Charleston church shooting

2015 anti-black hate crime in South Carolina, US

"2015 Charleston shooting" redirects here. For the fatal shooting by a North Charleston police officer, see Killing of Walter Scott.

Charleston church shooting

People mourning the deaths at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church; image taken June 20 (three days post-shooting)

Charleston

Charleston church shooting (South Carolina)

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Charleston church shooting (the United States)

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Charleston, South Carolina

Location| Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
Coordinates| 32°47′15″N 79°55′59″W﻿ / ﻿32.78750°N 79.93306°W﻿ / 32.78750; -79.93306
Date| June 17, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-06-17)
c. 9:05 – c. 9:11 p.m. (EDT)
Target| African American churchgoers at a church congregation

Attack type

| Mass shooting, mass murder, domestic terrorism, right-wing terrorism, hate crime
Weapons| Glock 41 .45-caliber handgun
Deaths| 9
Injured| 1
Perpetrator| Dylann Roof
Motive|

* White supremacy/nationalism
* Neo-Nazism
* Anti-black racism
* Belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory

Verdict| Guilty on all counts
Convictions|

* 33 federal counts
* 13 state counts

[a]

Trial| United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof

Sentence| Federal
Death
State
9 consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole plus 95 years
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An anti-black mass shooting and hate crime occurred on June 17, 2015, in Charleston, South Carolina. Nine people were killed, and one was injured, during a Bible study at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, the oldest black church in the Southern United States. Among the fatalities was the senior pastor, state senator Clementa C. Pinckney. All ten victims were African Americans. At the time, it was the deadliest mass shooting at a place of worship in U.S. history.

Dylann Roof, a 21-year-old white supremacist, had attended the Bible study before opening fire. He was found to have targeted members of this church because of its history and status. In December 2016, Roof was convicted of 33 federal hate crime and murder charges. On January 10, 2017, he was sentenced to death for those crimes.[1][2] Roof was separately charged with nine counts of murder in the South Carolina state courts. In April 2017, Roof pleaded guilty to all nine state charges in order to avoid receiving a second death sentence, and as a result, he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. He will receive automatic appeals of his death sentence, but he may eventually be executed by the federal justice system.[3][4]

Roof espoused racial hatred in both a website manifesto which he published before the shooting, and a journal which he wrote from jail afterward. On his website, Roof posted photos of emblems which are associated with white supremacy, including a photo of the Confederate battle flag. The shooting triggered debates about modern display of the flag and other commemorations of the Confederacy. Following these murders, the South Carolina General Assembly voted to remove the flag from State Capitol grounds and a wave of Confederate monument or memorial removals followed shortly thereafter.

## Background

[edit]

Founded in 1816, the church has played an important role in the history of South Carolina, including the slavery era and Reconstruction, the civil rights movement, and Black Lives Matter.[5] It is the oldest African Methodist Episcopal Church in the South, often referred to as "Mother Emanuel". The AME Church was founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1814 as the first independent black denomination.[6] It is a historically black congregation, one of the oldest south of Baltimore.[7][8]

When one of the church's co-founders, Denmark Vesey, was suspected of plotting to launch a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822, 35 people, including Vesey, were hanged and the church was burned down.[9][10] Charleston citizens accepted the claim that a slave rebellion was expected to begin at the stroke of midnight on June 16, 1822, and it was expected to erupt the following day (the shooting in 2015 occurred on the 193rd anniversary of the thwarted uprising).[11] As the rebuilt church was formally shuttered with other all-black congregations by the city in 1834, the congregation met in secret until 1865 when it was formally reorganized, and it acquired the name Emanuel ("God with us").[12] It was rebuilt based on a design which was drawn by Denmark Vesey's son.[11] That structure was badly damaged in the 1886 Charleston earthquake.[13][14] The current building dates from 1891.[11][12]

The church's senior pastor, the Rev. Clementa C. Pinckney, had held rallies after the shooting of Walter Scott by a white police officer two months earlier, in nearby North Charleston. As a state senator, Pinckney pushed for legislation requiring police to wear body cameras.[15]

Several commentators noted that a similarity existed between the massacre at Emanuel AME and the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing of a politically active African-American church in Birmingham, Alabama, where the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) killed four black girls and injured fourteen others, during the civil rights movement. This attack galvanized support for federal civil rights legislation.[14][16]

Numerous scholars, journalists, activists and politicians have emphasized their belief that the attack should not be treated as an isolated event because in their view, it occurred within the broader context of racism against Black Americans and racism in the United States. In 1996, Congress had passed the Church Arson Prevention Act, which considers the damaging of religious property a federal crime because of its "racial or ethnic character", in response to a spate of 154 suspicious church burnings which had occurred since 1991.[17][18] More recent arson attacks against black churches included a black church in Massachusetts that was burned down the day after the first inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009.[19][20][21][22]

## Shooting

[edit]

At around 9:05 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, June 17, 2015,[23] the Charleston Police Department began receiving calls of a shooting at Emanuel AME Church.[23][9] Dylann S. Roof, a man described as white, with sandy-brown hair, around 21 years old and 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) in height, wearing a gray sweatshirt and jeans, opened fire with a Glock 41 .45-caliber handgun[24] on a group of people inside the church at a Bible study attended by Pinckney. He had first attended the meeting as a participant that evening. Roof then fled the scene.[25][26][27] He had been carrying a total of eight magazines when he entered, holding 11 hollow-point bullets each, for a total of 88 bullets.[28][29] The event was finished by about 9:11 p.m.[23]

Dylann Roof entering Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church through a side door at 8:16 pm, as captured on CCTV

During the hour preceding the attack, 13 people including the shooter participated in the Bible study.[30] According to the accounts of people who talked to survivors, when Roof walked into the historic African-American church, he immediately asked for Pinckney and sat down next to him, initially listening to others during the study.[31] He disagreed with some of the discussion of Scripture. After other participants began praying,[32] he stood up,[27] and aimed a gun he pulled from a fanny pack at 87-year-old Susie Jackson. Jackson's nephew, 26-year-old Tywanza Sanders, tried to talk him down and asked him why he was attacking churchgoers. The shooter said, "I have to do it. You rape our women and you're taking over our country. And you have to go." When Roof said he intended to shoot them all, Sanders dove in front of Jackson and was shot first. Roof fired at the other victims, shouting racial epithets. He reportedly said, "Y'all want something to pray about? I'll give you something to pray about."[33] Roof reloaded his gun five times. Sanders' mother and his five-year-old niece, who also attended the study, survived the shooting by pretending to be dead on the floor.[34][35][36]

Dot Scott, president of the local branch of the NAACP, said she had heard from victims' relatives that Roof spared one woman (Polly Sheppard),[37] saying that she could tell other people what happened.[38] He asked, "Did I shoot you?" She replied, "No." Then, he said, "Good, 'cause we need someone to survive, because I'm gonna shoot myself, and you'll be the only survivor."[39] According to the son of one victim, who spoke to that survivor, Roof allegedly turned the gun to his own head and pulled the trigger, but discovered he was out of ammunition.[40] He left the church, reportedly after making another "racially inflammatory statement" over the victims' bodies.[27] The entire shooting lasted for approximately six minutes.[23]

Several hours later, a bomb threat was called into the Courtyard by Marriott hotel on Calhoun Street. This complicated the police investigation of the shooting, as they needed to evacuate the immediate area.[9][41]

### Victims

[edit]

The mortally wounded victims, six women and three men, were all African-American members of the AME Church. Eight died at the scene; the ninth, Daniel Simmons, died at MUSC Medical Center.[42] They were all killed by multiple gunshots fired at close range.[36][43] Five people survived the shooting unharmed, including Felicia Sanders, mother of slain victim Tywanza Sanders, and her five-year-old granddaughter, as well as Polly Sheppard, a Bible study member. Pinckney's wife and youngest daughter were inside the building during the shooting, but were in the pastor's office with the door locked.[44][45] A tenth victim was also injured in the event.[44] Those killed were identified as:[46][47]

* Clementa C. Pinckney – the church's pastor and a South Carolina state senator.
* Cynthia Graham Hurd – a Bible study member and a branch manager for the Charleston County Public Library system; sister of former state senator Malcolm Graham.
* Susie Jackson – the oldest victim who was a Bible study and church choir member.
* Ethel Lee Lance – the church's sexton.
* Depayne Middleton-Doctor – a pastor who was also employed as a school administrator and admissions coordinator at Southern Wesleyan University.
* Tywanza Sanders – the youngest victim who was a graduate of Allen University; grandnephew of victim Susie Jackson.
* Daniel L. Simmons – a pastor who also served at Greater Zion AME Church in Awendaw.
* Sharonda Coleman-Singleton – a pastor; also a speech therapist and track coach at Goose Creek High School.
* Myra Thompson – a Bible study teacher.

