Charles Galton Darwin

British physicist (1887–1962)

Sir

Charles Galton Darwin

KBE MC FRS

Born|

Charles Galton Darwin

(1887-12-19)19 December 1887

Cambridge, England

Died| 31 December 1962(1962-12-31) (aged 75)

Cambridge, England

Nationality| British
Alma mater| Trinity College, Cambridge
Known for| Darwin term
Darwin Lagrangian
Darwin drift
Darwin–Radau equation
Darwin–Fowler method
Spouse|

Katharine Pember

(m. 1925)​

Children| 5, including Cecily and Henry
Parent(s)| George Howard Darwin
Martha (Maud) du Puy
Relatives| Darwin–Wedgwood family
Awards| Royal Medal (1935)
Fellow of the Royal Society[1]
Scientific career
Fields| Physicist
Institutions| National Physical Laboratory
Victoria University of Manchester
Royal Engineers
Christ's College, Cambridge
California Institute of Technology
University of Edinburgh
Manhattan Project
Academic advisors| Ernest Rutherford
Niels Bohr
4th Director of NPL
In office
1949–1938
Preceded by| William Lawrence Bragg
Succeeded by| Edward Victor Appleton (Acting)

This article is part of a series on the

Eugenics Movement

Historical trajectory

* Ancient
* Jus trium liberorum
* Lex Papia Poppaea
* Jewish views on incest
* Incest in the Bible
* Malthusian League
* Eugenic feminism
* Nazi eugenics
* Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily
Diseased Offspring
* Hereditary Health Courts
* "Racial hygiene"
* Lebensborn
* Romani Holocaust
* Doctors' Trial
* US eugenics
* Slave breeding in the US
* Eugenics Survey of Vermont
* Oneida stirpiculture
* Immigration Act of 1924
* Sterilization law in the United States
* Buck v. Bell
* Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia
* Madrigal v. Quilligan
* Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital
* Skinner v. Oklahoma
* Stump v. Sparkman
* Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924
* Canadian Eugenics
* The Famous Five
* Sexual Sterilization Act
* Japanese eugenics
* Hispanic eugenics
* Mexican eugenics
* Birth control movement in the US
* Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)
* Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)
* Population planning in Singapore
* Neo-eugenics
* He Jiankui genome editing incident
* Human genetic enhancement
* Religious response to assisted
reproductive technology

Pre-war academic proponents

* Brigham
* Burbank
* Carrell
* Davenport
* Darwin (Leonhard)
* DeCourcy Ward
* Elderton
* Fisher
* Galton
* Gates
* Goldscheid
* Grant
* Gruber
* Günther
* Guyer
* Haldane
* Herseni
* Holmes
* Hrdlička
* Jennings
* Jordan
* Kang
* Key
* Kraepelin
* Lenz
* Lewis
* London
* Magnussen
* Manuilă
* Mittmann
* Moreira
* Munro
* Nordau
* Osborn (Henry Fairfield)
* Pan
* Pearson (Karl)
* Perkins
* Pérez
* Ploetz
* Quetelet
* Rainer
* Relgis
* Schallmayer
* Scharffenberg
* Serebrovsky
* Sergi
* Slater
* Southard
* Stoddard
* Taussig
* Terman
* Tesla
* Thorndike
* Vacher de Lapouge
* Verschuer
* Yerkes

Post-war academic remnants

* Agar
* Bell (Julia)
* Blacker
* Carl
* Carter
* Cattell
* Coleman
* Darlington
* Figueredo
* Fleischman
* Garrett
* Glad
* Hardin
* Haldane
* Hanania
* Herndon
* Huxley
* Ingle
* Itzkoff
* Kallmann
* Kirkconnell
* Koch
* Lederberg
* Lorenz
* Lundman
* Lynn
* MacEachran
* Magnussen
* Miller (Geoffrey)
* Miller (Edward M.)
* Shockley
* Muller
* Murray
* Nijenhuis
* Nyborg
* Osborn (Frederick)
* Pearson (Roger)
* Pendell
* Pitt-Rivers
* Popenoe
* Rostand
* Savulescu
* Shapiro
* Sloterdijk
* Verschuer
* Vining Jr.
* Weiss

