Charles III

King of the United Kingdom since 2022

For other uses, see Charles III (disambiguation).

"Charles, Prince of Wales" and "Prince Charles" redirect here. For other uses, see Charles, Prince of Wales (disambiguation) and Prince Charles (disambiguation).

Charles III

Head of the Commonwealth[a]

Charles III in 2023

King of the United Kingdom
and the other Commonwealth realms[b]
Reign| 8 September 2022 – present
Coronation| 6 May 2023
Predecessor| Elizabeth II
Heir apparent| William, Prince of Wales

Born| Prince Charles of Edinburgh
(1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 76)
Buckingham Palace, London, England
Spouses|

* Diana Spencer

(m. 1981; div. 1996)​

* Camilla Parker Bowles

(m. 2005)​

Issue
Detail|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex

| Names

Charles Philip Arthur George[c]
House| Windsor
Father| Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
Mother| Elizabeth II
Religion| Protestant[d]
Signature|
Education| Gordonstoun School
Alma mater| Trinity College, Cambridge (MA)
Military career
Allegiance| United Kingdom
Branch|

* Royal Navy
* Royal Air Force

Years of active service| 1971–1976
Rank| Full list
Commands| HMS Bronington

King Charles III's voice

Speech to the Scottish Parliament following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II
Recorded 12 September 2022

Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms

* The King
The Queen
* The Prince of Wales
The Princess of Wales
* Prince George of Wales
* Princess Charlotte of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* The Duke of Sussex
The Duchess of Sussex
* Prince Archie of Sussex
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex

* * *

* The Princess Royal
* The Duke of York
* Princess Beatrice
* Princess Eugenie
* The Duke of Edinburgh
The Duchess of Edinburgh

* * *

* The Duke of Gloucester
The Duchess of Gloucester
* The Duke of Kent
The Duchess of Kent
* Princess Alexandra
* Prince Michael of Kent
Princess Michael of Kent

* v
* t
* e

Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms.[b]

Charles was born during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and became heir apparent when his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, acceded to the throne in 1952. He was created Prince of Wales in 1958 and his investiture was held in 1969. He was educated at Cheam School and Gordonstoun, and later spent six months at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia. After completing a history degree from the University of Cambridge, Charles served in the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy from 1971 to 1976. After his 1981 wedding to Lady Diana Spencer, they had two sons, William and Harry. After years of estrangement, Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, after they had each engaged in well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash the following year. In 2005 Charles married his long-term partner, Camilla Parker Bowles.

As heir apparent, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of his mother and represented the United Kingdom on visits abroad. He founded The Prince's Trust[e] in 1976, sponsored the Prince's Charities and became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations. He advocated for the conservation of historic buildings and the importance of traditional architecture in society. In that vein, he generated the experimental new town of Poundbury. An environmentalist, Charles supported organic farming and action to prevent climate change during his time as the manager of the Duchy of Cornwall estates, earning him awards and recognition as well as criticism. He is also a prominent critic of the adoption of genetically modified food, while his support for alternative medicine has been criticised. He has authored or co-authored 17 books.

Charles became king upon his mother's death in 2022. At the age of 73 he was the oldest person to accede to the British throne, after having been the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales in British history. Significant events in his reign have included his coronation in 2023 and his cancer diagnosis the following year, the latter of which temporarily suspended planned public engagements.

## Early life, family, and education

[edit]

Christening of Charles (centre, wearing the royal christening gown) in 1948: (from left to right) his grandfather King George VI; his mother, Princess Elizabeth, holding him; his father, Philip; and his grandmother Queen Elizabeth

Charles was born at 21:14 (GMT) on 14 November 1948,[3] during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, as the first child of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II), and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[4] He was delivered by caesarean section at Buckingham Palace.[5] His parents had three more children, Anne (born 1950), Andrew (born 1960) and Edward (born 1964). He was christened Charles Philip Arthur George on 15 December 1948 in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher.[f][g][9][10]

George VI died on 6 February 1952 and Charles's mother acceded to the throne as Elizabeth II; Charles immediately became the heir apparent. Under a charter of Edward III in 1337, and as the monarch's eldest son, he automatically assumed the traditional titles of Duke of Cornwall and, in the Scottish peerage, the titles Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland.[11] On 2 June 1953 he attended his mother's coronation at Westminster Abbey.[12]

When Charles turned five, Catherine Peebles was appointed as governess to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace.[13] He then commenced classes at Hill House School in west London in November 1956.[14] Charles was the first heir apparent to attend school, rather than be educated by a private tutor.[15] He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football, because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[16] Charles subsequently attended two of his father's former schools: Cheam School in Hampshire,[17] from 1958,[18] followed by Gordonstoun in Moray, beginning classes there in April 1962.[18][19] He later became patron of Gordonstoun in May 2024.[20]

In his 1994 authorised biography by Jonathan Dimbleby, Charles's parents were described as physically and emotionally distant, and Philip was blamed for his disregard of Charles's sensitive nature, including forcing him to attend Gordonstoun, where he was bullied.[21] Although Charles reportedly described Gordonstoun, noted for its especially rigorous curriculum, as "Colditz in kilts",[17] he later praised the school, stating it had taught him "a great deal about myself and my own abilities and disabilities". He said in a 1975 interview he was "glad" he had attended Gordonstoun and that the "toughness of the place" was "much exaggerated".[22] In 1966 Charles spent two terms at the Timbertop campus of Geelong Grammar School in Victoria, Australia, during which time he visited Papua New Guinea on a school trip with his history tutor, Michael Collins Persse.[23][24] In 1973 Charles described his time at Timbertop as the most enjoyable part of his whole education.[25] Upon his return to Gordonstoun, he emulated his father in becoming head boy, and left in 1967 with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C respectively.[23][26] On his education, Charles later remarked, "I didn't enjoy school as much as I might have; but, that was only because I'm happier at home than anywhere else".[22]

Charles broke royal tradition when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the British Armed Forces.[17] In October 1967 he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied archaeology and anthropology for the first part of the Tripos and then switched to history for the second part.[9][23][27] During his second year, he attended the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth, studying Welsh history and the Welsh language for one term.[23] Charles became the first British heir apparent to earn a university degree, graduating in June 1970 from the University of Cambridge with a 2:2 Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree.[23][28] Following standard practice, in August 1975, his Bachelor of Arts was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree.[23]

With his parents and sister Anne, October 1957

## Prince of Wales

[edit]

Charles was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 26 July 1958,[29] although his investiture was not held until 1 July 1969, when he was crowned by his mother in a televised ceremony held at Caernarfon Castle;[30] the investiture was controversial in Wales owing to growing Welsh nationalist sentiment.[31] He took his seat in the House of Lords the following year[32] and delivered his maiden speech on 13 June 1974,[33] the first royal to speak from the floor since the future Edward VII in 1884.[34] He spoke again in 1975.[35]

Charles began to take on more public duties, founding the Prince's Trust in 1976[36] and travelling to the United States in 1981.[37] In the mid-1970s he expressed an interest in serving as Governor-General of Australia, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister of Australia, Malcolm Fraser; however, because of a lack of public enthusiasm, nothing came of the proposal.[38] In reaction Charles commented, "so, what are you supposed to think when you are prepared to do something to help and you are just told you're not wanted?"[39]

(Front to back) HMS Norfolk, London, and Antrim in the English Channel following joint exercises with the RAF in December 1971. Charles was serving aboard Norfolk at this time.

### Military training and career

[edit]

Charles served in the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy in the 1970s. His military training began in 1969, during his second year at Cambridge, where he received RAF training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with the Cambridge University Air Squadron,[40][41] and was presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[42]

After the passing out parade that September, Charles embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Following his naval training he then served from 1971 to 1972 on the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk and the frigates HMS Minerva, from 1972 to 1973, and HMS Jupiter in 1974. That same year, he also qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and during his training to be a helicopter pilot underwent commando training at Commando Training Centre Royal Marines at Lympstone.[43] Charles subsequently joined a Royal Marines air support squadron of the Fleet Air Arm, 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating as a pilot, from HMS Hermes, flying the Royal Marines commando variant of the Westland Wessex helicopter.[44][45]

Charles spent his last 10 months of active service in the Navy commanding the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington, beginning on 9 February 1976.[44] He retired from active military service in 1976 at the rank of Commander.[46] Two years later he took part in the parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton after being appointed colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment in 1977, and was a member of Parachute Course 841a.[47][48] Charles gave up flying after crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, as a passenger who was invited to fly the aircraft; the crew was found negligent by a board of inquiry.[49]

### Relationships and marriages

[edit]

#### Bachelorhood

[edit]

In his youth Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of Sir John Russell, who was the British ambassador to Spain;[50] Lady Jane Wellesley, the daughter of the 8th Duke of Wellington;[51] Davina Sheffield;[52] Lady Sarah Spencer;[53] and Camilla Shand, who later became his second wife.[54]

Photograph by Allan Warren, 1972

Charles's great-uncle Lord Mountbatten advised him to "sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down", but, for a wife, he "should choose a suitable, attractive, and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage".[55] Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with 25-year-old Charles about a potential marriage to Amanda Knatchbull, Mountbatten's granddaughter.[56] Charles wrote to Amanda's mother, Lady Brabourne, who was also his godmother, expressing interest in her daughter. Lady Brabourne replied approvingly, but suggested that a courtship with a 16-year-old was premature.[57] Four years later, Mountbatten arranged for Amanda and himself to accompany Charles on his 1980 visit to India. Both fathers, however, objected; Prince Philip feared that his famous uncle[h] would eclipse Charles, while Lord Brabourne warned that a joint visit would concentrate media attention on the cousins before they could decide on becoming a couple.[58]

In August 1979, before Charles would depart alone for India, Mountbatten was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. When Charles returned, he proposed to Amanda. But in addition to her grandfather, she had lost her paternal grandmother and younger brother in the bomb attack and was now reluctant to join the royal family.[58]

#### Lady Diana Spencer

[edit]

Further information: Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer

With Diana during their visit to Uluru in Australia, March 1983

Charles first met Lady Diana Spencer in 1977, while he was visiting her home, Althorp. He was then the companion of her elder sister Sarah and did not consider Diana romantically until mid-1980. While Charles and Diana were sitting together on a bale of hay at a friend's barbecue in July, she mentioned that he had looked forlorn and in need of care at the funeral of Lord Mountbatten. Soon, according to Dimbleby, "without any apparent surge in feeling, he began to think seriously of her as a potential bride" and she accompanied him on visits to Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House.[59]