The victims were later collectively referred to as "The Emanuel Nine".[48]

## Perpetrator

[edit]

Main article: Dylann Roof

Dylann Storm Roof[49] was named by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as the suspected killer after his father and uncle contacted police to positively identify him upon seeing security photos of him in the news.[50] Roof was born in Columbia, South Carolina, and was living in largely African-American Eastover at the time of the attack.[36] Roof had a prior police record consisting of two arrests, for trespassing and drug possession, both made in the months before the attack.[51][52] According to then FBI Director James Comey, a police report detailing Roof's admission to a narcotics offense should have prevented him from purchasing the weapon used in the shooting. An administrative error within the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) excluded Roof's admission (though not the arrest itself) from appearing on his mandatory background check.[53][54]

His Facebook page included an image of Roof wearing a jacket decorated with two emblems popular among American white supremacists: the flag of the former Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe) and the flag of apartheid-era South Africa.[55][56][57] Roof reportedly told friends and neighbors he intended to kill people, including a plot to attack the College of Charleston, but his claims were not taken seriously.[58] On June 20, bloggers discovered a website called "The Last Rhodesian" (www.lastrhodesian.com); it had been registered to a "Dylann Roof" on February 9, 2015.[59][60] The website included what appeared to be an unsigned manifesto containing Roof's opinions of "Blacks", "Jews", "Hispanics" and "East Asians",[61][62] as well a cache of photos, including an image of Roof posing with a handgun and a Confederate Battle Flag.[60] In this manifesto, Roof says he became "racially aware" as a result of the 2012 killing of Trayvon Martin, writing that when he learned about the incident, he read about it, concluding that George Zimmerman had been in the right. He did not understand the controversy about it. He said he searched for "black on White  [sic] crime" on Google and found the website of a white supremacist group, the Council of Conservative Citizens, where he read "pages upon pages" of cases involving black people murdering white people. Roof wrote that he had "never been the same since that day".

According to web server logs, Roof's website was last modified at 4:44 p.m. on June 17, the day of the shooting, when Roof noted, "[A]t the time of writing I am in a great hurry."[60]

An unidentified source said interrogations with Roof after his arrest determined he had been planning the attack for around six months. He had researched Emanuel AME Church, and targeted it because of its role in African-American history.[27] A friend who briefly hid Roof's gun from him said, "I don't think the church was his primary target because he told us he was going for the school. But I think he couldn't get into [sic] the school because of the security ... so I think he just settled for the church."[63][64]

Roof's cellphone and computer were seized and analyzed by the FBI. According to unnamed officials, he was in online communication with other white supremacists, who did not appear to have encouraged the massacre.[65] The investigation was said to have widened to include other persons of interest.[66]

Federal prosecutors said in August 2016 that Roof was "self-radicalized" online, instead of adopting his white supremacist ideology "through his personal associations or experiences with white supremacist groups or individuals or others".[67][68]

## Manhunt and capture

[edit]

The attack was treated as a hate crime by police. Officials from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives were called in to assist in the investigation and manhunt.[26][69]

On the morning after the attack, police received a tip-off from a woman who recognized Roof and his car, a black Hyundai Elantra with South Carolina license plates and a three-flag "Confederate States of America" bumper decoration,[70] on U.S. Route 74, recalling security camera images taken at the church and distributed to the media. She later recalled, "I got closer and saw that haircut. I was nervous. I had the worst feeling. Is that him or not him?" She called her employer, who contacted local police, and then tailed the suspect's car for 35 miles (56 km) until she was certain authorities were moving in for an arrest.[71] At 10:44 a.m., Roof was captured in a traffic stop in Shelby, North Carolina, approximately 245 miles (394 km) from the shooting scene. A .45-caliber pistol was found in the car during the arrest.[72][73]

## Legal proceedings

[edit]

Roof waived his extradition rights and was flown to Sheriff Al Cannon Detention Center in North Charleston on the evening of June 18.[35][74][75] At the jail, his cell-block neighbor was Michael Slager, the former North Charleston police officer charged with murder after shooting Walter Scott following a traffic stop.[76][77] According to unconfirmed reports, Roof confessed to committing the attack and said he wanted to start a race war.[34] He reportedly told investigators he almost did not complete his plan because members of the church group had been so nice to him.[33]

On June 19, Roof was charged with nine counts of murder and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a violent crime.[75][78] He first appeared in Charleston County court via videoconference at a bond hearing later that day. At the hearing, shooting survivors and relatives of five of the victims spoke to Roof directly, saying that they were "praying for his soul" and forgave him.[27][79][80][81]

The judge, Charleston County chief magistrate James "Skip" Gosnell, Jr., said at the bond hearing that, in addition to the dead victims and their families, "there are victims on this young man's side of the family ... Nobody would have ever thrown them into the whirlwind of events that they are being thrown into."[82] The judge was reported to have been reprimanded in 2005 by the South Carolina Supreme Court for using a racial slur while on the bench in 2003.[83] Gosnell set a $1 million bond for the weapons possession charge and no bail on the nine counts of murder.[84]

Governor Nikki Haley called on prosecutors to seek the death penalty against Roof.[85] In June 2016 she warned against divisive rhetoric, saying that it could lead to tragedies such as the massacre at the church, and referred to the rhetoric of 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump.[86]

### Indictment

[edit]

On July 7, Roof was indicted on the nine murder charges and the weapons charge, as well three new charges of attempted murder, one for each person who survived the shooting.[87][88] He also faced federal hate crime charges,[89] including nine counts of using a firearm to commit murder and 24 civil rights violations (12 hate crime charges and 12 counts of violating a person's freedom of religion), with 18 of the charges carrying the federal death penalty.[90]

On July 31, Roof pleaded not guilty to the federal charges, based on the advice of his lawyer David Bruck. Bruck earlier said Roof wanted to plead guilty, but he couldn't advise it without knowing the government's intentions.[91][92]

On September 3, Ninth Circuit solicitor (i.e., district attorney) Scarlett Wilson announced that she intended to seek the death penalty against Roof in the state proceedings, based on more than two people being killed in the shooting and others' lives put at risk.[93] On September 16, Roof said through his attorney that he was willing to plead guilty in exchange for a sentence of life in prison without parole.[94]

### Trial

[edit]

On October 1, the federal trial was pushed back to at least January 2016 to give prosecutors and Roof's attorneys more time to prepare.[95] On December 1, the trial was postponed again to an unknown date.[96] Both Roof and his friend, Joey Meek (who was accused of misprision of felony and lying to investigators about Roof's plans), were to reappear in federal court on February 11, 2016, while their lawyers held a bar meeting with prosecutors to discuss their cases.[97][98][clarification needed] On November 7, 2016, U.S. District Judge Richard Gergel postponed jury selection until November 9,[99] later postponing the process again until November 21.[100] Gergel later postponed the jury selection to November 28.[101] On November 28, a federal judge granted a motion by Roof to represent himself.[102][103][104][105] On December 4, Roof made a handwritten request of Gergel, asking for his defense team for the guilt phase of his federal death penalty trial.[106][107][108][109] On December 5, 2016, Gergel allowed Roof to hire back his lawyers for the guilt phase of his trial.[110][111] On December 6, 2016, a federal judge denied a motion by Roof's defense team to delay Roof's trial.[112]

The decision to seek the death penalty for Roof was a campaign topic in the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, with Hillary Clinton supporting the Justice Department's decision and Bernie Sanders opposing it.[113]

In November 2016, Roof was declared competent to stand trial for the crimes.[114] In January 2017, following a second competency evaluation, Roof was again deemed competent.[115]

Roof's trial began on December 7, 2016; witnesses gave testimony describing the shooting in graphic detail.[116][117] On December 15, 2016, Roof was found guilty of all 33 federal charges against him.[118] For the sentencing phase of the federal trial, Roof dismissed his attorneys and insisted on representing himself. In a statement to the court at his sentencing hearing on January 4, 2017, Roof offered no apology or explanation, saying "There's nothing wrong with me psychologically."[119] At the hearing, prosecutors introduced into evidence a two-page excerpt from a journal written by Roof from jail six weeks after his arrest, in which Roof composed a white supremacist manifesto, writing: "I would like to make it crystal clear, I do not regret what I did. I am not sorry. I have not shed a tear for the innocent people I killed."[119][120]

### Sentence

[edit]

Roof was sentenced to death by the federal court on January 10, 2017,[121] and to life in prison without parole by the state courts on April 10, 2017.[122][123][124][125]

On December 23, 2024, outgoing President Joe Biden announced that he would be granting clemency to 37 out of 40 inmates on federal death row and commute their death sentences to life imprisonment. However, Roof did not receive clemency, because Biden stated that the death penalty should only be reserved for the worst of capital cases, including "cases of terrorism and hate-motivated mass murder".[126]

## Aftermath

[edit]

A prayer vigil at Morris Brown African Methodist Episcopal Church

### Context of racism

[edit]

Heidi Beirich, the director of the Intelligence Project for the Southern Poverty Law Center, a non-profit that seeks to identify American hate groups and confront their activities, said that the gunman's reported motive has frequently appeared on white supremacist websites. They say that "whites are being hugely victimized by blacks and no one is paying attention". Referring to Roof's comments about rape, Beirich said, "[Black men sexually assaulting white women] is probably the oldest racist trope we have in the U.S."[127][128]

