Chelmsford, Massachusetts

This article is about the town in Massachusetts. For the city in the United Kingdom, see Chelmsford.

Town in Massachusetts, United States

Chelmsford, Massachusetts

Town

First Parish Church

Seal

Motto:

"Let the children guard what the sires have won."

Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts

Coordinates: 42°35′59″N 71°22′04″W﻿ / ﻿42.59972°N 71.36778°W﻿ / 42.59972; -71.36778
Country|  United States
State|  Massachusetts
County| Middlesex
Region| New England
English Settlement| 1652
Incorporated| 1655
Named for| Chelmsford, Essex
Government

• Type| Representative town meeting
• Select board|

* Patricia Wojtas, Chair
* Virginia E. Crocker Timmins, Vice Chair
* Erin E. Drew, Clerk
* George R. Dixon Jr.

• Town manager| Paul E. Cohen
Area

[1]

• Total| 23.1 sq mi (59.8 km2)
• Land| 22.4 sq mi (58.0 km2)
• Water| 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km2)
Elevation

| 246 ft (75 m)
Population

(2020)[2]

• Total| 36,392
• Density| 1,625.9/sq mi (627.8/km2)
Time zone| UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)| UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes|

01824 (Chelmsford)
01863 (North Chelmsford)

Area code| 351/978
FIPS code| 25-017-13135
GNIS feature ID| 0618220
Website| www.townofchelmsford.us

Chelmsford (/ˈtʃɛlmsfərd/) is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.

Chelmsford was incorporated in May 1655 by an act of the Massachusetts General Court. When Chelmsford was incorporated, its local economy was fueled by lumber mills, limestone quarries, kilns. In the 1700s, the Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. The farming community of East Chelmsford was incorporated as Lowell in the 1820s; over the next decades it would go on to become one of the first large-scale factory towns in the United States because of its early role in the country's Industrial Revolution. Chelmsford experienced a drastic increase in population between 1950 and 1970, coinciding with the connection of U.S. Route 3 in Lowell to Massachusetts Route 128 in the 1950s and the extension of U.S. Route 3 from Chelmsford to New Hampshire in the 1960s.

Chelmsford has a representative town meeting form of government. The town has one public high school—Chelmsford High School, which was ranked[3] among the top 500 schools in the nation in 2015—as well as two middle schools, and four elementary schools. The charter middle school started in Chelmsford became a regional charter school (Innovation Academy Charter School) covering grades 5 through 12, now located in Tyngsborough. Chelmsford high school age students also have the option of attending the Nashoba Valley Technical High School, located in Westford. In 2011, Chelmsford was declared the 28th best place to live in the United States by Money magazine.[4]

## History

[edit]

### Early colonization

[edit]

The Pennacook inhabited the area for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Settler-colonizers from the adjacent communities of Woburn and Concord founded Chelmsford in 1652. An act of the Massachusetts General Court in the last week of May 1655 incorporated Chelmsford as a town; it was named after Chelmsford, England. The nearby communities of Groton and Billerica were incorporated at the same time. Chelmsford originally contained the neighboring town of Westford, as well as parts of Carlisle, Tyngsborough and a large part of Lowell (formerly known as East Chelmsford).

Successive Pennacook leaders Passaconaway and Wonalancet strove to maintain a friendship with the European settler-colonizers who founded Chelmsford within their territory.[5] Despite this determinedly pro-peace stance, Chelmsford settlers became increasingly violent towards the tribe, often forcing the Pennacook to flee north temporarily or permanently. On one notable occasion, a handful of Pennacook who were too sick or elderly to flee with their kin remained behind and Chelmsford settlers burnt them alive in their dwelling.[5] Eventually most Pennacook refugees permanently moved north to join relations in Odanak, but their descendants among the Abenaki First Nation and other tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy continue to view Chelmsford as part of their ancestral and unceded homeland.[6][7]

