Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834

"The Earl Grey" redirects here. For other holders of the title, see Earl Grey.

The Right Honourable

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

KG, PC

Portrait of Earl Grey by Thomas Phillips (1820)

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Leader of the House of Lords
In office
22 November 1830 – 9 July 1834
Monarch| William IV
Preceded by| The Duke of Wellington
Succeeded by| The Viscount Melbourne
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
In office
24 September 1806 – 25 March 1807
Prime Minister| The Lord Grenville
Preceded by| Charles James Fox
Succeeded by| George Canning
Leader of the House of Commons
In office
24 September 1806 – 31 March 1807
Prime Minister| The Lord Grenville
Preceded by| Charles James Fox
Succeeded by| Spencer Perceval
First Lord of the Admiralty
In office
11 February 1806 – 24 September 1806
Prime Minister| The Lord Grenville
Preceded by| The Lord Barham
Succeeded by| Thomas Grenville
Member of the House of Lords

Lord Temporal

Hereditary peerage
15 November 1807 – 17 July 1845
Preceded by| The 1st Earl Grey
Succeeded by| The 3rd Earl Grey
Member of Parliament
for Northumberland
In office
14 September 1786 – 14 November 1807
Preceded by| Lord Algernon Percy
Succeeded by| Earl Percy
Personal details
Born| (1764-03-13)13 March 1764
Fallodon, Northumberland, England
Died| 17 July 1845(1845-07-17) (aged 81)
Howick, Northumberland, England
Political party| Whig
Spouse|

Mary Ponsonby

(m. 1794)​

Children| 17, including Henry, Charles, Frederick, and Eliza Courtney (illegitimate)
Parent|

* Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey (father)

Relatives| House of Grey (family)
Alma mater| Trinity College, Cambridge
Signature|

Arms of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. As Prime Minister Grey won adoption of the Great Reform Act of 1832 which expanded the electorate in the United Kingdom;[1] and passed the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 which abolished slavery in the British Empire.

Grey was a long-time leader of the reform movement. He presented his first petition to extend the electoral franchise of voting as a member of parliament in 1792, and as prime minister he ultimately passed the Reform Act of 1832, which extended the franchise of voting in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and which was accompanied by extensions of the electoral franchise in Scotland and Ireland with the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and the Irish Reform Act 1832.[2]

He resigned as prime minister in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland, and he retired from politics. Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers, believing that he defused civil strife and enabled Victorian progress.[2] He may be the namesake of Earl Grey tea.[3]

## Early life

[edit]

Grey was born at Howick Hall, Northumberland on 13 March, 1764, the second son of Lieutenant-General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey and his wife Elizabeth, Countess Grey. He had four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at Richmond School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.[4][5]

## Early political career

[edit]

### Member of Parliament

[edit]

Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786, aged 22 years old. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings.

Grey was also notable for advocating parliamentary reform and electoral reform. During the French Revolution and the revolutionary ideals of liberty, freedom and equality became widespread across Europe and beyond. In Britain, the demand for universal suffrage inspired the Tory Prime Minister Pitt to enact legislation against sedition and revolutionary activities deemed as being against British values of democracy. Pitt's later tenure was dubbed by his enemies as "Pitt's Terror". Charles Fox and Richard Sheridan Brinsley, allies and mentors of the young Grey, denounced the government's actions for suppressing reform movements due to association with revolutionary ideals.

In 1792, Grey was the driving force of a petition presented to Parliament in favor of reforms aimed at restoring "the freedom of election and a more equal representation of the people in parliament, and securing to the people a more frequent exercise of their right of electing their representatives," as a 1884 book described it.[6] In his drive for egalitarian representation, he sought to extend the democratic franchise, and he favored Catholic emancipation. Although the 1792 petition produced no change, his reform was finally achieved 40 years later with his enactment of the Reform Act of 1832.

## Foreign secretary, 1806–1807

[edit]

In 1806, Grey became First Lord of the Admiralty, and he was a part of the Ministry of All the Talents (a coalition of Foxite Whigs, Grenvillites, and Addingtonites).