According to Beirich, this trope is related to a myth of Southern culture, because in fact, African-American women had been much more frequently abused by white men. Lisa Lindquist-Dorr, associate professor at the University of Alabama, said that the myth of black rapists had dominated the imaginations of white, Southern men, who believed that "Sexual access to women is a trophy of power, white women embodied virtue and morality, they signified whiteness and white superiority, so sexual access to white women was possessing the ultimate privilege that white men held. It views women as trophies which are to be traded among men."[129]

Jamelle Bouie wrote in Slate, "Make any list of anti-black terrorism in the United States, and you'll also have a list of attacks justified by the specter of black rape." He cited the Tulsa race riot of 1921, the Rosewood massacre of 1923, and the murder of 14-year-old Emmett Till in 1955 as examples.[130] Beirich said that early in the investigation, it was unclear if the suspect had any connection to hate groups. She noted that "for several years South Carolina has been the place with the highest density of hate groups."[131]

### Memorials

[edit]

Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, Charleston South Carolina. 21 June 2015

At Morris Brown African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, numerous people of different races and religions attended a ceremony commemorating the victims and they proclaimed that the attack would not divide the community.[35] Another such ceremony occurred at the TD Arena in the College of Charleston.[43] On June 21, four days after the shooting, Emanuel AME Church reopened for its Sunday worship service.[132] The Rev. Dr. Norvel Goff Sr., Presiding Elder of Emanuel AME Church, delivered the sermon.[133]

On June 25, 2015, at Emanuel AME Church, funerals were held for victims Ethel Lance and Sharonda Coleman-Singleton and they were attended by several political figures and civil rights leaders.[16] Clementa Pinckney's funeral was held in the basketball arena of the College of Charleston on June 26, 2015, with President Barack Obama delivering the eulogy.[134] Earlier, Pinckney's body lay in state in the South Carolina State House.[135] This was followed by the funerals of Tywanza Sanders, Susie Jackson, and Cynthia Graham Hurd the next day.[136] Hurd's family announced that they are establishing the Cynthia Graham Hurd Fund for Reading and Literacy organization in her memory; it is expected to give children easier access to books.[137] By July 2, the last of the victims, Daniel Simmons, was buried.[138]

Nine artists from across the United States created portraits of the victims as a tribute to them. The portraits were put on display at the Principle Gallery for one month, and afterwards, they were given to the victims' families.[139] The artists who were involved in the memorial included Ricky Mujica, Mario Andres Robinson, Lauren Tilden, Paul McCormack, Gregory Mortenson, Catherine Prescott, Terry Strickland, Judy Takács, and Stephanie Deshpande.[140]

South Carolina portrait artist Larry Francis Lebby was commissioned to create a portrait of Senator Pinckney after the murders in 2015. The portrait was unveiled in May 2016, and hangs in the South Carolina Senate chambers. Speakers at the unveiling included Senator Gerald Malloy, Representative Joseph Neal, Senate President Hugh Leatherman, Senator John W. Matthews Jr., the widow, Mrs. Jennifer Pinckney, and the artist Larry Lebby himself.[141]

In 2020, Allen University in Columbia, South Carolina announced that their renovation of the Good Samaritan Waverly Hospital would include a memorial that will prominently feature the names of Clementa C. Pinckney and the other eight individuals slain at Emanual African Methodist Episcopal Church in 2015.[142] Pinckney was a graduate of Allen University.[143] Two other Charleston Church Shooting victims, Tywanza Sanders and Rev. Daniel L. Simmons Sr., were also Allen University graduates.[144][145]

At the 2019 historical marker unveiling at the Dr. Cyril O. Spann Medical Office in Columbia, South Carolina, a planting and dedication ceremony for a Tree of Peace and Resistance held that day in conjunction with the Visanska Starks House recognized actions of mutual support between members of Emanual African Methodist Episcopal Church and Tree of Life _ Or L'Simcha Congregation after the Pittsburgh synogogue shooting, and expressed a commitment to public health and non-violence.[146]

### Community's response

[edit]

Some criticism has been aimed towards the community's forgiveness of Roof.[147]

The Black Lives Matter movement has protested against the shooting.[148]

Questions were raised about the security of black churches (as well as the security of churches in general) and their long-standing practice of welcoming anyone who is willing to pray (as most Christian churches are, regardless of the race of the majority of its parishioners). Roof, a stranger to churchgoers, was easily able to enter Emanuel AME Church with no questions asked. In the weeks after the shooting, AME Church leaders distributed a document titled "12 Considerations for Congregational Security", which recommended that they create security plans and teams for black churches, improve communications, develop relationships with local law enforcement, and secure and monitor all entrances to and exits from churches. Some churches considered hiring armed security guards and installing metal detectors, but conversations in support of these steps have currently not gained traction.[149]

### Other investigations

[edit]

The FBI investigated possible church arson after several black churches burned down in one week's time following the shooting.[150][151] On July 3, Time reported that the investigation concluded that the fires were unrelated.[152]

#### Background check failure

[edit]

The FBI underwent a 30-day review to examine the lapses in the background-check system that allowed the suspected shooter to legally purchase the gun used in the shooting.[53] According to James Comey, Roof had been arrested in March on a felony drug charge, which would have required an inquiry into the charge during the background check examination. However, he was actually arrested on a misdemeanor drug charge, which was incorrectly written as a felony at first due to a data entry error made by a jail clerk. The mistake was noticed by the jail two days after the arrest, but the change was not made.

The FBI agent conducting the background check examination then called the wrong agency while making the inquiry into the drug charge, due to having limited information on law enforcement agencies in Lexington County. This subsequently allowed Roof to make the purchase. However, despite the misdemeanor charge, he still should not have been able to purchase the gun under a law that barred anyone who is an "unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance" from owning firearms.[153][154][155]

Several bills aiming to fix this loophole were proposed, and South Carolina legislation planned to discuss the loophole in 2016.[156] On July 1, 2016, survivors of the shooting sued the FBI for inadvertently enabling Roof to purchase the gun which was used in the shooting.[157] On August 30, 2019, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the survivors and families of the deceased can sue the Federal government.[158]

#### Joey Meek

[edit]

On September 17, Joey Meek, one of Roof's friends who briefly hid his gun away from him, was arrested, reportedly for lying to federal authorities during their investigation and failing to report a crime. The next day, he pleaded not guilty to one count of making false statements to federal investigators and one count of concealing knowledge about a crime; he admitted he had kept Roof's detailed exposition of his murderous plans to himself, told his friends who believed Roof was the mass killer to not contact the FBI (one of them outright ignored Meek and called an FBI hotline with information that played a crucial role in Roof's arrest), and lied about both these actions to the FBI when questioned. He faced a maximum of nine years in prison and a $500,000 fine. According to legal experts, prosecutors possibly intended to use the prospect of federal charges against him as leverage for his testifying against Roof.[159][160][161] Meek pleaded guilty in federal court April 29, 2016.[162] He was sentenced to 27 months in prison in March 2017.[163]

## Reactions

[edit]

### Officials

[edit]

Charleston Mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr. denounced the attack and said, "Of all cities, in Charleston, to have a horrible hateful person go into the church and kill people there to pray and worship with each other is something that is beyond any comprehension and is not explained. We are going to put our arms around that church and that church family."

South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley said, "While we do not yet know all of the details, we do know that we'll never understand what motivates anyone to enter one of our places of worship and take the life of another. Please join us in lifting up the victims and their families with our love and prayers."[164]

President Barack Obama said in Charleston on June 18, "Once again, innocent people were killed in part because someone who wanted to inflict harm had no trouble getting their hands on a gun... We as a country will have to reckon with the fact that this type of mass violence does not happen in other advanced countries."[165] At a Washington press conference later that day, he said, "Michelle and I know several members of Emanuel AME Church. We knew their pastor, Reverend Clementa Pinckney, who, along with eight others, gathered in prayer and fellowship and was murdered last night. And to say our thoughts and prayers are with them and their families, and their community, doesn't say enough to convey the heartache and the sadness and the anger that we feel."[166]

On June 19, the United States Department of Justice fast-tracked a Crime Victim Assistance Formula Grant of $29 million to the South Carolina government. Some of the money will be allocated to the survivors.[167]

On January 8, 2024, President Joe Biden made a speech at the Emanuel AME Church to talk about the ‘poison’ of white supremacy. Pro-Palestinian protesters interrupted the speech by chanting "ceasefire now". The protests were made in response to the Israel–Palestinian conflict.[168]

### Families

[edit]

After Roof's appearance at his bond hearing, his family issued a statement, expressing their shock and grief at his actions.[169] Following the funerals of several of the victims in the shooting, they issued a second statement, expressing their condolences to the victims' families and announcing the temporary postponement of comments out of respect for them. During the bond hearing, several family members of the victims told Roof that they forgave him.[79]

### Local community

[edit]

The local community surrounding Charleston held prayer vigils and fundraisers. A mass unity rally was also held on the Arthur Ravenel Bridge on the evening of June 21. Organizers of the rally claimed there were up to 20,000 supporters in the rally. Tens of thousands of individuals crossed from the Mount Pleasant side of the bridge to the downtown Charleston side, carrying supportive signs and flags. Dozens of boats joined in the procession as well [170]

### Religious community

[edit]