Charles's cousin Norton Knatchbull and his wife told Charles that Diana appeared awestruck by his position and that he did not seem to be in love with her.[60] Meanwhile, the couple's continuing courtship attracted intense attention from the press and paparazzi. When Charles's father told him that the media speculation would injure Diana's reputation if Charles did not come to a decision about marrying her soon, and realising that she was a suitable royal bride (according to Mountbatten's criteria), Charles construed his father's advice as a warning to proceed without further delay.[61] He proposed to Diana in February 1981, with their engagement becoming official on 24 February; the wedding took place in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits of the Duchy of Cornwall from 50 per cent to 25 per cent.[62] The couple lived at Kensington Palace and Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: William, in 1982, and Harry, in 1984.[15] As at 2025 Charles has an estranged relationship with his son Harry, who relinquished his royal family obligations and moved to the United States in 2020.[63][64]

With Diana at the Alberta Legislature Building in Edmonton, Canada, June 1983

Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[65][66] In 1986 Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles.[67] In a video tape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that, from 1985 to 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[68][69] It was assumed that she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[70] who had been transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986, after his managers determined his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[69][71] Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[72]

Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[73] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Parker Bowles in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced,[73] as did persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father, based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[74]

In December 1992 the British prime minister, John Major, announced the couple's legal separation in the House of Commons. Early the following year, the British press published transcripts of a passionate, bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Parker Bowles that had taken place in 1989, which was dubbed "Tampongate" and "Camillagate".[75] Charles subsequently sought public understanding in a television film with Dimbleby, Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role, broadcast in June 1994. In an interview in the film, Charles confirmed his own extramarital affair with Parker Bowles, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986, only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".[76][77] This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in an interview on the BBC current affairs programme Panorama, broadcast in November 1995.[78] Referring to Charles's relationship with Parker Bowles, she said, "well, there were three of us in this marriage. So, it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.[79] Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,[80] after being advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.[81] The couple shared custody of their children.[82]

Diana died following a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997. Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.[83] In 2003 Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury", so that he could remarry.[84] When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had those feelings.[85]

#### Camilla Parker Bowles

[edit]

Main article: Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles

With Camilla in Jamaica, March 2008

In 1999 Charles and Parker Bowles made their first public appearance as a couple at the Ritz London Hotel, and she moved into Charles's official residence, Clarence House, in 2003.[86][87] Their engagement was announced on 10 February 2005.[88] The Queen's consent to the marriage – as required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772 – was recorded in a Privy Council meeting on 2 March.[89] In Canada the Department of Justice determined the consent of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada was not required, as the union would not produce any heirs to the Canadian throne.[90]

Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil, rather than a church, wedding in England. British government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal; these claims were dismissed by Charles's spokesman[91] and explained by the sitting government to have been repealed by the Registration Service Act 1953.[92]

The union was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at Windsor Castle, with a subsequent religious blessing at the castle's St George's Chapel. The wedding venue was changed to Windsor Guildhall after it was realised a civil marriage at Windsor Castle would oblige the venue to be available to anyone who wished to be married there. Four days before the event, it was postponed from the originally scheduled date of 8 April until the following day in order to allow Charles and some of the invited dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope John Paul II.[93]

Charles's parents did not attend the marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[94] However, his parents did attend the service of blessing and held a reception for the newlyweds at Windsor Castle.[95] The blessing by Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams was televised.[96]

### Official duties

[edit]

See also: List of official overseas trips made by Charles III

With Harichand Megha Dalaya at Amul, in Anand, Gujarat, December 1980

In 1965 Charles undertook his first public engagement by attending a student garden party at the Palace of Holyroodhouse.[97] During his time as Prince of Wales, he undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen,[98] completing 10,934 engagements between 2002 and 2022.[99] He officiated at investitures and attended the funerals of foreign dignitaries.[100] Charles made regular tours of Wales, fulfilling a week of engagements each summer, and attending important national occasions, such as opening the Senedd.[101] The six trustees of the Royal Collection Trust met three times a year under his chairmanship.[102] Charles also represented his mother at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970,[103] The Bahamas in 1973,[104] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[105] Zimbabwe in 1980[106] and Brunei in 1984.[107]

In 1983 a man named Christopher John Lewis, who had fired a shot with a .22 rifle at the Queen in 1981, attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital in order to assassinate Charles, who was visiting New Zealand with Diana and William.[108] While Charles was visiting Australia on Australia Day in January 1994, David Kang fired two shots at him from a starting pistol in protest against the treatment of several hundred Cambodian asylum-seekers held in detention camps.[109] In 1995 Charles became the first member of the royal family to visit the Republic of Ireland in an official capacity.[110] In 1997 he represented the Queen at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.[111][112]

Charles's ninth tour of New Zealand, November 2015

At the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005, Charles caused controversy when he shook hands with the President of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, who had been seated next to him. Charles's office subsequently released a statement saying that he could not avoid shaking Mugabe's hand and that he "finds the current Zimbabwean regime abhorrent".[113]

Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[114] In November 2010 he and Camilla were indirectly involved in student protests when their car was attacked by protesters.[115] In November 2013 he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[116]

Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The British Embassy called the trip an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation".[117] During the trip, he shook hands in Galway with Gerry Adams, leader of Sinn Féin and widely believed to be the leader of the IRA, the militant group that had assassinated Lord Mountbatten in 1979. The event was described by the media as a "historic handshake" and a "significant moment for Anglo-Irish relations".[118]

With Queen Elizabeth II and other world leaders to mark the 75th anniversary of D-Day on 5 June 2019

Commonwealth heads of government decided at their 2018 meeting that Charles would be the next Head of the Commonwealth after the Queen.[119] The head is chosen and therefore not hereditary.[120] In March 2019, at the request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour of Cuba, making them the first British royals to visit the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between Cuba and the United Kingdom.[121]

Charles contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic in March 2020.[122][123] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many National Health Service doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[124] He tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time in February 2022.[125] He and Camilla, who also tested positive, had received doses of a COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021.[126]

Delivering the Queen's Speech to the British Parliament on behalf of his mother, May 2022

Charles attended the November 2021 ceremonies to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, abolishing the position of monarch of Barbados.[127] He was invited by Prime Minister Mia Mottley as the future Head of the Commonwealth;[128] it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic.[129] In May of the following year, Charles attended the State Opening of the British Parliament, delivering the Queen's Speech on behalf of his mother, as a counsellor of state.[130]

## Reign

[edit]

Addressing the Scottish Parliament on 13 September 2022

Charles acceded to the British throne on his mother's death on 8 September 2022. He was the longest-serving British heir apparent, having surpassed Edward VII's record of 59 years on 20 April 2011.[131] Charles was the oldest person to succeed to the British throne, at the age of 73. The previous record holder, William IV, was 64 when he became king in 1830.[132]

Charles gave his first speech to the nation at 6 pm on 9 September, in which he paid tribute to his mother and announced the appointment of his elder son, William, as Prince of Wales.[133] The following day, the Accession Council publicly proclaimed Charles as king, the ceremony being televised for the first time.[134][119] Attendees included Queen Camilla, Prince William and the British prime minister, Liz Truss, along with her six living predecessors.[135] The proclamation was also read out by local authorities around the United Kingdom. Other realms signed and read their own proclamations, as did Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, the British Overseas Territories, the Crown Dependencies, Canadian provinces and Australian states.[136]

Charles and Camilla after their coronation

Charles and Camilla's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 6 May 2023.[137] Plans had been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden Orb.[138][139] Reports before his accession suggested that Charles's coronation would be simpler than his mother's in 1953,[140] with the ceremony expected to be "shorter, smaller, less expensive, and more representative of different faiths and community groups – falling in line with the King's wish to reflect the ethnic diversity of modern Britain".[141] Nonetheless, the coronation was a Church of England rite, including the coronation oath, the anointing, crowning, investing with the regalia, and enthronement.[142] In July 2023 the royal couple attended a national service of thanksgiving where Charles was presented with the Honours of Scotland in St Giles' Cathedral.[143]

In July 2023 the King asked for the profits from Britain's growing fleet of offshore wind-farms to be used for the "wider public good" rather than as extra funding for the monarchy. It was announced that the funding of the monarchy would be reduced to 12 per cent of the Crown Estate's net profits.[144][145]

In November 2022 the King and Queen hosted the South African president, Cyril Ramaphosa, during the first official state visit to Britain of Charles's reign.[146] In March the following year, the royal couple embarked on a state visit to Germany and Charles became the first British monarch to address the Bundestag.[147] Similarly, in September, he became the first British monarch to give a speech from the French Senate chamber during his state visit to the country.[148] The following month, Charles visited Kenya, where he faced pressure to apologise for British colonial actions. In a speech at the state banquet he acknowledged "abhorrent and unjustifiable acts of violence", but did not formally apologise.[149]

In May 2024 the British prime minister, Rishi Sunak, asked the King to call a general election; subsequently royal engagements which could divert attention from the election campaign were postponed.[150] In June 2024 the King and Queen travelled to Normandy to attend the 80th anniversary commemorations of D-Day.[151] The same month, Charles received Emperor Naruhito of Japan during his state visit to the United Kingdom.[152] In July the annual Holyrood Week, which is usually spent in Scotland, was shortened so that Charles could return to London and appoint a new prime minister following the general election.[153] After Sunak's Conservative Party lost the election to the Labour Party led by Sir Keir Starmer, Charles appointed Starmer as prime minister.[154]

With Camilla in front of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, 2024

In October 2024 the King and Queen toured Australia and Samoa; Australia was the first Commonwealth realm Charles visited since his accession.[155][156] In Samoa he attended the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time as Head of the Commonwealth.[157] The tour was significantly scaled back owing to his cancer diagnosis, a planned visit to New Zealand being among the cancelled events. Charles temporarily paused his cancer treatment during the tour.[158]

The King and Queen initially cancelled a planned visit to Vatican City during their state visit to Italy, but they visited the Vatican on 9 April 2025 – their 20th wedding anniversary – to meet Pope Francis at Domus Sanctae Marthae as Francis was recovering from pneumonia.[159][160] Francis died 12 days later.[161]

Accompanied by the Queen, the King made his first visit to Canada as monarch in May 2025. During his visit Charles opened the 45th Canadian Parliament and delivered the Speech from the Throne, the first time a Canadian monarch has done so in person since 1977.[162][163]

In June 2025 the King approved the decommissioning of the British Royal Train ahead of its maintenance contract ending in 2027. Described by the Keeper of the Privy Purse as part of a commitment to "fiscal discipline", the decision marked the end of 180 years of the royal family's use of a dedicated royal train.[164][165]

## Health

[edit]