Following Fox's death later that year, Howick took over both as foreign secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge, which Howick refused to do, that they would not "propose any further concessions to the Catholics".[7]

## Years in opposition, 1807–1830

[edit]

In Charon's Boat (1807), James Gillray caricatured the Whig administration, with Grey as Charon, rowing the boat

The government fell from power the next year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords, succeeding his father as Earl Grey. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley. Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic emancipation.[8]

On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line. After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon, Grey became convinced of the French emperor's invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore, the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War.[9] Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moore's successor, the Duke of Wellington.[10] When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814, Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons' authoritarian monarchy; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year, he said that the change was an internal French matter.[11]

In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne.[12] The following year, when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as prime minister, it was, therefore, Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government, which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington.[13] When Wellington became prime minister in 1828, George IV (as the Prince Regent had become) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government.[14]

## Prime Minister (1830–1834)

[edit]

Grey's Monument in Newcastle upon Tyne

Further information: Whig government, 1830–1834

In 1830, following the death of George IV and the resignation of the Duke of Wellington on the question of Parliamentary reform, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as prime minister. In 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter.

In 1832, Grey enacted the Great Reform Act of 1832, which expanded the electorate in the United Kingdom. The legislation granted the right to vote to a broader segment of the male population by standardizing property qualifications, extending the franchise to small landowners, tenant farmers, shopkeepers. all householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more.

In 1833, Grey enacted the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, which abolished slavery in the British Empire. The legislation ordered the British government to purchase the freedom of all slaves in the British Empire, in the way of compensated emancipation, and by outlawing the further practice of slavery in the British Empire.

Grey also contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Anthony Bacon, Jeremy Bentham and Grey, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment.[15] In the same year, Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration (which was wound up in 1832).[16]

In 1831 two acts were introduced concerning Truck wages. The first repealed all existing enactments on the subject, "and the second provided that workmen in a number of the principal industries must receive payment in the current coin of the realm."[17]

In 1834, the cabinet was divided over Catholic emancipation. Lord Anglesey, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, preferred conciliatory reform, including the partial redistribution of the income from the tithes to the Roman Catholic Church, and away from the established Church of Ireland, a policy known as "appropriation".[18] The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures.[19] At this gridlock, Grey resigned as prime miniser in 1834, and he nominated Lord Melbourne as his successor.

## Personal life

[edit]

Before his marriage, Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House. In 1791, the Duchess of Devonshire became pregnant with Grey's child, and she was sent to France, where she gave birth to their illegitimate daughter, who was raised by Grey's parents.[20][21][22] Their daughter was named Eliza Courtney (20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859[citation needed]). She married Robert Ellice.[23]

### Marriage and children

[edit]

On 18 November 1794, Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby (1776–1861), only daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Louisa Molesworth.[24] They had the following 16 children:

* a stillborn daughter (1796)[25]
* Louisa Elizabeth Grey (7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841). She married John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, on 9 December 1816. They had five children, including Charles William, Grey's favourite grandson, who died young.
* Elizabeth Grey (10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880). She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826. They had five children.
* Caroline Grey (30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875). She married Captain George Barrington on 15 January 1827. They had two children.
* Georgiana Grey (17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900)
* Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey (28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894). He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832.
* General Charles Grey (15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870). He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836. They had seven children, including Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey.
* Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey (23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878). He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846.
* Mary Grey (2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884). She married Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, on 29 July 1829. They had seven children.
* William Grey (13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815), who died at the age of six.
* Admiral George Grey (16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891). He married Jane Stuart (daughter of General Sir Patrick Stuart) on 20 January 1845. They had eleven children.
* Thomas Grey (29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826), who died at the age of fifteen.
* Rev. John Grey MA, DD (2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895), Canon of Durham, Rector of Houghton-le-Spring. He married Lady Georgiana Hervey (daughter of Frederick William Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol) in July 1836. They had three children. He remarried Helen Spalding (maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown) on 11 April 1874.
* Rev. Francis Richard Grey MA (31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890), Hon. Canon of Newcastle, Rector of Morpeth. He married Lady Elizabeth Dorothy Anne Howard, daughter of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840.
* Captain Henry Cavendish Grey (16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880)
* William George Grey (15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865). He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858.