The World Methodist Council, an association of worldwide churches in the Methodist tradition, of which the AME Church is a part, said it "urges prayer and support for the victims' families and those members of Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church who have been so gravely affected by this crime motivated by hate."[171] The President and Vice-President of the British Methodist Conference, also a member of the World Methodist Council, sent a letter of solidarity to the African Methodist Episcopal Church, saying, "The hearts of the members of the Methodist Church of Great Britain go out to the families and friends of those killed; to the Church; and to the wider communities in Charleston."[172]

The Council of Bishops of The United Methodist Church, also a member of the World Methodist Council and in full communion with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, called on its members "to support the victims of this and all acts of violence, to work to end racism and hatred, to seek peace with justice, and to live the prayer that our Lord gave us, that God's 'kingdom come, [and] will be done, on earth as it is in heaven'".[173]

The Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, also a member of the World Methodist Council and in full communion with the African Methodist Episcopal Church, shared its support with the presiding bishop, stating, "let us join with the AMEs in prayer for the healing of the families touched by this tragedy – the families of the victims and the family of the perpetrator".[174]

The Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, general secretary of the World Council of Churches, said, "We offer our prayers for healing to the wounded and traumatized, and solidarity and accompaniment to our sisters and brothers in the African Methodist Episcopal Church".[175] Archbishop Joseph Edward Kurtz, the president of U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, made similar remarks.[176]

On August 8, 2019, the Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) adopted a resolution to recognize the Emanuel 9 as martyrs on their liturgical calendar and declare June 17 as "a day of repentance in the ELCA for the martyrdom of the Emanuel 9."[177][178] At the time of the shooting, Dylann Roof was a member of an ELCA congregation.[179] The Rev. Clementa Pinckney and the Rev. Daniel Simmons were both alumni of Lutheran Theological Southern Seminary, a seminary of the ELCA.[179]

Various national Jewish organizations, including the American Jewish Committee,[180] Union for Reform Judaism,[181] Jewish Federations of North America, Anti-Defamation League, and Orthodox Union issued statements deploring the attack and expressing deep grief and horror. The Rabbinical Assembly, in its own statement, quoted Leviticus, saying, "'Do not stand idly by the blood of your neighbor.' Hateful, violent acts such as this have no place in our society, in a country known for its diversity and blending of various cultures."[182]

Many national Muslim organizations and individual imams,[183][184][185] such as Council on American–Islamic Relations, Islamic Society of North America (ISNA),[186] and Islamic Circle of North America issued statements condemning the attack and offering sympathy for the victims.[184] In a joint statement, CAIR and Muslim leaders in Baltimore called for a Ramadan 'Day of Prayer' in local communities for healing following on from the Charleston Massacre "Day of Prayer".[184]

Muslim and Jewish religious organizations have raised several hundred thousand dollars to help rebuild black churches that were burned down in the weeks after the shooting.[187]

### Others

[edit]

At least eighteen candidates and prospective candidates for the 2016 U.S. presidential election expressed reactions through various media and addresses.[188] According to NPR, Democratic and Republican candidates found different ways to address the incident, with Democrats seeing race and gun control as central issues, while Republicans were pointing to mental illness and referring to it as a tragic but random act.[189] Most Republican candidates eventually acknowledged that race was a motivating factor for the shooting. According to The Christian Science Monitor, the shooting became a precarious subject for Republican presidential contenders, in particular in regard of the racial motivations behind it, as South Carolina held primaries and the state's political importance resulted in some candidates "skirting around the clear racial motivations behind the attack".[190]

The night following the attack, Jon Stewart delivered a monologue on The Daily Show discussing the tragic nature of the news, condemning the attack as well as the media's response to it. Stewart argued that in response to Islamic terrorism, politicians declare they will do "whatever we can" to make America safe, even justifying torture, but respond to this mass shooting with "what are you gonna do, crazy is as crazy does".[191]

The Council of Conservative Citizens, whose website Roof cited as a source for his radicalization, issued a statement on its website "unequivocally condemn[ing]" the attack, but that Roof has some "legitimate grievances" against black people. An additional statement from the group's president, Earl Holt III, disavowed responsibility for the crime and said the group's website "accurately and honestly report[s] black-on-white violent crime".[192]

In an online forum, Charles Cotton, a lawyer in Houston and a national board member of the National Rifle Association of America, placed blame for the shooting on Pinckney for not allowing the churchgoers to hold concealed carry weapons inside the church. In 2011, Pinckney had voted against legislation that would allow concealed handguns to be carried into public places. Cotton also criticized the effectiveness of gun-free zones, stating, "If we look at mass shootings that occur, most happen in gun-free zones." Cotton's comment has since been deleted from the online forum.[193][194]

Following the shooting, Rhodesians Worldwide, an online magazine catering to the Rhodesian expatriate community, issued a brief statement condemning Roof's actions in response to his use of the Rhodesian flag. It said 80% of the Rhodesian Security Forces were black and that the Rhodesian Bush War was a struggle against communism rather than a racial conflict.[195]

Jerry Richardson, the owner of the NFL's Carolina Panthers, donated $100,000 to the Mother Emanuel Hope Fund set up by Mayor Riley, specifically calling for $10,000 to each of the families of the nine victims to cover their funeral expenses, and the remaining $10,000 to be delivered to the Emanuel AME Church itself.[196][197]

Artist Carrie Mae Weems has created a theater piece in response to the murders, called Grace Notes.[198]

Civil rights advocates said that the Charleston attack did more than fit the dictionary definition of terrorism because it also reflected the history of attempts to terrorize African-Americans by the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups.[199]

### Retaliatory attack

[edit]

Main article: Burnette Chapel shooting

According to the State of Tennessee, a 2017 church shooting that killed a woman and wounded seven others was retaliation for the Charleston shooting. The perpetrator, who is black, reportedly said that he wanted to "kill 10 white people" and referenced Roof and the Pan-African flag in a note he left in his car.[200][201][202]

## Consequences

[edit]

### Confederate flag

[edit]

Main article: Modern display of the Confederate flag § Reactions to 2015 Charleston church shooting

The battle flag of the Confederate States of America

On June 18, 2015, the day after the shooting, many flags, including those at the South Carolina State House, were flown at half-staff. The Confederate battle flag flying over the South Carolina Confederate Monument[203] near the state house was not lowered, as South Carolina law prohibited alteration of the flag without the consent of two-thirds of the state legislature.[204] Additionally, the flagpole lacked a pulley system, meaning the flag could not be flown at half-staff, only removed.[204]

#### Flag's removal from statehouse grounds

[edit]

South Carolina State House with the Confederate Monument in front, flag at rest

Calls to remove the Confederate flag from statehouse grounds, as well as debates over the context of its symbolic nature, were renewed after the attack[205][206] by several prominent figures, including President Barack Obama, Mitt Romney, and Jeb Bush.[207] On June 20, 2015, several thousand people gathered in front of the South Carolina State House in protest. An online petition at MoveOn.org encouraging the flag's removal had received over 370,000 signatures by that time.[208]

At a statehouse press conference on June 22, Governor Nikki Haley, flanked by elected officials of both parties, including U.S. Republican senators Lindsey Graham and Tim Scott, and former Republican Governor Mark Sanford, called for the flag to be removed by the state legislature, saying that while the flag was "an integral part of our past, it does not represent the future" of South Carolina.[209] Eulogizing the Rev. Clementa Pinckney on June 26, 2015, before 5,000 congregants at the College of Charleston, President Barack Obama acknowledged that the shooting had catalyzed a broad movement, backed by Republicans and Democrats, to remove the flag from official public display. "Blinded by hatred, [the gunman] failed to comprehend what Reverend Pinckney so well understood: the power of God's grace," Obama said. "By taking down that flag we express God's grace. But I don't think God wants us to stop there."[210]

On July 6, 2015, the South Carolina Senate voted to remove the Confederate flag from display outside the South Carolina State House. Following 13 hours of debate, the vote in the House to remove it was passed by a two-thirds majority (94–20) on July 9. Governor Nikki Haley signed the bill on July 9.[211] On July 10, the Confederate flag was taken down for the last time; it will be stored until it can later be shown in a museum.[212]

#### Retailers end sales of the flag

[edit]

On June 23, 2015, retailers Wal-Mart, Amazon.com, Sears Holding Corporation (which owns Sears and Kmart), and eBay all announced plans to stop selling merchandise with the Confederate flag.[213] Similarly, Warner Bros. announced they were halting production of "General Lee" car toys, which prominently feature a Confederate flag on the roof.[214] Many major flag manufacturers also decided to stop profiting from the flag.[215][216][217]

### Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

[edit]

See also: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

The city of New Orleans has announced plans to remove four memorials related to the Confederacy.[218] Two of them, the Battle of Liberty Place Monument and the Jefferson Davis Monument, have been removed as of May 11, 2017.[219]

### Other

[edit]

In reaction to the controversy regarding the Confederate flag's modern display, institutions across the U.S. have considered removing the names of historic Confederate figures from schools, colleges, and streets. Campaigns to change the names were started in several cities.[220]