In March 1998 Charles had laser keyhole surgery on his right knee.[166] In March 2003 he underwent surgery at King Edward VII's Hospital to treat a hernia injury.[167] In 2008 a non-cancerous growth was removed from his nasal bridge.[166]

In January 2024 he underwent a "corrective procedure" at the London Clinic to treat benign prostate enlargement, which resulted in the postponement of some of his public engagements.[168] In February Buckingham Palace announced that cancer had been discovered during the treatment, but that it was not prostate cancer. Although his public duties were postponed, it was reported Charles would continue to fulfil his constitutional functions during his outpatient treatment.[169] He released a statement espousing his support for cancer charities and that he "remain[ed] positive" on making a full recovery.[170] In March Camilla deputised for him in his absence at the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey and at the Royal Maundy at Worcester Cathedral.[171][172] He made his first major public appearance since his cancer diagnosis at the Easter service held at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 31 March.[173] In April 2024 it was announced that he would resume public-facing duties after making progress in his cancer treatment.[174][175]

In March 2025 Charles was briefly admitted to hospital after experiencing temporary side effects during his cancer treatment.[176] He subsequently postponed a number of planned engagements.[176]

### Diet

[edit]

As early as 1985 Charles was questioning meat consumption. In the 1985 Royal Special television programme, he told the host, Alastair Burnet, that "I actually now don't eat as much meat as I used to. I eat more fish." He also pointed out the societal double standard whereby eating meat is not questioned but eating less meat means "all hell seems to break loose."[177] In 2021 Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and revealed that, two days per week, he eats no meat nor fish and, one day per week, he eats no dairy products.[178] In 2022 it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds, and tea. He does not eat lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5:00 pm and eats dinner at 8:30 pm, returning to work until midnight or after.[179] Ahead of Christmas dinner in 2022, Charles confirmed to the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals that foie gras would not be served at any royal residences; he had stopped the use of foie gras at his own properties for more than a decade before becoming king.[180] During a September 2023 state banquet at the Palace of Versailles, it was reported that he did not want foie gras or out-of-season asparagus on the menu. Instead, he was served lobster.[181]

## Charity work

[edit]

Since founding the Prince's Trust in 1976, using his £7,500 of severance pay from the Royal Navy,[182] Charles has established 16 more charitable organisations and now serves as president of each.[183][98] Together they form a loose alliance, the Prince's Charities, which describes itself as "the largest multi-cause charitable enterprise in the United Kingdom, raising more than £100 million annually ... [and is] active across a broad range of areas including education and young people, environmental sustainability, the built environment, responsible business and enterprise, and international".[183] King Charles III Charitable Fund has donated over £73 million to various causes since 1979.[184] By September 2020 the Prince's Trust had supported over 1,000,000 young people and created 125,000 entrepreneurs.[185][186] As Prince of Wales, Charles became patron or president of more than 800 other charities and organisations.[97]

The Prince's Charities Canada was established in 2010, in a similar fashion to its namesake in Britain.[187] Charles uses his tours of Canada as a way to help to draw attention to youth, the disabled, the environment, the arts, medicine, the elderly, heritage conservation and education.[188] He has also set up the Prince's Charities Australia, based in Melbourne, to provide a co-ordinating presence for his Australian and international charitable endeavours.[189]

With Camilla visiting the African American Heritage Center in Louisville, Kentucky, United States, March 2015

Charles has supported humanitarian projects; for example, he and his sons took part in ceremonies that marked the 1998 International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.[188] Charles expressed strong concerns about the human rights record of the Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu.[190] After Ceaușescu was deposed, he supported the FARA Foundation,[9] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[191] Charles has also supported humanitarian causes in Israel, including a private donation to the Peres Center for Peace and Innovation in 2020.[192]

### Investigations of donations

[edit]

Main articles: The King's Foundation § Cash for honours allegations and other donations, and King Charles III Charitable Fund § Qatari donations

Two of Charles's charities, the Prince's Foundation and the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund (later renamed the King's Foundation and King Charles III Charitable Fund), came under scrutiny in 2021 and 2022 for accepting donations many in the media deemed inappropriate. In August 2021 it was announced that the Prince's Foundation was launching an investigation into the reports,[193] with Charles's support.[194] The Charity Commission also launched an investigation into allegations that the donations meant for the Prince's Foundation had been instead sent to the Mahfouz Foundation.[195] In February 2022, the Metropolitan Police launched an investigation into the cash-for-honours allegations linked to the foundation,[196] passing their evidence to the Crown Prosecution Service for deliberation in October.[197] In August 2023 the Metropolitan Police announced that they had concluded their investigations and no further action would be taken.[198]

The Times reported in June 2022 that, between 2011 and 2015, Charles accepted €3 million in cash from the Prime Minister of Qatar, Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani.[199][200] There was no evidence that the payments were illegal or that it was not intended for the money to go to the charity,[200] although the Charity Commission stated it would review the information[201] and announced in July 2022 that there would be no further investigation.[202] In the same month, The Times reported that the Prince of Wales's Charitable Fund received a donation of £1 million from Bakr bin Laden and Shafiq bin Laden – both half-brothers of Osama bin Laden – during a private meeting in 2013.[203][204] The Charity Commission described the decision to accept donations as a "matter for trustees" and added that no investigation was required.[205]

## Personal interests

[edit]

With Boris Johnson at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda

From young adulthood, Charles encouraged the understanding of Indigenous voices, saying they held crucial messages about preservation of the land, respecting community and shared values, resolving conflict, and recognising and making good on past iniquities.[206] He dovetailed this view with his efforts against climate change,[207] as well as reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and his charitable work in Canada.[208][209] At the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Charles, who was representing his mother, raised that reconciliation process as an example for dealing with the history of slavery in the British Empire,[210] for which he expressed his sorrow.[211]

Letters sent by Charles to British government ministers in 2004 and 2005 expressing his concerns over various policy issues – known as the black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015 the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that Charles's letters must be released.[212] The Cabinet Office published the letters in May that year.[213] The reaction was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him;[214] the press variously described the memos as "underwhelming"[215] and "harmless",[216] and concluded that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him".[217] It was revealed in the same year that Charles had access to confidential Cabinet papers.[218]

In October 2020 a letter sent by Charles to the Governor-General of Australia, Sir John Kerr, after Kerr's dismissal of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975, was released as part of the collection of palace letters regarding the Australian constitutional crisis.[219] In the letter, Charles was supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do".[219]

Meeting with Ruth Davidson and Nicola Sturgeon after the Kirking of the Scottish Parliament, May 2016

The Times reported in June 2022 that Charles had privately described the British government's Rwanda asylum plan as "appalling" and he feared that it would overshadow the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Rwanda that same month.[220] It was later claimed that Cabinet ministers had warned Charles to avoid making political comments, as they feared a constitutional crisis could arise if he continued to make such statements once he became King.[221][222]

### Built environment

[edit]

Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and urban planning; he fostered the advancement of New Classical architecture and asserted that he "care[s] deeply about issues such as the environment, architecture, inner-city renewal, and the quality of life."[223] In a speech given for the 150th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British Architects in May 1984, he described a proposed extension to the National Gallery in London as a "monstrous carbuncle on the face of a much-loved friend" and deplored the "glass stumps and concrete towers" of modern architecture.[224] Charles called for local community involvement in architectural choices and asked, "why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?"[224] Charles has "a deep understanding of Islamic art and architecture" and has been involved in the construction of a building and garden at the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, which combine Islamic and Oxford architectural styles.[225]

At the newly opened At-Bristol, June 2000

In Charles's 1989 book A Vision of Britain, and in speeches and essays, he has been critical of modern architecture, arguing that traditional designs and methods should guide contemporary ones.[226] He has continued to campaign for traditional urbanism, human scale, restoration of historic buildings, and sustainable design[227] despite criticism in the press.[228] Two of his charities – the Prince's Regeneration Trust and the Prince's Foundation for Building Community, which were later merged into one charity – promote his views. The village of Poundbury was built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall to a master plan by Léon Krier, under the guidance of Charles and in line with his philosophy.[223] In 2013 developments for the suburb of Nansledan began on the estate of the Duchy of Cornwall with Charles's endorsement.[229] Charles helped purchase Dumfries House and its complete collection of 18th century furnishings in 2007, taking a £20 million loan from his charitable trust to contribute towards the £45 million cost.[230] The house and gardens remain property of the Prince's Foundation and serve as a museum and community and skills training centre.[231][232] This led to the development of Knockroon, called the "Scottish Poundbury".[233][234]

After lamenting in 1996 the unbridled destruction of many of Canada's historic urban cores, Charles offered his assistance to the Department of Canadian Heritage in creating a trust modelled on Britain's National Trust, a plan that was implemented with the passage of the federal budget in 2007.[235] In 1999 Charles agreed to the use of his title for the Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership, awarded by the National Trust for Canada to municipal governments that have committed to the conservation of historic places.[236]

Whilst visiting the US and surveying the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, Charles received the National Building Museum's Vincent Scully Prize in 2005 for his efforts in regard to architecture; he donated US$25,000 of the prize money towards restoring storm-damaged communities.[237] For his work as patron of New Classical architecture, Charles was awarded the 2012 Driehaus Architecture Prize from the University of Notre Dame.[238] The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[239]

Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as modernism and functionalism.[240][241] In 2009 he wrote to the Qatari royal family – the financier of the redevelopment of the Chelsea Barracks site – labelling Lord Rogers's design for the site "unsuitable". Rogers claimed that Charles had also intervened to block his designs for the Royal Opera House and Paternoster Square.[242] CPC Group, the project developer, took a case against Qatari Diar to the High Court.[243] After the suit was settled, the CPC Group apologised to Charles "for any offence caused ... during the course of the proceedings".[243]

### Natural environment

[edit]

Addressing the opening of the Paris Climate Change Conference, November 2015

Since the 1970s Charles has promoted environmental awareness.[244] At the age of 21 he delivered his first speech on environmental issues in his capacity as the chairman of the Welsh Countryside Committee.[245] An avid gardener, Charles has also emphasised the importance of talking to plants, stating that "I happily talk to the plants and trees, and listen to them. I think it's absolutely crucial".[246] His interest in gardening began in 1980 when he took over the Highgrove estate.[247] His "healing garden", based on sacred geometry and ancient religious symbolism, went on display at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2002.[247]