### Later years and death

[edit]

Grey spent his last years in contented, if sometimes fretful, retirement at Howick with his books, his family, and his dogs. The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson, Charles, at the age of 13. Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845, forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick.[26] He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family, close friends, and the labourers on his estate.[27]

His biographer G. M. Trevelyan argues: "In our domestic history 1832 is the next great landmark after 1688 ... [It] saved the land from revolution and civil strife and made possible the quiet progress of the Victorian era.[28]

## Legacy

[edit]

Grey is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a 40 m (130 ft) high column.[29] The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statue's head was knocked off.[30] The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro, located directly underneath.[31] Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, which runs south-east from the monument, is also named after Grey.[32]

Durham University's Grey College is named after Grey, who as prime minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university.[33]

Earl Grey tea, a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew, is named after Grey.[34]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey summary | Britannica".
2. ^ a b Paul Strangio; Paul 't Hart; James Walter, eds. (2013). Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives. Oxford University Press. p. 225\. ISBN 9780199666423.
3. ^ Kramer, Ione. All the Tea in China. China Books, 1990. ISBN 0-8351-2194-1. pp. 180–181.
4. ^ "Info" (PDF). fretwell.kangaweb.com.au.
5. ^ "Grey, Charles (GRY781C)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
6. ^ Paul, The History of Reform, pp. 62–69
7. ^ Smith 1996, p. 125
8. ^ Smith, E.A. (1996). Lord Grey 1764–1845. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. pp. 198–199\. ISBN 978-0750911276.
9. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 169–171
10. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 172–174
11. ^ Smith, 1996 pp. 176–178
12. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 240–241
13. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 241–242
14. ^ Smith, 1996 pp. 245–246
15. ^ "Foundation of the Province". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
16. ^ "Emigration from the United Kingdom" (PDF). Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 1 (3): 156–157\. July 1838. doi:10.2307/2337910. JSTOR 2337910.
17. ^ Conservative social and industrial reform: A record of Conservative legislation between 1800 and 1974 by Charles E, Bellairs, p. 10
18. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 288–293
19. ^ Smith (paperback) 1996, p. 301
20. ^ Hastings, Chris (9 August 2008). "Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
21. ^ Bolen, Cheryl. "Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire". Cheryl Bolen. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
22. ^ Bergman, Norman A (1998). "Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and Princess Diana: a parallel". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 91 (4): 217–219\. doi:10.1177/014107689809100414. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 1296647. PMID 9659313.
23. ^ "Summary of Individual: Robert Ellice". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
24. ^ Payne, Edward John (1911). "Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 586–588, see p. 588, third para, penultimate sentence. "By his wife Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of the first Lord Ponsonby, whom he married on the 18th of November 1794, he became the father of ten sons and five daughters."
25. ^ Lodge, Edmund (1856). The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. London: Hurst and Blackett. pp. 269–270.
26. ^ GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1845 XXV 130 ALNWICK
27. ^ E. A. Smith, 'Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey (1764–1845)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 13 February 2010.
28. ^ Peter Brett, "Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey" in D. M. Loades, ed. (2003). Reader's guide to British history. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 1:586. ISBN 9781579584269.
29. ^ Historic England. "Earl Grey Monument (1329931)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
30. ^ David Morton (18 March 2015). "How the statue on Grey's Monument was struck by lightning and lost its head". ChronicleLive.
31. ^ "Tyne and Wear Metro : Stations : Monument". the teams.co.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
32. ^ David Morton (6 September 2017). "18 things you probably never knew about Newcastle's magnificent Grey's Monument". ChronicleLive.
33. ^ Sarah Chamberlain and Martyn Chamberlain (Spring 2009). "The Legacy of Earl Grey". Durham First. No. 29.
34. ^ "Early Grey: The results of the OED Appeal on Earl Grey tea". Oxford English Dictionary. 3 April 2013.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Brett, Peter. "Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey" in D. M. Loades, ed. (2003). Reader's guide to British history. Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 1:586–87. ISBN 9781579584269.
* Smith, E. A. (2004). "Charles Grey, second Earl Grey (1764–1845)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11526. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
* Smith, E. A. (1990), Lord Grey, 1764–1845, London`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Pennington, D.H."British Prime Ministers : II Earl Grey." History Today (May 1951) 1#5 pp. 21–27 online].
* Phillips, John A., and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England." American historical review 100.2 (1995): 411–436. JSTOR 2169005
* Trevelyan, G. M. (1920), Lord Grey of the Reform Bill online free