In a national survey which was conducted in 2015, 57% of Americans opined that the Confederate flag represented Southern pride rather than racism. A previous poll which was conducted in 2000 had a nearly identical result of 59%. However, poll results which were only collected from citizens who were living in the South yielded different results: 75% of whites described the flag as a symbol of pride, while 75% of blacks said that the flag represented racism.[221]

### Earl Holt's political donations

[edit]

Earl Holt, the leader of the Council of Conservative Citizens, whose website Roof credited for shaping his views in his manifesto, gave more than $74,000[222] to Republican candidates and committees in recent years, including campaign donations to 2016 presidential candidates Ted Cruz, Rick Santorum, and Rand Paul, who have all condemned Roof's racially based motives.[223][224][225] Following the shooting, and after a journalist contacted the campaigns with details about the donor's background, a spokesman for the Ted Cruz campaign said that he would return an $8,500 donation to Holt;[225] the campaign later said that it would donate $11,000 to the Mother Emanuel Hope Fund, to assist the victims' families.[222] The Rand Paul campaign said Holt's $2,250 donation would be given to the Fund,[224] and Rick Santorum said his $1,500 donation from Holt would be donated to the same charity.[226] Twelve other Republican office-holders also announced they would be returning or donating Holt's contributions.[222]

### "Terrorism" terminology

[edit]

Main articles: Terrorism and Definition of terrorism

Further information: Terrorism in the United States, Domestic terrorism in the United States, and Right-wing terrorism

While some media professionals, politicians and law enforcement officials referred to the attack as an act of domestic terrorism, others did not. This renewed a debate about the terminology which people should use whenever they describe the shooting and other attacks.[227]

On June 18, professor and terrorism expert Brian Phillips offered his definition of terrorism by saying, the shooting was "clearly a terrorist act". He based this conclusion on a racist political motivation that "seems likely" and his "intimidation of a wider audience" criterion was met when "... the shooter reportedly left one person alive to spread the message".[228] An article by CNN National Security Analyst Peter Bergen and David Sterman on June 19 says, "By any reasonable standard, this is terrorism, which is generally defined as an act of violence against civilians by individuals or organizations for political purposes. ... [D]eadly acts of terrorism by virulent racists and anti-government extremists have been more common in the United States than deadly acts of jihadist terrorism since 9/11."[229]

Some publications and their analyses of the event said that these naming discrepancies reflect either forms of denial or outright racism.[230][231][232] The journalist Glenn Greenwald wrote that

> Almost immediately, news reports indicated that there was 'no sign of terrorism' - by which they meant: it does not appear that the shooter is Muslim ... other than the perpetrator’s non-Muslim identity, the Charleston attack from the start had the indicia of what is commonly understood to be 'terrorism'. (emphasis in original)[233]

Speaking at a press conference in Baltimore on June 19, FBI Director James Comey said, while his agency was investigating the shooting as a "hate crime", he did not consider it an "act of terrorism", citing the lack of political motivation for the suspect's actions.[234][235] He said, "Terrorism is act of violence done or threatened in order to try to influence a public body or citizenry, so it's more of a political act, and again, based on what I know, I don't see this as a political act. Doesn't make it any less horrific, but terrorism has a definition under federal law."[234]

Heidi Beirich, who leads the Intelligence Project at the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), pointed to the discovery of a website attributed to Roof, which featured a manifesto and sixty photos as an example of why federal agents "don't have themselves together on this issue". The website began circulating on the Internet on June 20. Beirich said, "The way they found the website was that someone ran a domain tool reverse search on this guy's name... It wasn't rocket science, but where were the feds?"[236]

On June 24, FBI spokesman Paul Bresson left the possibility of terrorism charges open, saying, "Any eventual federal charges will be determined by the facts at the conclusion of the investigation, and are not influenced by how the investigation is initially opened." Ultimately, it is up to Department of Justice prosecutors to decide what federal charges to bring. A spokesperson for Attorney General Loretta Lynch said the Department of Justice was investigating the shooting as both "a hate crime and as an act of domestic terrorism."[237]

### Imitators and subculture

[edit]

The infamy of Roof and the shooting has inspired imitators to plot similar attacks. Benjamin Thomas Samuel McDowell was arrested for unlawful firearm possession; he had been planning to shoot up the Temple Emanu-El synagogue in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, while Elizabeth Lecron and Vincent Armstrong were arrested for plotting to use explosives to commit "upscale mass murder"[clarification needed] in Toledo, Ohio, having previously corresponded with Roof himself.[238][239][240][241]

A violent neo-Nazi subculture which glorifies Roof and other far-right mass murderers has also emerged, and it is known as the "Bowl Gang" or the "Bowl Patrol", referring to Roof's distinctive bowl haircut.[242][243][244]

## Lawsuits

[edit]

On October 29, 2021, the Justice Department agreed to pay $88 million to the families of the victims and the wounded. The settlement comes about after relatives of the victims sued the FBI because it had a faulty background check system, which allowed Roof to purchase the gun that he used in the shooting. The relatives of the deceased will receive $6m and $7.5m while five other people who sustained injuries will each receive $5 million.[245][246]

## See also

[edit]

* African-American history
* African Americans in South Carolina
* 16th Street Baptist Church bombing (1963)
* Far-right politics#United States
* Post–civil rights era in African-American history
* Racial segregation of churches in the United States
* Racism against African Americans
* Racism in the United States
* Radical right (United States)
* Right-wing terrorism
* White nationalism#United States
* White supremacy#United States

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Federal
* Hate crimes resulting in death (9 counts)
* Hate crimes involving an intent to kill (3 counts)
* Obstruction of religious exercise resulting in death (9 counts)
* Obstruction of religious exercise involving an intent to kill using a weapon (3 counts)
* Use of a firearm during a crime of violence resulting in death (9 counts)
South Carolina
* Murder (9 counts)
* Attempted murder (3 counts)
* Possession of a weapon during the commission of a violent crime

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[edit]