Upon moving into Highgrove House, Charles developed an interest in organic farming, which culminated in the 1990 launch of his own organic brand, Duchy Originals,[248] which sells more than 200 different sustainably produced products; the profits (more than £6 million by 2010) are donated to the Prince's Charities.[248][249] Charles became involved with farming and various industries within it, regularly meeting with farmers to discuss their trade. A prominent critic of the practice,[250] Charles has also spoken against the use of genetically modified crops, and in a letter to Tony Blair in 1998 he criticised the development of genetically modified foods.[251]

The Sustainable Markets Initiative – a project that encourages putting sustainability at the centre of all activities – was launched by Charles at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos in January 2020.[252] In May of the same year, the initiative and the World Economic Forum initiated the Great Reset project, a five-point plan concerned with enhancing sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[253]

With Camilla visiting Hackney City Farm in East London, May 2009

The holy chrism oil used at Charles's coronation was vegan, made from oils of olive, sesame, rose, jasmine, cinnamon, neroli and benzoin, along with amber and orange blossom. His mother's chrism oil contained animal-based oils.[254]

Charles delivered a speech at the 2021 G20 Rome summit, describing COP26 as "the last chance saloon" for preventing climate change and asking for actions that would lead to a green-led, sustainable economy.[255] In his speech at the opening ceremony for COP26, he repeated his sentiments from the previous year, stating that "a vast military-style campaign" was needed "to marshal the strength of the global private sector" for tackling climate change.[256] In 2022 the media alleged that Liz Truss had advised Charles against attending COP27, to which advice he agreed.[257] Charles delivered the opening speech at COP28, saying among others he prayed "with all my heart that COP28 will be a critical turning point towards genuine transformational action."[258]

Charles, who is patron of the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, introduced the Climate Action Scholarships for students from small island nations in partnership with the University of Cambridge, the University of Toronto, the University of Melbourne, McMaster University and the University of Montreal in March 2022.[259] In 2010 he funded the Prince's Countryside Fund (renamed the Royal Countryside Fund in 2023), a charity which aims for a "confident, robust and sustainable agricultural and rural community".[260]

### Alternative medicine

[edit]

Charles has controversially championed alternative medicine, including homeopathy.[261][262] He first publicly expressed his interest in the topic in December 1982, in an address to the British Medical Association.[263][264] This speech was seen as "combative" and "critical" of modern medicine and was met with anger by some medical professionals.[262] Similarly, the Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health (FIH) attracted opposition from the scientific and medical community over its campaign encouraging general practitioners to offer herbal and other alternative treatments to NHS patients.[265][266]

In April 2008 The Times published a letter from Edzard Ernst, professor of complementary medicine at the University of Exeter, which asked the FIH to recall two guides promoting alternative medicine. That year, Ernst published a book with Simon Singh called Trick or Treatment: Alternative Medicine on Trial and mockingly dedicated to "HRH the Prince of Wales". The last chapter is highly critical of Charles's advocacy of complementary and alternative treatments.[267]

Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products, including a "Detox Tincture" that Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[268] Charles personally wrote at least seven letters[269] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency shortly before it relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that was widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[270] It was reported in October 2009 that Charles had lobbied the health secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[268]

Following accounting irregularities, the FIH announced its closure in April 2010.[271][272] The FIH was re-branded and re-launched later in 2010 as the College of Medicine,[272][273] of which Charles became a patron in 2019.[274]

### Sports

[edit]

Charles (at front) at the 2005 Chakravarty Cup Match at Ham Polo Club, June 2005

From his youth until 2005, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo.[275] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom, also in 2005.[276] By the late 1990s opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it.[277] Charles suffered several polo- and hunting-related injuries throughout the years, including a two-inch scar on his left cheek in 1980, a broken arm in 1990, a torn cartilage in his left knee in 1992, a broken rib in 1998, and a fractured shoulder in 2001.[166]

Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supported Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, and claims his most special angling memories are from his time spent in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[278] Charles is a supporter of Burnley F.C.[279]

Apart from hunting, Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at Bisley.[280] He became President of the British National Rifle Association in 1977.[281]

### Visual, performing, and literary arts

[edit]

Further information: Bibliography of Charles III

Charles has been involved in performance since his youth, and appeared in sketches and revues while studying at Cambridge.[282]

At a performance of Henry V at the Courtyard Theatre in 2007

Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, including the Royal College of Music, Royal Opera, English Chamber Orchestra, Philharmonia Orchestra, Welsh National Opera, Royal Shakespeare Company (attending performances in Stratford-Upon-Avon, supporting fundraising events, and attending the company's annual general meeting),[283] British Film Institute,[284] and Purcell School. In 2000 he revived the tradition of appointing an official harpist to the Prince of Wales, in order to foster Welsh talent at playing the national instrument of Wales.[285] The role, now referred to as King's Harpist, is currently held by Mared Pugh Evans.[286]

Charles is a keen watercolourist, having published books on the subject and exhibited and sold a number of his works to raise money for charity; in 2016 it was estimated that he had sold lithographs of his watercolours for a total of £2 million from a shop at his Highgrove House residence. For his 50th birthday 50 of his watercolours were exhibited at Hampton Court Palace and, for his 70th birthday, his works were exhibited at the National Gallery of Australia.[287] Charles founded the Royal Drawing School in 2000, which offers drawing classes to children and the public.[288] In 2001, 20 lithographs of his watercolour paintings illustrating his country estates were exhibited at the Florence International Biennale of Contemporary Art[289] and 79 of his paintings were put on display in London in 2022. To mark the 25th anniversary of his investiture as Prince of Wales in 1994, the Royal Mail issued a series of postage stamps that featured his paintings.[287] Charles is Honorary President of the Royal Academy of Arts Development Trust[290] and, in 2015, 2022 and 2023, commissioned paintings of 12 D-Day veterans, seven Holocaust survivors, and ten members of the Windrush generation, respectively, which went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace.[291][292][293]

Charles is the author of several books and has contributed a foreword or preface to numerous books by others. He has also been featured in a variety of documentary films.[294]

### Religion and philosophy

[edit]

Shortly after his accession to the throne, Charles publicly described himself as "a committed Anglican Christian";[295] at age 16, during Easter 1965, he had been confirmed into the Anglican Communion by Archbishop of Canterbury Michael Ramsey in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[296] The King is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England[297] and a member of the Church of Scotland; he swore an oath to uphold that church immediately after he was proclaimed King.[298] He attends services at various Anglican churches close to Highgrove[299] and attends the Church of Scotland's Crathie Kirk with the rest of the royal family when staying at Balmoral Castle.

With Czech Orthodox priest Jaroslav Šuvarský [cs] in Prague, Czech Republic, March 2010

Laurens van der Post became a friend of Charles in 1977; he was dubbed Charles's "spiritual guru" and was godfather to Prince William.[300] From van der Post, Charles developed a focus on philosophy and an interest in other religions.[301] Charles expressed his philosophical views in his 2010 book, Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World,[302] which won a Nautilus Book Award.[303] He has also visited Eastern Orthodox monasteries on Mount Athos,[304] in Romania,[305] and in Serbia,[306] and met with Eastern Church leaders in Jerusalem in 2020, during a visit that culminated in an ecumenical service in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and a walk through the city accompanied by Christian and Muslim dignitaries.[307] Charles also attended the consecration of Britain's first Syriac Orthodox cathedral, St Thomas Cathedral, Acton.[308] Charles is patron of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies at the University of Oxford and attended the inauguration of the Markfield Institute of Higher Education, which is dedicated to Islamic studies in a multicultural context.[225][309]

In his 1994 documentary with Dimbleby, Charles said that, when king, he wished to be seen as a "defender of faith", rather than the British monarch's traditional title of Defender of the Faith, "preferr[ing] to embrace all religious traditions and 'the pattern of the divine, which I think is in all of us.'"[310] This attracted controversy at the time, as well as speculation that the coronation oath might be altered.[311] He stated in 2015 that he would retain the title of Defender of the Faith, whilst "ensuring that other people's faiths can also be practised", which he sees as a duty of the Church of England.[312] Charles reaffirmed this theme shortly after his accession and declared that his duties as sovereign included "the duty to protect the diversity of our country, including by protecting the space for faith itself and its practice through the religions, cultures, traditions, and beliefs to which our hearts and minds direct us as individuals."[295] Although the text of the coronation oath was not altered, because the process of passing new legislation through Parliament would be lengthy and liable to raise divisive issues, a preamble spoken by the Archbishop of Canterbury was added to the text:[313]

> Your Majesty, the Church established by law, whose settlement you will swear to maintain, is committed to the true profession of the Gospel, and, in so doing, will seek to foster an environment in which people of all faiths and beliefs may live freely.[314]

His inclusive, multi-faith approach and his own Christian beliefs were expressed in his first Christmas message as king. In line with his multi-faith approach, Charles has served as a patron of the Council of Christians and Jews and of the Jewish Museum London.[315][316]

## Media image and public opinion

[edit]

Further information: Cultural depictions of Charles III

Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king.[317]

With his first wife, Diana, and Ronald and Nancy Reagan in the White House, November 1985

Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[318] Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[319] After her death the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is King, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So, of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should operate."[320]

In 2012 Charles's long-standing association with Jimmy Savile came under scrutiny after Savile was posthumously accused of extensive sexual abuse; Charles had met him through charity work and later consulted him as an adviser.[321] His work with Stoke Mandeville Hospital made Savile someone Charles could consult on navigating Britain's health authorities.[322] Charles met Savile on several occasions. In 1999 he visited Savile's Glen Coe home for a private meal.[321] He reportedly sent him gifts on his 80th birthday and a note reading: "Nobody will ever know what you have done for this country, Jimmy. This is to go some way in thanking you for that".[321]

In 2009 Charles was named the world's best-dressed man by Esquire magazine.[323] In 2023 the New Statesman named Charles as the fourth-most-powerful right-wing figure of the year, describing him as a "romantic traditionalist" and "the very last reactionary in public life" for his support of various traditionalist think tanks and previous writings.[324] He was also named one of the 100 most influential people of 2023 by Time magazine.[325][326] Charles and Camilla topped Tatler's Social Power Index for 2022 and 2023.[327]

A 2018 BMG Research poll found that 46 per cent of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately on his mother's death, in favour of William.[328] However, a 2021 opinion poll reported that 60 per cent of the British public had a favourable opinion of him.[329] On his accession to the throne, The Statesman reported an opinion poll that put Charles's popularity with the British people at 42 per cent.[330] More recent polling suggested that his popularity increased sharply after he became King.[331] As at October 2024 Charles had an approval rating of 62 per cent, according to YouGov.[332]

### Reaction to press treatment

[edit]

In 1994 the German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in Le Barroux; they had reportedly been put up for sale for £30,000.[333] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was "unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[334]

Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" in 2002, when addressing "scores of editors, publishers, and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[i][335] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate, and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[335] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[335]

With Camilla (centre left) in front of the media pack in the French Quarter of New Orleans, United States, as part of Hurricane Katrina recovery efforts, November 2005

In 2006 Charles filed a court case against The Mail on Sunday, after excerpts of his personal journals were published, revealing his opinions on matters such as the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to China in 1997, in which Charles described the Chinese government officials as "appalling old waxworks".[336][98] Charles and Camilla were named in 2011 as individuals whose confidential information was reportedly targeted or actually acquired in conjunction with the news media phone hacking scandal.[337]

The Independent noted in 2015 that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme'."[338] This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by his representatives.[338]

## Residences and finance

[edit]

Further information: Finances of the British royal family

In 2023 The Guardian estimated Charles's personal wealth at £1.8 billion.[339] This estimate includes the assets of the Duchy of Lancaster worth £653 million (and paying Charles an annual income of £20 million), jewels worth £533 million, real estate worth £330 million, shares and investments worth £142 million, a stamp collection worth at least £100 million, racehorses worth £27 million, artworks worth £24 million and cars worth £6.3 million.[339] Most of this wealth which he inherited from his mother was exempt from inheritance tax.[339][340]

Clarence House, Charles's London residence since 2003

Clarence House, previously the residence of the Queen Mother, was Charles's official London residence from 2003, after being renovated at a cost of £6.1 million.[341] He previously shared apartments eight and nine at Kensington Palace with Diana before moving to York House at St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence until 2003.[87] Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for Charles's use in 1980, and which he rented for £336,000 per annum.[342][343] Since William became Duke of Cornwall, Charles is expected to pay £700,000 per annum for use of the property.[344] Charles also owns a property near the village of Viscri in Romania.[345][346]

As Prince of Wales, Charles's primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Since 1993, he has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated in 2013.[347] Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs were asked in December 2012 to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[348] The Duchy is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.[349][350]

## Titles, styles, honours, and arms

[edit]

Main article: List of titles and honours of Charles III

See also: List of awards received by Charles III

Royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Tudor Crown[351]

Scottish royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Crown of Scotland[351]

Canadian royal cypher of Charles III, surmounted by the Canadian Royal Crown[352]

### Titles and styles

[edit]

Charles has held many titles and honorary military positions throughout the Commonwealth, is sovereign of many orders in his own countries and has received honours and awards from around the world.[353][354][355][356][357] In each of his realms he has a distinct title that follows a similar formula: King of Saint Lucia and of His other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, King of Australia and His other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. In the Isle of Man, which is a Crown Dependency rather than a separate realm, he is known as Lord of Mann. Charles is also styled Defender of the Faith.

There had been speculation throughout Elizabeth II's reign as to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his accession; instead of Charles III, he could have chosen to reign as George VII or used one of his other given names.[358] It was reported that he might use George in honour of his grandfather George VI and to avoid associations with previous controversial kings named Charles.[j][359][360] Charles's office asserted in 2005 that no decision had yet been made.[361] Speculation continued for a few hours following his mother's death,[362] until Liz Truss announced and Clarence House confirmed that Charles had chosen the regnal name Charles III.[363][364]

Charles, who left active military service in 1976, was awarded the highest rank in all three armed services in 2012 by his mother: Admiral of the Fleet, Field Marshal, and Marshal of the Royal Air Force.[365]

### Arms

[edit]

Further information: Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales, Coat of arms of the United Kingdom, and Coat of arms of Canada

As Prince of Wales, Charles's coat of arms was based on the arms of the United Kingdom, differenced with a white label and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales, surmounted by the heir apparent's crown, and with the motto Ich dien (German: [ɪç ˈdiːn], "I serve") instead of Dieu et mon droit.

When Charles became king, he inherited the royal coats of arms of the United Kingdom and of Canada.[366] The design of his royal cypher, featuring a depiction of the Tudor Crown instead of St Edward's Crown, was revealed on 27 September 2022. The College of Arms envisages that the Tudor crown will be used in new arms, uniforms and crown badges as they are replaced.[367]

Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022)

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland

Royal coat of arms of Canada

### Banners, flags, and standards

[edit]

See also: Flags of Charles III

#### As heir apparent

[edit]

The banners used by Charles as Prince of Wales varied depending upon location. His personal standard for the United Kingdom was the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms, with a label of three points argent and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It was used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when Charles was acting in an official capacity associated with the British Armed Forces.[368]

The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales.[368] In Scotland the personal banner used between 1974 and 2022 was based upon three ancient Scottish titles: Duke of Rothesay (heir apparent to the King of Scots), High Steward of Scotland, and Lord of the Isles. In Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall.[368]

In 2011 the Canadian Heraldic Authority introduced a personal heraldic banner for the Prince of Wales for Canada, consisting of the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada defaced with both a blue roundel of the Prince of Wales's feathers surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves and a white label of three points.[369]

Banners of arms

Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for the United Kingdom

Standard for Wales

Standard for Scotland

Banner of arms of the Duke of Cornwall

Royal standard of the Prince of Wales for Canada

#### As sovereign

[edit]

Main articles: Royal Standard of the United Kingdom, Royal standards of Canada, and King's Flag for Australia

The royal standard of the United Kingdom is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and on official visits overseas, except in Australia and Canada. It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702. The royal standard of Canada is used by the King in Canada and while acting on behalf of Canada overseas. It is the escutcheon of the Royal Coat of Arms of Canada in banner form undifferentiated.

Royal Standards

United Kingdom (outside Scotland)

Scotland

Canada

Australia

## Issue

[edit]

Name  | Birth  | Marriage  | Children

|
|
|

Date  | Spouse
William, Prince of Wales |  (1982-06-21) 21 June 1982 (age 43) | 29 April 2011  | Catherine Middleton |

* Prince George of Wales
* Princess Charlotte of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales

Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex |  (1984-09-15) 15 September 1984 (age 40) | 19 May 2018  | Meghan Markle |

* Prince Archie of Sussex
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex

## Ancestry

[edit]

Ancestors of Charles III[370]

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8\. George I of Greece

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| 4\. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark|

|  |  |
| 9\. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia

| 2\. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|

|  |  |  |  |
| 10\. Prince Louis of Battenberg

| 5\. Princess Alice of Battenberg|

|  |  |
| 11\. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine

| 1\. Charles III of the United Kingdom|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |
| 12\. George V of the United Kingdom

| 6\. George VI of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |
| 13\. Princess Victoria Mary of Teck

| 3\. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|

|  |  |  |  |
| 14\. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne

| 7\. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|

|  |  |
| 15\. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

## Published works

[edit]

King Charles III, before becoming a king, wrote four books and was a co-author of other works.

* The Old Man of Lochnagar. Illustrated by Sir Hugh Maxwell Casson. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1980. Hardcover: ISBN 0-241-10527-7.
* A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture. Doubleday, 1989. Hardcover: ISBN 978-0-385-26903-2.
* Rain Forest Lecture. Royal Botanic Gardens, 1990. Paperback: ISBN 0-947643-25-7.
* HRH the Prince of Wales Watercolours. Little, Brown and Company, 1991. Hardcover: ISBN 0-8212-1881-6.

## See also

[edit]

* List of current monarchs of sovereign states
* List of covers of Time magazine (1960s), (1970s), (1980s), (2010s), (2020s)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Ceremonial and non-hereditary title conferred by the Commonwealth heads of government to symbolise the voluntary association of nations in the Commonwealth. Charles was chosen to succeed Elizabeth II at the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.[1]
2. ^ a b The 14 other realms are Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
3. ^ As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[2]
4. ^ As monarch, Charles is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He is also a member of the Church of Scotland.
5. ^ The Prince's Trust was renamed to The King's Trust following his accession to the throne.
6. ^ He was reportedly named "Charles" after his godfather Haakon VII of Norway (born Prince Carl of Denmark), who was called "Uncle Charles" by Elizabeth II.[6][7]
7. ^ Prince Charles's godparents were: the King of the United Kingdom (his maternal grandfather); the King of Norway (his paternal cousin twice removed and maternal great-great-uncle by marriage, for whom Charles's great-great-uncle the Earl of Athlone stood proxy); Queen Mary (his maternal great-grandmother); Princess Margaret (his maternal aunt); Prince George of Greece and Denmark (his paternal great-uncle, for whom the Duke of Edinburgh stood proxy); the Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[8]
8. ^ Mountbatten had served as the last British viceroy and first governor-general of India.
9. ^ London's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was published in 1702.
10. ^ Namely, the Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II, who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called Charles III by his supporters.[359]