### Other sources

[edit]

* Mosley, Charles (1999), Burke's Peerage and Baronetage of Great Britain and Ireland (106th ed.), Cassells
* Mosley, Charles (1999), Charles Mosley (ed.), Burke's Peerage & Baronetage (106th ed.)
* Payne, Edward John (1911). "Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 586–588.
* 10 Downing Street website, PMs in history, archived from the original on 25 August 2008, retrieved 26 July 2006
* Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources online

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl".

* Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Grey
* "Archival material relating to Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey". UK National Archives.
* Portraits of Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* Works by or about Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey at the Internet Archive

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* Hain
* Hoon
* Straw
* Harman
* Young
* Lansley
* Hague
* Grayling
* Lidington
* Leadsom
* Stride
* Rees-Mogg
* Spencer
* Mordaunt
* Powell

* v
* t
* e

First Lords of the Admiralty

of England|

* The Earl of Portland
* The Earl of Lindsey
* William Juxon, Bishop of Lincoln
* The Earl of Northumberland
* The Lord Cottington
* Sir Henry Capell
* The Earl of Nottingham
* The Earl of Torrington
* The Earl of Pembroke
* The Lord Cornwallis
* The Viscount Falkland
* The Earl of Orford
* The Earl of Bridgewater
* The Earl of Pembroke

of Great Britain|

* The Earl of Orford
* Sir John Leake
* The Earl of Strafford
* The Earl of Orford
* The Earl of Berkeley
* The Viscount Torrington
* Sir Charles Wager
* The Earl of Winchilsea
* The Duke of Bedford
* The Earl of Sandwich
* The Lord Anson
* The Earl Temple
* The Earl of Winchilsea
* The Lord Anson
* The Earl of Halifax
* George Grenville
* The Earl of Sandwich
* The Earl of Egmont
* Sir Charles Saunders
* Sir Edward Hawke
* The Earl of Sandwich
* The Viscount Keppel
* The Viscount Howe
* The Viscount Keppel
* The Viscount Howe
* The Earl of Chatham
* The Earl Spencer

of the United Kingdom|

* The Earl of St Vincent
* The Viscount Melville
* The Lord Barham
* Viscount Howick
* Thomas Grenville
* The Lord Mulgrave
* Charles Philip Yorke
* The Viscount Melville
* The Duke of Clarence
* The Viscount Melville
* Sir James Graham, Bt
* The Lord Auckland
* The Earl de Grey
* The Lord Auckland
* The Earl of Minto
* The Earl of Haddington
* The Earl of Ellenborough
* The Earl of Auckland
* Sir Francis Baring, Bt
* The Duke of Northumberland
* Sir James Graham, Bt
* Sir Charles Wood, Bt
* Sir John Pakington, Bt
* The Duke of Somerset
* Sir John Pakington, Bt
* Henry Lowry-Corry
* Hugh Childers
* George Goschen
* George Ward Hunt
* William Henry Smith
* The Earl of Northbrook
* Lord George Hamilton
* The Marquess of Ripon
* Lord George Hamilton
* The Earl Spencer
* George Goschen
* The Earl of Selborne
* The Earl Cawdor
* The Lord Tweedmouth
* Reginald McKenna
* Winston Churchill
* Arthur Balfour
* Sir Edward Carson
* Sir Eric Geddes
* Walter Long
* The Viscount Lee of Fareham
* Wood
* Anderson
* Leo Amery
* The Viscount Chelmsford
* The Viscount Bridgeman
* A. V. Alexander
* Sir Austen Chamberlain
* The Viscount Monsell
* Sir Samuel Hoare, Bt
* Duff Cooper
* The Earl Stanhope
* Winston Churchill
* A. V. Alexander
* Brendan Bracken
* A. V. Alexander
* The Viscount Hall
* Lord Pakenham
* Viscount Cilcennin
* The Viscount Hailsham
* The Earl of Selkirk
* The Lord Carrington
* The Earl Jellicoe

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Australia
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Croatia
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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