Pamphlets and manifestos

* Hereditary Genius (1869)
* Inquiries into Human Faculty and
Its Development (1883)
* Degeneration (1892–1893)
* Gallia (1895)
* "The Blood of the Nation" (1901/1910)
* The Training of the Human Plant (1907)
* Essays in Eugenics (1909)
* Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (1911)
* Mankind at the Crossroads (1923)
* Daedalus; or, Science and the Future (1924)
* La raza cósmica (1925)
* Marriage and Morals (1929)
* The Genetical Theory of Natural
Selection (1930)
* Man, the Unknown (1935)
* After Us (1936)
* Eugenics manifesto (1939)
* New Bottles for New Wine (1950)
* The Marching Morons (1951)
* The Dance with the Devil (1958)
* Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins (1973)
* Beyondism (1987)
* Dysgenics (1996)
* Rules for the Human Park (1999)
* Eugenics: A Reassessment (2001)
* Jewish Eugenics (2011)
* Selective Breeding and the Birth of
Philosophy (2023)

Organizations

Without significant post-war activity

* ABCL
* Alberta Eugenics Board
* AASPIM
* AES
* Carnegie Institution for Science
* CSHL
* Co-operative Women's Guild
* EBNC
* ERO
* Carrel Foundation
* Galton Laboratory
* German Society for Racial Hygiene
* Heredity Commission
* HBF
* Human Betterment League
* Immigration Restriction League
* INED
* IAAEE
* International Eugenics Conference
* IFEO
* Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
* Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
* PAA
* Race Betterment Foundation
* RHA
* Rockefeller Foundation
* State Institute for Racial Biology

With significant post-war activity

* Annals of Eugenics (Renamed "Annals of Human Genetics" 1954)
* CIS
* The Eugenics Review (Renamed "Journal of Biosocial Science" 1968)
* FREED
* HDF
* J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.
* LCI
* Mankind Quarterly
* OpenPsych
* Project Prevention
* Repository for Germinal Choice
* Ulster Institute for Social Research

Related

* Demographic engineering
* Dysgenics
* Genetic discrimination
* History of eugenics
* Idiocracy
* Pedigree chart
* Raymond Cattell bibliography
* Ronald Fisher bibliography
* Selective breeding

* History of Science portal

* v
* t
* e

Sir Charles Galton Darwin KBE MC FRS[1] (19 December 1887 – 31 December 1962) was an English physicist who served as director of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during the Second World War.[2] He was a son of the mathematician George Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin.

## Early life

[edit]

Darwin was born at Newnham Grange in Cambridge,[3] England into a scientific dynasty. He was a son of mathematician Sir George Darwin and a grandson of Charles Darwin. His mother was Lady Darwin, Maud du Puy of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Darwin's elder sister was the artist Gwen Raverat, and his younger sister Margaret married Geoffrey Keynes, the brother of the economist John Maynard Keynes. His younger brother William Robert Darwin was a London stockbroker. Darwin was educated at Marlborough College (1901–1906) and then studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1910, later promoted to MA by seniority.

## Career

[edit]

He secured a post-graduate position at the Victoria University of Manchester, working under Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr on Rutherford's atomic theory. In 1912, his interests developed into using his mathematical skills assisting Henry Moseley on X-ray diffraction. His two 1914 papers on the dynamical theory of diffraction of X-rays from perfect crystals became often cited classics, minting the Darwin Curve of reflectivity. In a further paper of 1922, he introduced the mosaic crystal model.