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191. ^ Kreps, Daniel (June 19, 2015). "Watch Jon Stewart's Heartbreaking Charleston Shooting Monologue". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
192. ^ Thompson, Catherine (June 22, 2015). "Group That May Have Influenced Charleston Killer: He Had Some 'Legitimate Grievances'". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
193. ^ Garza, Lisa Maria (June 20, 2015). "NRA executive suggests slain Charleston pastor to blame for gun deaths". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
194. ^ Associated Press (June 19, 2015). "Charleston shooting the fault of slain pastor Clementa Pinckney, NRA board member writes". The Times-Picayune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
195. ^ "Rhodesians Worldwide homepage". Rhodesians Worldwide. Archived from the original on July 27, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
196. ^ "Panthers owner donates $100,000 to Charleston victims". National Football League. June 20, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
197. ^ "Panthers make generous donation for church shooting victims". WCNC.com. June 20, 2015. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
198. ^ Brown, Jeffrey (January 8, 2018). "This artist is taking on America's history of violence". PBS NewsHour. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
199. ^ "Many Ask, Why Not Call Church Shooting Terrorism". The New York Times. June 18, 2015. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
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201. ^ Ganz, Jami (May 21, 2019). "Nashville-area shooter wanted to kill 10 white congregants to avenge Charleston church victims". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
202. ^ Bowles, Laken (May 21, 2019). "Gunman's note: "Dylann Roof is less than nothing", says shooting was "vengeance" for Charleston". News Channel 5 (Nashville). Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
203. ^ "South Carolina Confederate Monument". The Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
204. ^ a b Moyer, Justin Wm. (June 19, 2015). "Why South Carolina's Confederate flag isn't at half-staff after church shooting". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
205. ^ Alcindor, Yamiche; Stanglin, Doug (June 19, 2015). "Dylann Roof charged with 9 counts of murder in Charleston attack". USA Today. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
206. ^ Rogers, Katie (June 19, 2015). "Charleston Shooting Reignites Debate About Confederate Flag". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
207. ^ Barbaro, Michael (June 20, 2015). "Mitt Romney, Jeb Bush and Ted Cruz Weigh In on Confederate Flag at South Carolina Capitol". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
208. ^ Macpherson, Robert (June 20, 2015). "Protesters target Confederate flag after Charleston killings". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
209. ^ Niquette, Mark (June 22, 2015). "South Carolina Governor Backs Removal of Confederate Flag". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
210. ^ Sack, Kevin; Alvarez, Lizette (June 26, 2015). "President Obama Eulogizes Charleston Pastor as One Who Understood Grace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
211. ^ The Washington Post, Jenny Horne: How a descendant of the president of the Confederacy helped vanquish his flag Archived November 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine accessdate=2015-07-09
212. ^ Wagner, Meg; Siemaszko, Corky (July 10, 2015). "Confederate flag fans, critics gather at S.C. statehouse". The New York Daily News. Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
213. ^ Lee, MJ (June 23, 2015). "Walmart, Amazon.com, Sears, eBay to stop selling Confederate flag merchandise". CNN. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
214. ^ Rich, McCormik (June 23, 2015). "Warner Bros. scraps Dukes of Hazzard car toys over Confederate flag controversy". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
215. ^ McAllister, Edward (June 24, 2015). "At rural South Carolina flag factory, sadness and pride". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 22, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
216. ^ Osborn, Katy (June 23, 2015). "Prominent Flag Manufacturer Will Stop Producing Confederate Flags". Time. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
217. ^ Chapa, Sergio (June 23, 2015). "Dixie Flag will no longer sell confederate flags". San Antonio Business Journal. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
218. ^ "New Orleans tears down Confederate monument". CBS News. April 24, 2017. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
219. ^ Pisarro, Marcelo (September 2017). "Memorias en guerra en Estados Unidos". La Nación, Ideas. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
220. ^ "Institutions reconsider Confederate memorials after Charleston, S.C., church shooting". Mass Live. July 5, 2015. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
221. ^ "Poll: Majority sees Confederate flag as Southern pride symbol, not racist". CNN. July 2, 2015. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
222. ^ a b c Swaine, Jon; Glenza, Jessica (June 22, 2015). "Four Republican hopefuls return money after 'Dylann Roof manifesto's revelation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
223. ^ Alexander, Harriet (June 22, 2015). "Republican candidates accepted donations from man whose organisation inspired Dylann Roof". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
224. ^ a b Lichtblau, Eric (June 22, 2015). "White Supremacist Donated to 2016 G.O.P. Campaigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
225. ^ a b "Leader of group cited in 'Dylann Roof manifesto' donated to top Republicans". The Guardian. June 22, 2015. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
226. ^ Thompson, Catherine (June 22, 2015). "Santorum To Give Away Money Donated To Him By White Supremacist". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
227. ^ Chowdhry, Affan (June 19, 2015). "Questions surround reluctance to label Charleston shooting as 'terrorism'". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
228. ^ Phillips, Brian J. (June 18, 2015). "Was what happened in Charleston terrorism?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
229. ^ Bergen, Peter; Sterman, David (June 19, 2015). "Call it terrorism in Charleston". CNN. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
230. ^ Groll, Elias (June 18, 2015). "Was the Charleston Massacre an Act of Terrorism?". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
231. ^ Cobb, Jelani (June 29, 2015). "Terrorism in Charleston". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
232. ^ Gladstone, Rick (June 18, 2015). "Civil-rights experts have one word for church attack: It was terrorism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 16, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
233. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (June 19, 2015). "Refusal to Call Charleston Shootings 'Terrorism' Again Shows It's a Meaningless Propaganda Term". The Intercept. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
234. ^ a b "FBI Director: Charleston shooting not terrorism". WHAM-TV. June 20, 2015. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
235. ^ Harris, Shane (June 22, 2015). "White House Won't Back FBI Chief on Charleston 'Terror'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
236. ^ Gumbel, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Beyond Dylann Roof: inside the hunt for domestic extremists in the digital age". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
237. ^ Melber, Ari (June 24, 2015). "FBI: Terrorism charges not ruled out in Charleston shooting". MSNBC. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
238. ^ Bidgood, Jess (February 16, 2017). "Man in South Carolina Wanted to Copy Dylann Roof, Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
239. ^ "Toledo couple indicted for conspiracy to use explosives and firearms to kill and injure others". United States Department of Justice. January 3, 2019. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
240. ^ Santiago, Elyn (December 12, 2018). "Elizabeth LeCron: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
241. ^ Hutton, Caleb (December 11, 2018). "Man with arsenal allegedly fantasized about killing Jews". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
242. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (February 7, 2019). "An online subculture celebrating the Charleston church shooter appears to be inspiring copycat plots". Vox. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
243. ^ Blumenthal, Paul; Schulberg, Jessica; O'Brien, Luke (March 16, 2019). "Mass Shooters Have Been Exploiting The Internet For Years. New Zealand Took It To A New Level". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
244. ^ "Hardcore White Supremacists Elevate Dylann Roof to Cult Hero Status". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
245. ^ "Charleston church shooting $88m settlement reached". BBC News. October 29, 2021. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
246. ^ Williams, Pete (October 29, 2021). "Justice Department reaches settlement with families of 2015 Charleston church massacre". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.

## External links

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Charleston church shooting.

* The Last Rhodesian via Archive.org – Dylann Roof website
* "South Carolina State Senate Debate on the Confederate Flag". C-SPAN. June 23, 2015.
* #Charlestonsyllabus, a list of academic sources related to the shooting
* Marcelo Pisarro, "Un año de la masacre de Charleston: el debate que no fue", La Nación, June 12, 2016. (Spanish)

* v
* t
* e

City of Charleston, South Carolina

Mayor|

* William S. Cogswell Jr.

Districts|

* Downtown
* West Ashley
* Daniel Island
* Johns Island (parts)
* Cainhoy Peninsula

Sports teams|

* South Carolina Stingrays (ECHL)
* Charleston Battery (USL)
* Charleston RiverDogs (SAL)
* Charleston Outlaws RFC (USA Rugby)

Newspapers|

* The Post and Courier
* Charleston City Paper
* The Charleston Regional Business Journal
* The Catholic Miscellany

Television
stations|

* 2 WCBD-TV (NBC)
* 4 WCIV-ABC
* 5 WCSC-TV (CBS)
* 7 WITV-TV (PBS)
* 18 WLCN-CD (RTN)
* 24 WTAT-TV (Fox)
* 36 WMMP-TV (MyNetworkTV)

Squares|

* Court House Square
* Marion Square
* Washington Square

Transport|

* Int'l Airport
* Executive Airport
* Charleston Area Regional Transportation Authority
* Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge

Education|

| K–12|

* CCSD
* St. John's HS
* West Ashley HS

* Ashley Hall
* Bishop England HS
* Porter-Gaud School
* Charleston Collegiate School (in Johns Island)

|

Tertiary|

* College of Charleston
* The Citadel
* American College of the Building Arts
* Charleston School of Law
* Medical University of South Carolina

History|

* Timeline
* American Civil War
* 1886 earthquake
* 2015 church shooting

Landmarks|

* The Battery
* Edmondston–Alston House
* Pink House
* Public art
* Rainbow Row

Religion|

* Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist
* Cathedral of St. Luke and St. Paul
* Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church
* Huguenot Church
* Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
* St. John's Reformed Episcopal Church
* St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church
* St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church
* St. Michael's Episcopal Church
* St. Philip's Episcopal Church

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Alt-right

Ideas|

| Core|

* American nationalism
* Anti-communism
* Antifeminism
* Anti-immigration
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Zionism
* "Blood and soil"
* Cultural racism
* Fourteen Words
* Ghost skin
* Gun rights
* Homophobia
* Increase in birth rates
* Islamophobia
* Isolationism
* Large families
* Nativism
* Protectionism
* Racism
* Right-wing populism
* Scientific racism
* Transphobia
* White ethnostate
* White nationalism
* White supremacy
* Xenophobia

|

Conspiracy
theories|

* Cultural Marxism
* Eurabia
* George Soros
* Great Replacement
* Homosexual agenda
* Kalergi Plan
* Murder of Seth Rich
* New World Order
* Pizzagate
* USS Liberty incident
* White genocide
* Zionist Occupation Government

Related|

* Accelerationism
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
* Alternative media
* Boogaloo movement
* Christian Identity
* Creativity
* DezNat
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Ethnofuturism
* Holocaust denial
* Identitarian movement
* Incel
* Kinism
* Manosphere
* Men Going Their Own Way
* MAGA Communism
* National Socialist black metal
* Neo-Confederate
* Neo-fascism
* Neo-nationalism
* Neo-Nazism
* Northwest Territorial Imperative
* Nordic racial paganism/Odalism
* Nouvelle Droite
* Paleoconservatism
* Paleolibertarianism
* QAnon
* Radical right
* Reactionary
* Dark Enlightenment
* Third Position
* Ultraconservatism
* White Lives Matter

Online
culture|

| Alt-tech|

* 4chan
* /pol/
* 8chan
* BitChute
* Epik
* Gab
* Gettr
* Minds
* Parler
* Terrorgram
* Truth Social
* Voat (defunct)

|

Websites|

* American Renaissance
* Breitbart News
* The Daily Stormer
* Infowars
* Kingdom Identity Ministries
* Kuruc.info
* Metapedia
* Occidental Observer
* The Occidental Quarterly
* Rebel News
* Red Ice
* Reddit (r/The_Donald)
* The Right Stuff
* StoneToss
* Stormfront
* TruNews
* Vanguard News Network
* VDARE
* WorldNetDaily

Memes|

* "Basket of deplorables"
* "Beta male"
* Countryballs
* "Cuckservative"
* Fashwave
* Happy Merchant
* "It's okay to be white"
* Moon Man
* NPC
* OK gesture
* "Owning the libs"
* Pepe the Frog
* "Red pill and blue pill"
* Right Wing Death Squad
* "Remove Kebab"
* "Shadilay"
* "Snowflake"
* "Social justice warrior"
* Trash Doves
* Triple parentheses
* Undercut