## References

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320. ^ Davies, Caroline (7 November 2018). "Prince Charles: 'Me, meddle as a king? I'm not that stupid'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
321. ^ a b c Booth, Robert (30 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile caused concern with behaviour on visits to Prince Charles". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
322. ^ Rayner, Gordon (3 February 2015). "Charles biography: 8 most intriguing disclosures about Prince of Wales". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
323. ^ "Prince Charles named world's best dressed man". ABC News. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
324. ^ "The New Statesman's right power list". New Statesman. 27 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
325. ^ "King Charles III makes TIME 100 Most Influential People list". The Independent. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
326. ^ "King Charles Is on the 2023 TIME 100 List". Time magazine. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2025.
327. ^ "King and Queen top Tatler's Social Power Index". The Independent. 27 June 2023. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
328. ^ Barnes, Tom (2 January 2019). "Almost half of British public want Prince Charles to give throne to William upon Queen's death, survey finds". The Independent. ISSN 1741-9743. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
329. ^ Kirk, Isabelle. "Public opinion of Prince Charles improves in latest royal favourability poll". YouGov. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
330. ^ "Queen Elizabeth II passes away, Prince Charles succeeds as king". The Statesman (India). 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
331. ^ Smith, Matthew (13 September 2022). "Britons' first impressions of King Charles III". YouGov. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
332. ^ "King Charles III popularity and fame". YouGov. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
333. ^ Williams, Rhys (7 September 1994). "'Hunky' Prince is exposed to public gaze". The Independent (UK). Independent Digital News & Media Ltd. ISSN 1741-9743. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
334. ^ "German Tabloid Publishes Photo of Nude Prince Charles". Los Angeles Times. 8 September 1994. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
335. ^ a b c Woods, Audrey (11 March 2002). "Prince Charles addresses editors". AP News Archive. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
336. ^ "Charles 'adopted dissident role'". BBC News. 21 February 2006. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
337. ^ Rainey, Sarah; Blenkinsop, Andrew (13 July 2011). "Phone hacking: who's who in the News International scandal". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
338. ^ a b Burrell, Ian (2 December 2015). "The 15-page contract that reveals how Charles tries to control the media". The Independent. ISSN 1741-9743. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
339. ^ a b c Pegg, David. "Revealed: King Charles's private fortune estimated at £1.8bn". The Guardian. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
340. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 September 2022). "King Charles will not pay tax on inheritance from the Queen". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
341. ^ Kennedy, Maev (6 August 2003). "Clarence House makeover in grand hotel manner". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
342. ^ Temple 2012.
343. ^ Bates, Stephen (28 July 2005). "MPs tell Prince of Wales: Open up". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
344. ^ Bonner, Mehera (9 September 2022). "King Charles has to pay Prince William £700,000 in rent to keep his Highgrove home". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
345. ^ Muir, Ellie (31 May 2023). "A fireplace, CD player and a 'little wooden bed': Inside King Charles's Romanian hideaway that you can rent". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
346. ^ McGrath, Stephen (6 September 2020). "Romanian tourists swamp village loved by Prince Charles". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
347. ^ "Sovereign Grant Act 2011: guidance". www.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
348. ^ Booth, Robert (14 December 2012). "Prince Charles's £700m estate accused of tax avoidance". The Guardian. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
349. ^ Osborne, Hilary (7 November 2017). "Prince Charles's estate made big profit on stake in friend's offshore". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
350. ^ Washington, Stuart (8 November 2017). "Paradise Papers: Prince Charles's estate, the Duchy of Cornwall, invested through Caribbean tax havens". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
351. ^ a b "King Charles: New royal cypher revealed". BBC News. 26 September 2022. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
352. ^ Heritage, Canadian (11 August 2017). "Canadian Royal Crown and Royal Cypher". www.canada.ca. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
353. ^ "The Prince of Wales visits the Royal Gurkha Rifles and Knole House". Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
354. ^ "The Queen Appoints the Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank". The Prince of Wales website. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.; "Prince Charles awarded highest rank in all three armed forces". The Daily Telegraph. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.; "No. 60350". The London Gazette. 7 December 2012. p. 23557.
355. ^ "The London Gazette, Issue 38452, Page 5889". 9 November 1948. Archived from the original on 12 September 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
356. ^ "HRH The Duke of Edinburgh". College of Arms. 9 April 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
357. ^ Malloch, Russell (24 April 2023). "King Charles III and The Gazette: Commonwealth awards". The Gazette. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
358. ^ Jones, Guy (28 November 1958). "Motto may be more to Charles than to any of predecessors". Newspapers.com. p. 15\. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023. David Gaddis Smith (3 May 1981). "Prince seeks to uphold popularity of monarchy". Newport News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Newspapers.com. "Londoner's Diary: Princely glove is not picked up". Evening Standard. 29 April 1987. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Morgan, Christopher (13 February 2000). "Charles prefers George VII for his kingly title". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Boucher, Phil (15 August 2018). "Here's Why Prince Charles Could Be Called George VII When He's King". People. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
359. ^ a b Pierce, Andrew (24 December 2005). "Call me George, suggests Charles". The Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
360. ^ Cruse, Beth (23 May 2021). "The 4 names Prince Charles could choose when he becomes king". Nottingham Post. ISSN 2044-3331. OCLC 749994959. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
361. ^ White, Michael (27 December 2005). "Charles denies planning to reign as King George". The Guardian. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2012. "Clarence House yesterday issued a pained denial of claims that the Prince of Wales has held private discussions with "trusted friends" about the possibility of reigning as George VII rather than risk the negative connotations attached to the name King Charles."
362. ^ "Accession of Charles III: 'A monarch's choice of name is not a trivial thing'". Le Monde. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
363. ^ "Charles chooses Charles III for his title as King". The Independent (UK). 9 September 2022. ISSN 1741-9743. OCLC 185201487. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2023. "Charles has become King Charles III – with his title as monarch a personal choice that was entirely his own."
364. ^ "Britain's new monarch to be known as King Charles III". Reuters. 8 September 2022. Archived from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022. "Clarence House confirmed on Thursday that Britain's new monarch will be known as King Charles III, following the death of Queen Elizabeth, PA Media reported on Thursday."
365. ^ Ward, EJ (5 May 2023). "King Charles military service and career: What medals does he have?". LBC. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
366. ^ "Coats of Arms". The Royal Family. 2022. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
367. ^ "Royal Cypher". College of Arms. Archived from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
368. ^ a b c "Standards". Prince of Wales. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
369. ^ "The Prince of Wales". Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges. Office of the Governor General of Canada: Canadian Heraldic Authority. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
370. ^ Paget 1977.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Brandreth, Gyles (2007). Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-949087-6.
* Brendon, Piers (2007). The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997. Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-06222-0.
* Brown, Judith (1998). The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-924679-3.
* Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. Century Random House. ISBN 978-1-84605-312-2.
* Dimbleby, Jonathan (1994). The Prince of Wales: A Biography. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-6881-2996-X.
* Holden, Anthony (1979). Prince Charles. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
* Junor, Penny (2005). The Firm: The Troubled Life of the House of Windsor. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-35274-5. OCLC 59360110.
* Paget, Gerald (1977). The Lineage and Ancestry of H.R.H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (2 vols). Charles Skilton. ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
* Pepinster, Catherine (2022). Defenders of the Faith: Queen Elizabeth II's funeral will see Christianity take centre stage. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-1-3998-0006-8. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
* Smith, Sally Bedell (2000). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
* Temple, Jon (2012). Living off the State: A Critical Guide to UK Royal Finance (2nd ed.). Progress Books. ISBN 978-0-9558311-1-9.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Benson, Ross (1994). Charles: The Untold Story. St Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
* Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
* Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
* Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
* Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
* Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
* Graham, Caroline (2005). Camilla and Charles: The Love Story. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-195-9.
* Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
* Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
* Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
* Holden, Anthony (1988). King Charles III: A Biography. Grove. ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.

— (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
— (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
* Jencks, Charles (1988). Prince, Architects & New Wave Monarchy. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
* Jobson, Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams: Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3.
* Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
* Lacey, Robert (2008). Monarch: The Life and Reign of Elizabeth II. Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
* Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles: a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
* Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-16568-0.
* Martin, Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04048-2.
* Mayer, Catherine (2015). Born to Be King: Prince Charles on Planet Windsor. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1.

— (2015). Charles: The Heart of a King. Random House. ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4.
* Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
* Regan, Simon (1977). Charles, the Clown Prince. Everest Books. ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
* Smith, Sally Bedell (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
* Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane (2004). Open For Debate: Genetic Engineering. Benchmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
* Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
* Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles III.

* The King at the Royal Family website
* King Charles III at the website of the Government of Canada
* Charles III at the website of the Royal Collection Trust
* Portraits of King Charles III at the National Portrait Gallery, London
* King Charles III at IMDb
* Appearances on C-SPAN

Charles III

House of Windsor

Born: 14 November 1948

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Elizabeth II

|  King of the United Kingdom,
Antigua and Barbuda,
Australia,
The Bahamas,
Belize,
Canada,
Grenada,
Jamaica,
New Zealand,
Papua New Guinea,
Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Solomon Islands
and Tuvalu
8 September 2022 – present  | Incumbent
Heir apparent:
The Prince of Wales
British royalty
Vacant

Title last held by

Edward (VIII) |  Prince of Wales
26 July 1958 – 8 September 2022  | Succeeded by

The Prince William

Duke of Cornwall
Duke of Rothesay
6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by

The Prince Philip

|  Duke of Edinburgh
9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022  | Merged with the Crown
Academic offices
Preceded by

The Earl Mountbatten of Burma

|  President of the United World Colleges
1978–1995  | Succeeded by

The Queen of Jordan

Preceded by

Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother

|  President of the Royal College of Music
1993–present  | Incumbent
Honorary titles
Preceded by

The Duke of Gloucester

|  Great Master of the Order of the Bath
10 December 1974 – 8 September 2022  | Vacant

Title next held by

The Prince of Wales
Preceded by

Elizabeth II

|  Head of the Commonwealth
8 September 2022 – present  | Incumbent
Military offices
Preceded by

Elizabeth II

|  Lord High Admiral
8 September 2022  – present  | Incumbent
Order of precedence
First  |  Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
HM The King | Succeeded by

The Prince of Wales

* v
* t
* e

Charles III

King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms (2022–present)

Realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* The Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Titles and
honours|

* Head of the Commonwealth
* Defender of the Faith
* Supreme Governor of the Church of England
* Head of the Armed Forces
* Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces
* Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)
* Lord of Mann
* Duke of Normandy
* King's Official Birthday
* Flags
* Royal Family Order

Family|

* Camilla Shand (wife)
* Diana Spencer (former wife)
* William, Prince of Wales (elder son)
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (younger son)
* Elizabeth II (mother)
* Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (father)
* Anne, Princess Royal (sister)
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York (brother)
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (brother)

Life as Prince of Wales|

* Investiture
* Coronet
* First wedding
* guest list
* Tampongate
* Second wedding
* Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd
* Black spider memos
* 2022 State Opening of Parliament
* Overseas trips

Accession and
coronation|

* Proclamation of accession (attendees)
* Coronation
* Medal
* Concert
* guest list
* Coronation quiche
* Scottish service

Reign|

* Household
* Prime ministers
* Governors-general
* Operation Menai Bridge
* State and official visits made
* 2023 visits to France; Kenya; 2024 tour of Australia; 2025 visit to Italy; 2025 opening of the Canadian Parliament
* State visits received
* 2025 visit by Emmanuel Macron
* Trooping the Colour
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* State Opening of Parliament
* 2023
* 2024

Charities
and campaigns|

* Mutton Renaissance Campaign
* The Prince's Charities
* British Asian Trust
* Business in the Community
* Children & the Arts
* In Kind Direct
* iwill Campaign
* The Royal Countryside Fund
* The King's Foundation
* The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health
* The King's Foundation School of Traditional Arts
* King Charles III Charitable Fund
* Royal Drawing School
* Turquoise Mountain Foundation
* Youth Business Scotland
* The Prince's May Day Network
* King's Trust

Residences|

| As Prince of Wales|

* Clarence House (official)
* Highgrove House (private)
* Birkhall
* Llwynywermod

|

As King|

* Buckingham Palace (official)
* Windsor Castle (official)
* Holyrood Palace (official, Scotland)
* Hillsborough Castle (official, Northern Ireland)
* Sandringham House (private)
* Balmoral Castle (private)
* Craigowan Lodge (private)

Awards given
and created|

* List of awards received
* Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards
* Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership
* The Sun Military Awards