Several women of Chelmsford were suspected of being witches, such as Sarah (Hildreth) Byam and Martha Sparks.[8] In 1691, Martha was held in the Boston Gaol for witchcraft, appeared in court, but was eventually set free after about a month. Some relate her freedom to the influence of the Chelmsford minister.[8][9]

Chelmsford Public Library, 1899

In 1722 Chelmsford had imposed a fine for keeping strangers in town for more than 30 days. This was used for racial, religious, and political discrimination, as well as to keep out witchcraft. This practice and similar ones occurred until the Act of Settlement of 1793.[8] Sarah (Hildreth) Byam was accused of being a witch under these circumstances.[10]

The Chelmsford militia played a role in the American Revolution at the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill. The town's own Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker fought on the hill. He was wounded and captured, and died from his wounds on July 4, 1775. The Lieutenant Colonel Moses Parker Middle School honors his name, and the lobby displays a representation of the man. He is depicted in the John Trumbull painting The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker's Hill, June 17, 1775 and in a painting in the Bunker Hill Museum. Captain Benjamin Walker of this town was also killed in this battle.

### Later history

[edit]

Ralph Waldo Emerson opened a school in Chelmsford in 1825, closing it after a few months to take over his brother's school in Roxbury.[11]

Chelmsford's first school for the deaf was established in 1866, with a focus in oralism. There was a maximum capacity of eight students at a time. This pioneer school was eventually closed in order to make way for the formation of a larger deaf school in Rowley known as Clark School.[8]

Both the Middlesex Canal and Middlesex Turnpike, major transportation routes, were built through Chelmsford in the first part of the 19th century.

Chelmsford was the birthplace of the Chelmsford Spring Co. in 1901, which later became the Chelmsford Ginger Ale Company, acquired by Canada Dry in 1928. The ginger ale plant, rebuilt in 1912 after a disastrous fire consumed the original plant, stood on Route 110 until its demolition in 1994. The Chelmsford brand of golden ginger ale continued to be manufactured by Canada Dry for decades. It is currently manufactured by Polar Beverages for DeMoulas/Market Basket supermarkets, based out of neighboring Tewksbury.[12]

## Geography

[edit]

Typical houses in Chelmsford

Chelmsford is in northern Middlesex County, bordered by the city of Lowell to the northeast. It is 25 miles (40 km) northwest of downtown Boston and 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Nashua, New Hampshire. The town is bordered by two sizable rivers: the Merrimack River to the northeast, and the Concord River at the town's easternmost boundary.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 23.1 square miles (60 km2), of which 22.4 square miles (58 km2) are land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km2), or 3.04%, are water.[1]

Chelmsford consists of several neighborhoods. In addition to the town center, smaller areas include South Chelmsford, West Chelmsford, East Chelmsford, North Chelmsford and the Westlands. North Chelmsford, an industrial village, is distinct from the rest of the town to the extent that it has many of its own town services.

## Climate

[edit]

Chelmsford, Massachusetts

Climate chart (explanation)

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3.5

2.8

4.1

3.8

3.7

3.4

3.6

3.4

3.4

3.9

3.8

3.5

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches
Source: [13]
| Metric conversion

103

100

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm

Like much of the rest of Massachusetts, Chelmsford has a humid continental climate according to the Köppen climate classification. Summers are typically warm and humid, while winters tend to be cold, windy, and snowy. The level of precipitation is roughly consistent throughout the year.[13]

In a typical year, Chelmsford, Massachusetts temperatures fall below 50°F for 195 days per year. Annual precipitation is typically 44.1 inches per year (high for the US) and snow covers the ground 62 days per year, or 17.0% of the year (high in the US). It may be helpful to understand the yearly precipitation by imagining nine straight days of moderate rain per year. The humidity is below 60% for approximately 25.4 days, or 7.0% of the year.[14]

## Demographics

[edit]

