett (1994)
* Daniel Taradash (1995)
* Robert Towne (1996)
* Bo Goldman (1997)
* Paul Schrader (1998)
* Jean-Claude Carrière (1999)

2000s|

* Betty Comden and Adolph Green (2000)
* Blake Edwards (2001)
* Mel Brooks (2002)
* John Michael Hayes (2003)
* David Mamet (2004)
* Lawrence Kasdan (2005)
* Robert Benton (2006)
* Budd Schulberg (2007)
* No Award (2008)
* Barry Levinson (2009)

2010s|

* Steven Zaillian (2010)
* Eric Roth (2011)
* Tom Stoppard (2012)
* Paul Mazursky (2013)
* Harold Ramis (2014)
* Elaine May (2015)
* Oliver Stone (2016)
* James L. Brooks (2017)
* Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel (2018)
* Nancy Meyers (2019)

2020s|

* No Award (2020)
* No Award (2021)
* Charlie Kaufman (2022)
* Walter Hill (2023)
* David Lynch (2024)

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Latvia
* Poland
* Israel

Artists|

* FID

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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