Business ventures|

* Duchy Home Farm
* Dumfries House
* Highgrove House Shops
* Knockroon
* Nansledan
* Poundbury
* Waitrose Duchy Organic

Depictions|

| Televised addresses|

* Royal address to the nation
* Royal Christmas Message

|

Documentaries|

* Royal Family (1969)
* Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)
* Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)
* Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)
* Charles R: The Making of a Monarch (2023)
* Charles III: The Coronation Year (2023)
* The King's Music Room (2025)

Film
and television|

* Chorus Girls (1981)
* Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story (1982)
* The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana (1982)
* Spitting Image (1984–1996, 2020–2021)
* Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After (1992)
* Willi und die Windzors (1996)
* Whatever Love Means (2005)
* The Queen (2006 film)
* The Queen (2009 TV serial)
* King Charles III (2017 film)
* The Windsors (2016–2020 TV series)
* The Crown (2016–2023)
* The Prince (2021)
* Spencer (2021)

Plays|

* Her Royal Highness..? (1981)
* King Charles III (2014)
* Diana (2019/2021)
* The Windsors: Endgame (2021)

Portraits|

* Bryan Organ (1980)
* Jonathan Yeo (2024)
* Peter Kuhfeld (2025)
* Ai-Da (2025)

Bibliography|

* The Old Man of Lochnagar (1980)
* A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture (1989)
* Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World (2010)
* Climate Change (2023)

Eponyms|

* Prince Charles Island
* Prince Charles Mountains
* Prince Charles stream tree frog

* ← Elizabeth II

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

English, Scottish and British monarchs

| Monarchs of England until 1603| Monarchs of Scotland until 1603

|

* Alfred the Great
* Edward the Elder
* Ælfweard
* Æthelstan
* Edmund I
* Eadred
* Eadwig
* Edgar the Peaceful
* Edward the Martyr
* Æthelred the Unready
* Sweyn
* Edmund Ironside
* Cnut
* Harold Harefoot
* Harthacnut
* Edward the Confessor
* Harold Godwinson
* Edgar Ætheling
* William I
* William II
* Henry I
* Stephen
* Matilda
* Henry II
* Henry the Young King
* Richard I
* John
* Louis
* Henry III
* Edward I
* Edward II
* Edward III
* Richard II
* Henry IV
* Henry V
* Henry VI
* Edward IV
* Edward V
* Richard III
* Henry VII
* Henry VIII
* Edward VI
* Jane
* Mary I and Philip
* Elizabeth I

* Kenneth I MacAlpin
* Donald I
* Constantine I
* Áed
* Giric
* Eochaid
* Donald II
* Constantine II
* Malcolm I
* Indulf
* Dub
* Cuilén
* Amlaíb
* Kenneth II
* Constantine III
* Kenneth III
* Malcolm II
* Duncan I
* Macbeth
* Lulach
* Malcolm III
* Donald III
* Duncan II
* Edgar
* Alexander I
* David I
* Malcolm IV
* William I
* Alexander II
* Alexander III
* Margaret
* John
* Robert I
* David II
* Edward Balliol
* Robert II
* Robert III
* James I
* James II
* James III
* James IV
* James V
* Mary I
* James VI

* Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603

* James I & VI
* Charles I
* The Protectorate
* Oliver Cromwell
* Richard Cromwell
* Charles II
* James II & VII
* William III & II and Mary II
* Anne

* British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707

* Anne
* George I
* George II
* George III
* George IV
* William IV
* Victoria
* Edward VII
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

* Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Order of precedence in the United Kingdom (gentlemen)

Shared (royal family)|

* The King
* The Prince of Wales (in Scotland: The Duke of Rothesay)
* The Duke of Sussex (in Scotland: The Earl of Dumbarton)
* Prince George of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex
* The Duke of York (in Scotland: The Earl of Inverness)
* The Duke of Edinburgh
* Earl of Wessex
* Peter Phillips
* The Duke of Gloucester
* The Duke of Kent
* The Earl of Snowdon
* Prince Michael of Kent

England and Wales|

* vacant, Archbishop of Canterbury
* Stephen Cottrell, Archbishop of York
* Sir Keir Starmer, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
* Sir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of Commons
* The Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord Speaker
* The Lord Reed of Allermuir, President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
* Ambassadors and High Commissioners
* The Lord Carrington, Lord Great Chamberlain
* The Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal
* The Earl of Rosslyn, Lord Steward
* The Lord Benyon, Lord Chamberlain
* The Lord Ashton of Hyde, Master of the Horse

Scotland|

* Lord Lieutenants
* Sheriffs Principal
* Sir Keir Starmer, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
* John Swinney, First Minister of Scotland and Keeper of the Great Seal
* Ian Murray, Secretary of State for Scotland
* The Earl of Erroll, Lord High Constable of Scotland
* The Duke of Argyll, Master of the Household of Scotland

Northern Ireland|

* Lords Lieutenant of counties and cities
* High sheriffs of counties
* John McDowell, Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)
* Eamon Martin, Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)
* Dermot Farrell, Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic)
* Michael Jackson, Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)
* Sam Mawhinney, Moderator of the Presbyterian Church
* Lord Mayor of Belfast and Mayors of boroughs in Northern Ireland
* Sir Keir Starmer, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
* Sir Lindsay Hoyle, Speaker of the House of Commons
* The Lord McFall of Alcluith, Lord Speaker
* The Lord Carrington, Lord Great Chamberlain
* The Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal
* The Earl of Rosslyn, Lord Steward
* The Lord Benyon, Lord Chamberlain
* The Lord Ashton of Hyde, Master of the Horse

not including short-term appointments, visiting dignitaries and most peers

* v
* t
* e

Princes of Wales

* Edward of Caernarfon (1301–1307)
* Edward the Black Prince (1343–1376)
* Richard of Bordeaux (1376–1377)
* Henry of Monmouth (1399–1413)
* Edward of Westminster (1454–1471)
* Edward (1471–1483)
* Edward of Middleham (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1489–1502)
* Henry (1504–1509)
* Edward (1537–1547)
* Henry Frederick (1610–1612)
* Charles (1616–1625)
* Charles (1641–1649)
* James (1688)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1728–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1958–2022)
* William (2022–present)

See also: Principality of Wales

* v
* t
* e

Dukes of Cornwall

* Edward (1337–1376)
* Richard (1376–1377)
* Henry (1399–1413)
* Henry (1421–1422)
* Edward (1453–1471)
* Richard (1460; disputed)
* Edward (1470–1483)
* Edward (1483–1484)
* Arthur (1486–1502)
* Henry (1502–1509)
* Henry (1511)
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* Henry Frederick (1603–1612)
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* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
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Cornwall Portal

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Dukes of Rothesay

* David (1398–1402)
* James (1402–1406)
* Alexander (1430)
* James (1430–1437)
* James (1452–1460)
* James (1473–1488)
* James (1507–1508)
* Arthur (1509–1510)
* James (1512–1513)
* James (1540–1541)
* James (1566–1567)
* Henry Frederick (1594–1612)
* Charles (1612–1625)
* Charles James (1629)
* Charles (1630–1649)
* James (1688–1689)
* George (1714–1727)
* Frederick (1727–1751)
* George (1762–1820)
* Albert Edward (1841–1901)
* George (1901–1910)
* Edward (1910–1936)
* Charles (1952–2022)
* William (2022–present)

* v
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Dukes of Edinburgh

* Frederick (1726–1751)
* George (1751–1760)
* Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh (1764–1834)
* Alfred (1866–1900)
* Philip (1947–2021)
* Charles (2021–2022)
* Edward (2023–present)

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Monarchy in Canada

The Crown|

* Monarchy in the Canadian provinces
* BC
* AB
* SK
* MB
* ON
* QC
* NB
* NS
* PE
* NL

Monarchs|

* Victoria
* Edward VII
* George V
* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

Viceroys|

* Governor General of Canada
* List
* Lieutenant governors in Canada
* BC
* List
* AB
* List
* SK
* List
* MB
* List
* ON
* List
* QC
* List
* NB
* List
* NS
* List
* PE
* List
* NL
* List
* Territorial Commissioners
* Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments

Constitutional|

* King-in-Council
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* King-on-the-Bench
* King's peace
* The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces
* The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada

Legal|

* Crown copyright
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* King's Consent
* King's Printer
* Royal charter
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Ceremonial and symbolic|

* Chapels Royal
* Crown Collection
* Royal symbols
* Royal tours
* 1786–1999
* 2000–present
* Special address
* Title and style
* Thrones of Canada
* Canadian Coronation Contingent

Related|

* Canadian Secretary to the King
* History of monarchy in Canada
* Debate on the monarchy in Canada
* Monarchism
* Republicanism

* v
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Heads of state of Jamaica

Monarch (from 1962)|

* Elizabeth II
* Charles III

* Jamaica portal

Governor-General (from 1962)|

* Blackburne
* Campbell
* Glasspole
* Cooke
* Hall
* Allen

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British Armed Forces

Head of the Armed Forces — King Charles III
Prime Minister — Sir Keir Starmer
Secretary of State for Defence — John Healey
Chief of the Defence Staff — Admiral Sir Tony Radakin
Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff — General Dame Sharon Nesmith

|    |

Royal Navy (1SL & CNS)

British Army (CGS)

Royal Air Force (CAS)

|
|
|

* Use in Scotland
* in Wales
* by the Irish

* v
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* e

Current monarchs of sovereign states

Africa|

* Eswatini: Mswati III
* Lesotho: Letsie III
* Morocco: Mohammed VI

Asia|

* Bahrain: Hamad
* Bhutan: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
* Brunei: Hassanal Bolkiah
* Cambodia: Norodom Sihamoni
* Japan: Naruhito
* Jordan: Abdullah II
* Kuwait: Mishal
* Malaysia: Ibrahim Iskandar
* Oman: Haitham
* Qatar: Tamim
* Saudi Arabia: Salman
* Thailand: Vajiralongkorn
* United Arab Emirates: Mohamed

Europe|

* Andorra: Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat and Emmanuel Macron
* Belgium: Philippe
* Denmark: Frederik X
* Liechtenstein: Hans-Adam II
* Luxembourg: Henri
* Monaco: Albert II
* Netherlands: Willem-Alexander
* Norway: Harald V
* Spain: Felipe VI
* Sweden: Carl XVI Gustaf
* United Kingdom: Charles III
* Vatican City: Leo XIV

Americas|

* Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Charles III

Oceania|

* Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu: Charles III
* Tonga: Tupou VI