On the outbreak of World War I, he was commissioned and sent to France as a censor. A year later William Lawrence Bragg had him transferred to the Royal Engineers to participate in the work on the localisation of enemy artillery by sound ranging.[4] When that research was on a solid footing, he was transferred to the RAF to study aircraft noise. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1918.[5]

From 1919 to 1922 he was a lecturer and fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he worked with R.H. Fowler on statistical mechanics and, what came to be known as, the Darwin–Fowler method. He then worked for a year at the California Institute of Technology before becoming the first Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh in 1924, working on quantum optics and magneto-optic effects. He was the first in 1928, to calculate the fine structure of the hydrogen atom under Paul Dirac's relativistic theory of the electron. He was assisted at the university by Dr Robert Schlapp.[6]

In 1936 Darwin asked fellow physicist Max Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor, an offer that Born promptly accepted. He then resigned his post in Edinburgh to become Master of Christ's College, beginning his career as an active and able administrator, becoming director of the National Physical Laboratory on the approach of war in 1938. He served in the role into the post-war period, unafraid to seek improved laboratory performance through re-organisation, but spending much of the war years working on the Manhattan Project co-ordinating the American, British, and Canadian efforts.

Darwin was appointed KBE in 1942. In 1952, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[7]

## Private life

[edit]

In 1925, he married Katharine Pember, a mathematician and daughter of Francis William Pember. They had four sons and a daughter:

* Cecily Darwin (1926–2022) became an X-ray crystallographer and in 1951 married John Littleton of Philadelphia.
* George Pember Darwin (1928–2001) worked developing computers, and then (1964) married Angela Huxley, daughter of David Bruce Huxley. She was also a granddaughter of the writer Leonard Huxley and a great-granddaughter of Thomas Huxley, "Darwin's Bulldog".
* Henry Galton Darwin (1929–1992) was with the British Foreign Office, and married Jane Christie.
* Francis William Darwin (1932–1999) was a zoologist and taught at the University of London, and married in 1976.
* Edward Leonard Darwin (1934–2020) became a civil engineer.

In his spare time, Darwin also served as a wartime vice-president of the Simplified Spelling Society.[8]

On his retirement, his attention turned to issues of population, genetics and eugenics. His conclusions were pessimistic and entailed a resigned belief in an inevitable Malthusian catastrophe, as described in his 1952 book The Next Million Years. He first argued in this book that voluntary birth control (family planning) establishes a selective system that ensures its own failure. The cause is that people with the strongest instinct for wanting children will have the largest families and they will hand on the instinct to their children, while those with weaker instincts will have smaller families and will hand on that instinct to their children. In the long run society will consist mainly of people with the strongest instinct to reproduce. This would ultimately have dysgenic effects.[9]

In later years he travelled widely, an enthusiastic collaborator across national borders and an able communicator of scientific ideas.

He died at Newnham Grange in Cambridge (the house where he was born) on New Year's Eve 1962/3; he was cremated at Cambridge Crematorium on 4 January 1963. He and his late wife are commemorated with a memorial at St Botolph's Church, Cambridge; she was cremated, the funeral was in Wimbledon, where she had been living.

* Biography portal

## Publications

[edit]

* The New Conceptions of Matter (1931)
* The Next Million Years (1952)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Thomson, G. P. (1963). "Charles Galton Darwin. 1887-1962". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 9: 69–85. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1963.0004.
2. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Charles Galton Darwin", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
3. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2016.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. ^ Van der Kloot, W (2005). "Lawrence Bragg's role in the development of sound-ranging in World War I.". Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 59 (3): 273–284. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2005.0095. S2CID 202574756.
5. ^ "No. 13186". The Edinburgh Gazette. 2 January 1918. p. 40.
6. ^ "Robert Schlapp M.A.(Edin.), Ph.D.(Cantab.)—RSE Obituary". History.mcs.st-and.ac.uk.
7. ^ "APS Member History". Search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
8. ^ "The Simplified Spelling Society Officers and Committee Members". The Spelling Society. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
9. ^ Carl Jay Bajema (ed) Eugenics. Then and Now, Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross Inc. , 1976, p. 294–298.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Galton Darwin.

* NPL biography
* Charles Galton Darwin at Find a Grave
* Online book: The Next Million Years, 1953

Academic offices

Preceded by

Norman McLean

|  Master of Christ's College, Cambridge
1936–1939  | Succeeded by

Charles Earle Raven

Government offices
Preceded by

William Lawrence Bragg

|  Managing Director of the National Physical Laboratory
1938–1949  | Succeeded by

Edward Bullard

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