Groups|

* AltRight Corporation
* American Freedom Party
* Anti-Communist Action
* Antipodean Resistance
* Atomwaffen Division
* The Base
* Deplorable Pride
* Diagolon
* Groypers
* Hundred-Handers
* Identity Evropa (defunct)
* Identitarian Movement of Austria
* Lads Society
* Les Identitaires
* London Forum
* National Justice Party
* National Policy Institute
* New Century Foundation
* Patriot Front
* Patriot Prayer
* Proud Boys
* Rise Above Movement
* Traditionalist Worker Party (defunct)
* Vanguard America
* Washington Summit Publishers
* Wolves of Vinland

Events|

| Incidents|

* Berkeley protests
* Comicsgate
* DeploraBall
* End Domestic Terrorism rally
* Gamergate
* Macron e-mail leaks
* Unite the Right rally
* Unite the Right 2

|

Attacks|

* Assault of DeAndre Harris
* Buffalo shooting
* Charleston church shooting
* Charlottesville car attack
* Christchurch mosque shootings
* El Paso shooting
* Murder of Blaze Bernstein
* Murder of Timothy Caughman
* Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
* Portland train attack

Lists|

* List of Atomwaffen Division members in the United States who faced criminal charges
* Timeline of activities involving the Proud Boys
* Timeline of crimes involving the Order of Nine Angles

People|

* James Allsup
* Andrew Anglin
* Andrew "weev" Auernheimer
* Steve Bannon
* Theodore "Vox Day" Beale
* Carl "Sargon of Akkad" Benjamin
* Owen Benjamin
* Don Black
* Peter Brimelow
* Christopher Cantwell
* Mike Cernovich
* Alain de Benoist
* John Derbyshire
* Jack Donovan
* David Duke
* Mike Enoch
* Guillaume Faye
* Haakon Forwald
* Daniel Friberg
* Nick Fuentes
* Jean-François Gariépy
* Ben Garrison
* Austin "Augustus Sol Invictus" Gillespie
* Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
* Faith Goldy
* Paul Gottfried
* Christopher Paul Hasson
* Matthew Heimbach
* Michael A. Hoffman II
* Sam Hyde
* Dillon Irizarry
* Charles C. Johnson
* Greg Johnson
* William Daniel Johnson
* Alex Jones
* Arthur J. Jones
* Jason Jorjani
* Ruuben Kaalep
* Tom Kawcyznski
* Jason Kessler
* Douglas Murray
* Steve King
* Elliott Kline
* Nick Land
* Alex Linder
* Patrick Little
* Lana Lokteff
* Laura Loomer
* Norman Lowell
* Kevin MacDonald
* Jeremy MacKenzie
* James Mason
* Stephen McNallen
* Merlin Miller
* Stephen Miller
* Stefan Molyneux
* Paul Nehlen
* Paul "GypsyCrusader" Nicholas Miller
* Ethan Nordean
* Jack Posobiec
* Bronze Age Pervert
* Paul Ray Ramsey
* William Regnery II
* Jack Renshaw
* Colin "Millennial Woes" Robertson
* Thomas Rousseau
* Steve Sailer
* Martin Sellner
* Thomas Sewell
* Lauren Southern
* Richard B. Spencer
* Brett Stevens
* Jared Taylor
* Tila Tequila
* Daryush "Roosh V" Valizadeh
* Varg Vikernes
* Paul Joseph Watson
* Lucian Wintrich
* Curtis Yarvin
* Milo Yiannopoulos

Opposition
and
criticism|

| People|

* Antifa
* Steven "Destiny" Bonnell II
* Ian "Vaush" Kochinski
* Harry "Hbomberguy" Brewis
* Ian "Innuendo Studios" Danskin
* Robert Evans
* Emily Gorcenski
* Daryle Lamont Jenkins
* Angela Nagle
* David Neiwert
* Shaun
* Abigail "Philosophy Tube" Thorn
* Natalie "ContraPoints" Wynn
* Donna Zuckerberg

|

Media|

* Alt-America
* Culture Warlords
* Devil's Bargain
* Feels Good Man
* I Don't Speak German
* It Came From Something Awful
* Kill All Normies
* Knowledge Fight
* White Right: Meeting the Enemy

* v
* t
* e

Black Lives Matter

People|

* Melina Abdullah
* Tay Anderson
* Cat Brooks
* Cori Bush
* Gwen Carr
* Benjamin Crump
* Patrisse Cullors
* Aalayah Eastmond
* Johnetta Elzie
* Bruce Franks Jr.
* Darnella Frazier
* Erica Garner
* Alicia Garza
* Elle Hearns
* Sandy Hudson
* Blair Imani
* Natalie Aleta Jackson
* Marissa Johnson
* Sasha Johnson
* Jari Jones
* Tishaura Jones
* Mariame Kaba
* Colin Kaepernick
* Brittany Kamai
* Janaya Khan
* Shaun King
* Nekima Levy Armstrong
* Eva Lewis
* Tamika Mallory
* Philip McHarris
* DeRay Mckesson
* Muhiyidin Moye
* Bree Newsome
* Nikkita Oliver
* Ijeoma Oluo
* Brittany Packnett Cunningham
* Eugene Puryear
* Teressa Raiford
* Jen Reid
* Linda Sarsour
* Al Sharpton
* Samuel Sinyangwe
* Nova Stevens
* Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor
* John Thompson
* Ayọ Tometi
* Assa Traoré
* Syrus Marcus Ware

Events|

| 2010s|

* Ferguson unrest
* 2015 Baltimore protests
* 2015–2016 University of Missouri protests
* Dismissal of Robert Rialmo
* 2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest
* 2017 St. Louis protests

|

2020s|

* Breonna Taylor protests
* George Floyd protests
* changes made
* name changes
* removal of monuments and memorials
* reactions
* trial of Derek Chauvin
* violence and controversies
* Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church
* police violence incidents
* Buffalo police shoving incident
* St. Louis gun-toting incident
* vehicle-ramming incidents
* Black Birders Week
* Blackout Tuesday
* Capitol Hill Occupied Protest
* Academic strike
* General strike
* Kenosha unrest
* shooting
* Athlete strikes
* 2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot
* 2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest
* Orisha Land
* Daunte Wright protests
* 2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest
* vehicle-ramming attack
* Tyre Nichols protests

Locations|

* Protests in New York City
* List of George Floyd protests
* United States
* outside the United States
* List of Daunte Wright protests

Deaths protested|

| 2009–2011|

* Oscar Grant
* Aiyana Jones
* James Anderson
* Mark Duggan
* Kenneth Chamberlain Sr.
* Anthony Lamar Smith

|

2012–2013|

* Ramarley Graham
* Trayvon Martin
* Rekia Boyd
* Jordan Davis
* Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams
* Tyrone West
* Larry Jackson Jr.
* Jonathan Ferrell
* Miriam Carey
* Renisha McBride

2014|

* Dontre Hamilton
* Eric Garner
* John Crawford III
* Michael Brown
* Ezell Ford
* Laquan McDonald
* Akai Gurley
* Tamir Rice
* Antonio Martin
* Jerame Reid

2015|

* Natasha McKenna
* Charley Leundeu Keunang
* Tony Robinson
* Anthony Hill
* Meagan Hockaday
* Eric Harris
* Walter Scott
* Freddie Gray
* William Chapman
* Charleston church shooting
* Jonathan Sanders
* Sandra Bland
* Samuel DuBose
* Mansur Ball-Bey
* Jeremy McDole
* Corey Jones
* Jamar Clark
* Mario Woods

2016|

* Greg Gunn
* Alton Sterling
* Philando Castile
* Joseph Mann
* Adama Traoré
* Abdirahman Abdi
* Paul O'Neal
* Korryn Gaines
* Jamarion Robinson
* Sylville Smith
* Elijah Doughty
* Terence Crutcher
* Keith Lamont Scott
* Alfred Olango
* Deborah Danner

2017|

* Jocques Clemmons
* Jordan Edwards
* Edson Da Costa
* Rashan Charles
* Patrick Harmon

2018|

* Anthony Weber
* Stephon Clark
* Marcus-David Peters
* Antwon Rose Jr.
* Markeis McGlockton
* Daniel Hambrick
* Botham Jean
* Tamla Horsford
* Jemel Roberson
* EJ Bradford Jr.