* See also: Current heirs of sovereign monarchies

* v
* t
* e

Heads of state of the G20

*   Lourenço
*  Milei
*  Charles III
*  Lula
*  Charles III
*  Xi
*  Costa
*  Macron
*  Steinmeier
*  Murmu
*  Prabowo
*  Mattarella
*  Naruhito
*  Sheinbaum
*  Putin
*  Salman
*  Ramaphosa
*  Lee
*  Erdoğan
*  Charles III
*  Trump

* v
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* e

Current members of the Order of the Garter

Sovereign|

* The King (ex officio)

Royal Knights
and Ladies (Companion)|

* The Duke of Kent
* The Princess Royal
* The Duke of Gloucester
* Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy
* The Duke of York
* The Duke of Edinburgh
* The Prince of Wales (ex officio)
* The Queen
* The Duchess of Gloucester

Stranger Knights
and Ladies Companion|

* Queen Margrethe II of Denmark
* The King of Sweden
* King Juan Carlos I of Spain
* Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands
* Emperor Akihito of Japan
* The King of Norway
* The King of Spain
* The King of the Netherlands
* The Emperor of Japan

Knights and Ladies
Companion|

* The Duke of Abercorn
* The Lord Butler of Brockwell
* Sir John Major
* The Lord Luce
* The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers
* The Lord Stirrup
* The Baroness Manningham-Buller
* The Lord King of Lothbury
* The Lord Shuttleworth
* Lady Mary Fagan
* The Viscount Brookeborough
* Lady Mary Peters
* The Marquess of Salisbury
* The Baroness Amos
* Sir Tony Blair
* The Baroness Ashton of Upholland
* The Lord Patten of Barnes
* The Lord Peach
* The Lord Kakkar
* The Lord Lloyd-Webber
* 4 vacancies

Officers|

* Philip Mounstephen, Bishop of Winchester (Prelate, ex officio)
* The Baroness Manningham-Buller (Chancellor)
* Dr Christopher Cocksworth, Dean of Windsor (Register, ex officio)
* David White (Garter King of Arms, ex officio)
* Stephen Segrave (Secretary)
* Ed Davis (Black Rod, ex officio)

* v
* t
* e

Current members of the Order of the Thistle

Sovereign|

* The King

Extra Knights and Ladies|

* The Princess Royal
* The Duke of Rothesay
* The Queen
* The Duke of Edinburgh

Knights and Ladies|

* The Earl of Elgin and Kincardine
* The Lord Mackay of Clashfern
* The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn
* The Lord Steel of Aikwood
* The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen
* The Lord Cullen of Whitekirk
* The Lord Hope of Craighead
* The Lord Patel
* The Lord Smith of Kelvin
* The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry
* Sir Ian Wood
* Lady Elish Angiolini
* Sir George Reid
* The Baroness Black of Strome
* The Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws
* 1 vacancy

Officers|

* David Fergusson (Dean)
* The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (Chancellor)
* Joseph Morrow (Lord Lyon King of Arms, ex officio)
* Elizabeth Roads (Secretary)
* Christopher Layman (Green Rod, ex officio)

* v
* t
* e

Great Masters of the Order of the Bath

* John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu (1725–1749)
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany (1767–1827)
* Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (1827–1830)
* Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex (1837–1843)
* Albert, Prince Consort (1843–1861)
* Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1897–1901)
* Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1901–1942)
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1942–1974)
* Charles, Prince of Wales (1974–2022)
* William, Prince of Wales (2024–present)

* v
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* e

Monarchies

* Monarch
* Imperial, royal and noble ranks
* List of current sovereign monarchs
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of monarchy referendums

Type|

* Absolute
* Constitutional
* Diarchy
* Elective
* Federal
* Hereditary
* Non-sovereign
* Personal union
* Regency

Topics|

* Abdication
* Abolition of monarchy
* Aristocracy
* Criticism of monarchy
* Decolonization
* Democratization
* Dynasty
* Government
* Head of state
* Legitimacy (political)
* Oligarchy
* Order of succession
* Republicanism
* Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Sovereignty

Titles|

* Chhatrapati
* Emperor
* Khan
* King
* Queen regnant
* Pharaoh
* Prince regnant
* Raja
* Shah
* Sultan
* Tsar

Current|

| Africa|

* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Morocco
* list

|

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Thailand
* United Arab Emirates
* list

Europe|

* Andorra
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* Sweden
* Vatican City (Holy See)

Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
* Ankole
* Aussa
* Bagirmi
* Barotseland
* Bornu
* Burundi
* Central Africa
* Dahomey
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Gomma
* Gumma
* Islands of Refreshment
* Kaffa
* Kongo
* Libya
* Luba
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Maore
* Maravi
* Mwali
* Ndzuwani
* Ngazidja
* Rwanda
* Shilluk
* Tunisia
* Wituland
* Wassoulou
* Yeke
* Zanzibar
* Zimbabwe
* and other

|

Americas|

* Araucanía
* Aztec
* Brazil
* Haiti
* Inca
* Mexico
* Miskito
* Suriname
* Talamanca
* Trinidad
* Thirteen Colonies

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Asir
* Bengal
* Bukhara
* Burma
* Cebu
* Chehab
* China
* Dapitan
* Hejaz
* Indonesia
* Iran (Qajar)
* Iraq
* Jabal Shammar
* Kathiri
* Khiva
* Korea
* Kumul
* Kurdistan
* Laos
* Maguindanao
* Mahra
* Maldives
* Manchukuo
* Mongolia
* Najran
* Nepal
* Qu'aiti
* Ryukyu
* Sarawak
* Shan
* Sikkim
* Sri Lanka
* Sip Song Chau Tai
* Sulu
* Syria
* Tibet
* Taiwan
* Upper Asir
* Upper Yafa
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Emirates of South Arabia
* South Arabia

Europe|

* Albania
* Aragon
* Asturias
* Austria
* Austria-Hungary
* Bavaria
* Bosnia
* Brittany
* Bulgaria
* Catalonia
* Cilicia
* Corsica
* Crimea
* Cyprus
* Finland
* France
* Galicia
* Georgia
* Germany
* Granada
* Greece
* Hanover
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Imereti
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kartli-Kakheti
* Lithuania
* Majorca
* Man
* Moldavia
* Montenegro
* Navarre
* Neuchâtel
* Ottoman Empire
* Papal States
* Piedmont-Sardinia
* Poland–Lithuania
* Portugal
* Prussia
* Romania
* Russia
* Samos
* Savoy
* Saxony
* Scotland
* Serbia
* Tavolara
* Tuscany
* Two Sicilies
* United Baltic Duchy
* Valencia
* Württemberg
* Yugoslavia

Oceania|

* Abemama
* Bora Bora
* Easter Island
* Fiji
* Hawaii
* Huahine
* Mangareva
* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
* Rurutu
* Tahiti
* Tahuata

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

* v
* t
* e

Great Officers of State of England and Scotland

Great Officers of State
of England|

| Lord High Steward|

* Vacant (most recently General Sir Gordon Messenger in 2023)

|

Lord High Chancellor|

* Shabana Mahmood MP (as Secretary of State for Justice)

Lord High Treasurer|

* Vacant

Lord President of the Council|

* Lucy Powell MP (also Leader of the House of Commons)

Lord Privy Seal|

* Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon (also Leader of the House of Lords)

Lord Great Chamberlain|

* In gross: Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington

Lord High Constable|

* Vacant (most recently Admiral Sir Tony Radakin in 2023)

Earl Marshal|

* Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk

Lord High Admiral|

* Charles III (in right of the Crown)1

Officers of State
of Scotland|

| Greater|

| Lord High Chancellor|

* Abolished in 1707 (see Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain)

|

Lord High Treasurer|

* Abolished in 1707 (see Lord High Treasurer of Great Britain)

Lord Privy Seal|

* Vacant since 1921

Lord Secretary|

* Abolished in 1709

Lesser|

| Lord Clerk Register|

* Lady Elish Angiolini

|

Lord Advocate|

* Dorothy Bain

Lord Treasurer-depute|

* Abolished in 1707

Lord Justice Clerk|

* John Beckett, Lord Beckett

Officers of the Crown
of Scotland|

| Lord President of the Council|

* Privy Council abolished in 1708

|

Lord High Chamberlain|

* Resigned to the Crown in 1703

Lord High Steward|

* William, Duke of Rothesay (as Prince and Great Steward of Scotland)

Lord High Constable|

* Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll

Knight Marischal|

* Vacant since 1863

Earl Marischal|

* Forfeit in 1716

Lord High Admiral2|

* Abolished in 1707

Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland2|

* John Swinney MSP (as First Minister of Scotland)

1 Office is either vested in the Crown, or vacant. Status is currently debated.
2 There is debate around whether these offices constitute Officers of the Crown.

* v
* t
* e

House of Windsor

Generations are numbered by their descent from George V and Mary of Teck

1st generation|

* Edward VIII
* George VI
* Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
* Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
* Prince George, Duke of Kent
* Prince John

2nd generation|

* Elizabeth II
* Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
* Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
* Princess Alexandra
* Prince William of Gloucester
* Prince Michael of Kent
* Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester

3rd generation|

* Charles III*
* Anne, Princess Royal*
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York*
* George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh*
* Lady Helen Taylor
* Lord Nicholas Windsor
* Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster
* Lady Davina Windsor
* Lord Frederick Windsor
* Lady Gabriella Kingston

4th generation|

* William, Prince of Wales*
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex*
* Princess Beatrice*
* Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick
* Princess Eugenie*
* Lady Marina Windsor
* Lady Amelia Windsor
* Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor*
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex*

5th generation|

* Prince George of Wales*
* Princess Charlotte of Wales*
* Prince Louis of Wales*
* Prince Archie of Sussex*
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex*

*Descendant of Elizabeth II and therefore use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor, but officially considered members of the House of Windsor

* v
* t
* e

Mountbatten-Windsor family

Generations are numbered by their descent from Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Elizabeth II

1st generation|

* Charles III
* Anne, Princess Royal
* Prince Andrew, Duke of York
* Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

2nd generation|

* William, Prince of Wales
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
* Princess Beatrice
* Princess Eugenie
* Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
* James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex

3rd generation|

* Prince George of Wales
* Princess Charlotte of Wales
* Prince Louis of Wales
* Prince Archie of Sussex
* Princess Lilibet of Sussex

Portals:

* Monarchy
* United Kingdom
* England
* Cornwall
* London
* Scotland
* Wales
* Northern Ireland
* Australia
* Belize
* Canada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Tuvalu

Charles III at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Argentina
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Finland
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* ULAN
* MusicBrainz
* FID

People|

* Trove
* UK Parliament
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* SNAC
* 2
* Te Papa (New Zealand)
* RISM
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
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