2019|

* George Robinson
* Willie McCoy
* Danquirs Franklin
* Javier Ambler
* Lassana Cisse
* Ronald Greene
* Pamela Turner
* Layleen Polanco
* Shukri Abdi
* Christopher Kapessa
* Elijah McClain
* Atatiana Jefferson

2020|

* Alvin Cole
* Ahmaud Arbery
* Manuel Ellis
* Breonna Taylor
* Daniel Prude
* Nina Pop
* George Floyd
* Dion Johnson
* Tony McDade
* Regis Korchinski-Paquet
* James Scurlock
* David McAtee
* Oluwatoyin Salau
* Carlos Carson
* Rayshard Brooks
* Julian Lewis
* Dijon Kizzee
* Marcellis Stinnette
* Chaniece Wallace
* Walter Wallace
* Andre Hill
* Dolal Idd

2021|

* Marvin Scott
* Adam Toledo
* Daunte Wright
* Lindani Myeni
* Ma'Khia Bryant
* Andrew Brown Jr.
* Winston Boogie Smith
* Leneal Frazier

2022|

* Amir Locke
* Patrick Lyoya
* Jayland Walker
* Donovan Lewis

2023|

* Keenan Anderson
* Tyre Nichols
* Irvo Otieno
* Jordan Neely
* Ricky Cobb II
* Johnny Hollman
* Ta'Kiya Young
* Leonard Cure

2024|

* Dexter Reed
* Roger Fortson
* Sonya Massey
* Robert Brooks

Other cases
protested|

* Kalief Browder
* 2015 Texas pool party incident
* Shooting of Charles Kinsey
* Shooting of Jacob Blake
* Shooting of Ralph Yarl
* Rankin County torture incident

In popular culture|

| Art|

* New York City
* Bust of George Floyd
* Portland, Oregon
* George Floyd mural
* We Stand with You
* Say Their Names
* Statue of George Floyd

| Street murals|

* Cincinnati
* Indianapolis
* Portland, Oregon
* Salt Lake City
* Santa Cruz, California
* Seattle
* Capitol Hill
* City Hall
* Springfield, Massachusetts

|

Books|

* All American Boys
* Black Software
* Blackout
* Brit(ish)
* Dear Martin
* The Hate U Give
* His Name Is George Floyd
* I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street
* Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin

Film|

* 16 Shots
* 3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets
* American Son
* Bars4Justice
* Fruitvale Station
* Generation Revolution
* The Hate U Give
* Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story
* Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement
* Stranger Fruit
* Two Distant Strangers
* Whose Streets?

Music|

* "Alright"
* "Angel Down"
* "The Bigger Picture"
* "Black Parade"
* "Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate"
* "Chains"
* "Cop vs. Phone Girl"
* "Don't Shoot"
* "Formation"
* "Freedom"
* "Hell You Talmbout"
* "I Can't Breathe"
* "Lavender (Nightfall Remix)"
* "Loyal Like Sid & Nancy"
* "Otherside of America"
* "Riot"
* "Rockstar (BLM Remix)"
* The Seven Last Words of the Unarmed
* "Snow on tha Bluff"
* "This Is America"
* "What They'll Say About Us"
* "White Privilege II"

Other|

* Colin in Black & White
* 8:46
* "Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town"
* Our Lady of Ferguson
* Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge
* Woke (TV series)

Activist groups|

* 8 to Abolition
* Assata's Daughters
* Black Feminist Future
* Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
* Black Visions Collective
* BlackinChem
* BYP100
* Campaign Zero
* Don't Shoot Portland
* Millennial Activists United
* Mothers of Gynecology Movement
* Mothers of the Movement
* Movement for Black Lives
* Peoples Power Assemblies
* #SayHerName
* Stop Cop City
* Street Riders NYC
* Taking the Initiative Party
* Wall of Moms
* White Coats for Black Lives

Proposed
legislation|

* BREATHE Act
* Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm
* Ending Qualified Immunity Act
* George Floyd Justice in Policing Act
* George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act
* Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-Today Act
* List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests

Groups associated
with opposition|

* All Lives Matter
* Alt-right
* Black Guns Matter
* Blue Lives Matter
* Patriot Front
* Russian disinformation campaigns
* Trump administration
* United Citizens' Alarm
* White Lives Matter

Related|

* 2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States
* 2020–2023 United States racial unrest
* list of incidents
* Black Lives Matter Plaza
* Black maternal mortality in the United States
* Criminal stereotype of African Americans
* Defund the police
* Driving while black
* Running while Black
* shopping while black
* Ferguson effect
* George Floyd Square
* Hands up, don't shoot
* I can't breathe
* National anthem protests
* Native Lives Matter
* No justice, no peace
* Police abolition movement
* 2021 Minneapolis Question 2
* Police accountability
* blue wall of silence
* gypsy cops
* police perjury
* qualified immunity
* Police brutality
* militarization
* pain compliance
* use of deadly force
* use of torture
* Police misconduct
* false arrest
* racial profiling
* ticket quota
* Racial bias in criminal news
* Rest in power
* Save the Boards
* Taking the knee
* Terry stop
* The talk
* Woke

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Mass shootings in the United States in the 2010s

2010|

* St. Louis, MO (Jan. 7)
* Kennesaw, GA (Jan. 12)
* Appomattox, VA (Jan. 17–20)
* Huntsville, AL (Feb. 12)
* West Memphis, AR (May 20)
* Manchester, CT (Aug. 3)
* Buffalo, NY (Aug. 14)

2011|

* Casas Adobes, AZ (Jan. 8)
* Medford, NY (Jun. 19)
* Grand Rapids, MI (Jul. 7)
* Copley Township, OH (Aug. 7)
* Carson City, NV (Sep. 6)
* Seal Beach, CA (Oct. 12)
* Irwindale, CA (Dec. 16)

2012|

* Chardon, OH (Feb. 27)
* Oakland, CA (Apr. 2)
* Seattle, WA (May 30)
* Houston, TX (Jun. 20)
* Aurora, CO (Jul. 20)
* Oak Creek, WI (Aug. 5)
* College Station, TX (Aug. 13)
* Manhattan, NY (Aug. 24)
* Minneapolis, MN (Sep. 27)
* Brookfield, WI (Oct. 21)
* Fresno, CA (Nov. 6)
* Newtown, CT (Dec. 14)
* Webster, NY (Dec. 24)

2013|

* Albuquerque, NM (Jan. 19)
* Herkimer County, NY (Mar. 13)
* Hialeah, FL (Jul. 26)
* Ross Township, PA (Aug. 5)
* Washington, D.C. (Sep. 16)
* Los Angeles, CA (Nov. 1)
* Montgomery, AL (Dec. 28)

2014|

* Killeen, TX (Apr. 2)
* Isla Vista, CA (May 23)
* Las Vegas, NV (Jun. 8)
* Harris County, TX (Jul. 9)
* Marysville, WA (Oct. 24)
* Montgomery County, PA (Dec. 15)

2015|

* Waco, TX (May 17)
* Charleston, SC (Jun. 17)
* Chattanooga, TN (Jul. 16)
* Lafayette, LA (Jul. 23)
* Harris County, TX (Aug. 8)
* Roseburg, OR (Oct. 1)
* Flagstaff, AZ (Oct. 9)
* Colorado Springs, CO (Nov. 27)
* San Bernardino, CA (Dec. 2)

2016|

* Kalamazoo County, MI (Feb. 20)
* Newton & Hesston, KS (Feb. 25)
* Wilkinsburg, PA (Mar. 9)
* Kansas City, KS & Montgomery County, MO (Mar. 7–8)
* Orlando, FL (Jun. 12)
* Dallas, TX (Jul. 7)
* St. Joseph, MI (Jul. 11)
* Baton Rouge, LA (Jul. 17)
* Mukilteo, WA (Jul. 30)
* Citronelle, AL (Aug. 20)
* Burlington, WA (Sep. 23)
* Townville, SC (Sep. 28)

2017|

* Broward County, FL (Jan. 6)
* Fresno, CA (Apr. 18)
* Lincoln County, MS (May 27)
* Orlando, FL (Jun. 5)
* Sandy, UT (Jun. 6)
* Eaton Township, PA (Jun. 8)
* Alexandria, VA (Jun. 14)
* San Francisco, CA (Jun. 14)
* Bronx, NY (Jun. 30)
* Little Rock, AR (Jul. 1)
* Clovis, NM (Aug. 28)
* Plano, TX (Sep. 10)
* Nashville, TN (Sep. 24)
* Paradise, NV (Oct. 1)
* Sutherland Springs, TX (Nov. 5)
* Rancho Tehama, CA (Nov. 13–14)
* Highlands Ranch, CO (Dec. 31)

2018|

* Draffenville, KY (Jan. 23)
* Parkland, FL (Feb. 14)
* San Bruno, CA (Apr. 3)
* Nashville, TN (Apr. 22)
* Santa Fe, TX (May 18)
* Scottsdale, AZ (May 30–Jun. 4)
* Trenton, NJ (Jun. 17)
* Annapolis, MD (Jun. 28)
* Jacksonville, FL (Aug. 26)
* Cincinnati, OH (Sep. 6)
* Aberdeen, MD (Sep. 20)
* Florence, SC (Oct. 3)
* Pittsburgh, PA (Oct. 27)
* Tallahassee, FL (Nov. 2)
* Thousand Oaks, CA (Nov. 7)
* Globe, AZ (Nov. 11)

2019|

* Sebring, FL (Jan. 23)
* Ascension & Livingston Parishes, LA (Jan. 26)
* Houston, TX (Jan. 28)
* Aurora, IL (Feb. 15)
* Poway, CA (Apr. 27)
* Charlotte, NC (Apr. 30)
* Highlands Ranch, CO (May 7)
* Virginia Beach, VA (May 31)
* Gilroy, CA (Jul. 28)
* El Paso, TX (Aug. 3)
* Dayton, OH (Aug. 4)
* San Juan, PR (Oct. 14)
* Orinda, CA (Oct. 31)
* Santa Clarita, CA (Nov. 14)
* Fresno, CA (Nov. 17)
* Pensacola, FL (Dec. 6)
* Jersey City, NJ (Dec. 10)

Part of mass shootings in the United States by time period (1980s and before, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, 2020s)
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