See also: List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1850| 2,097| —
1860| 2,291| +9.3%
1870| 2,374| +3.6%
1880| 2,553| +7.5%
1890| 2,695| +5.6%
1900| 3,984| +47.8%
1910| 5,010| +25.8%
1920| 5,682| +13.4%
1930| 7,022| +23.6%
1940| 8,077| +15.0%
1950| 9,407| +16.5%
1960| 15,130| +60.8%
1970| 31,432| +107.7%
1980| 31,174| −0.8%
1990| 32,383| +3.9%
2000| 33,858| +4.6%
2010| 33,802| −0.2%
2020| 36,392| +7.7%
2022*| 35,906| −1.3%
* = population estimate.
Source: United States census records and Population Estimates Program data.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

As of the US census of 2010,[26] there were 33,802 people, 13,313 households, and 9,328 families residing in the town. The racial makeup of the town was 88.6% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2% of the population.

### Crime

[edit]

As of 2008, Chelmsford had a violent crime rate of 132 incidents per 100,000 people,[27] compared to a rate of 449 in Massachusetts as a whole and 455 nationwide.[28][29][30] The town had a property crime rate of 1,904 incidents per 100,000 people in 2008,[27] compared to a rate of 2,400 for the state and 3,213 nationwide.[29][30] Chelmsford has one police station located near McCarthy Middle School. The 25,000 square feet (2,300 m2), $7.19-million dollar structure began operation in 2003.[31]

## Government

[edit]

Old Town Hall, now the town's Center for the Arts

The town uses a representative town meeting model with a Select Board overseeing the operation of the town.[32] From its incorporation until 1989, the town was governed by an open town meeting.[33] Reporting to the Select Board are the town manager, town counsel, and town accountant. The town manager oversees the public employees and serves as Chief Executive Officer. The current town manager is Paul Cohen. Other elected boards include the Planning Board, School Committee, Library Trustees, Cemetery Commission, Board of Health, Sewer Commission and the Zoning Board of Appeals.[34]

As of 2020[update] Chelmsford is represented in the Massachusetts Senate by Michael J. Barrett.[35][36] The town sends four delegates to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, each of whom represent one or more of Chelmsford's nine precincts.[35] Tami Gouveia is the state representative for precincts one and nine; Thomas Golden Jr., precincts two, three, and eight; James Arciero, precincts eight, five and seven; and Vanna Howard, precinct four.[35]

The Fay A. Rotenberg School, a juvenile correctional facility for girls operated by the Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps, Inc. on behalf of the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services, first opened in North Chelmsford in 1982; this facility had 16 beds.[37] In 2006 the school moved to its current location in Westborough.[38]

## Education

[edit]

The Chelmsford Public Schools district serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. Data below are from Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (ESE);[39] class sizes are for 2008–2009 school year.

Active Schools  Name | Grades | Enrolment

|
|

Charles D. Harrington Elementary School | Pre-K–4 | 586
Byam Elementary School | K–4 | 536
Center Elementary School | K–4 | 521
South Row Elementary School | K–4 | 473
Col. Moses Parker Middle School | 5–8 | 757
C. Edith McCarthy Middle School | 5–8 | 947
Chelmsford High School | 9–12 | 1412
Defunct Schools  Name | Status

|

North School | Building burned down in 1981.
Westlands Elementary School | Closed due to budget cuts in 2008. Building repurposed as home for Chelmsford Community Education and Chelmsford Integrated Preschool ("CHIPS") programs.
George R. Quessy School | Building no longer standing.
Highland School | Interior rebuilt as residential.
McFarlane School | Interior rebuilt as residential.
Chelmsford High School (1st) | High School moved into new building. Building repurposed as Town Hall offices.
Chelmsford High School (2nd) | High School moved into new building in 1974. Building repurposed as C. Edith McCarthy Middle School.
Murdoch Middle Public Charter School | Became Innovation Academy Charter School[40] and moved to new campus in Tyngsborough in 2008. Building repurposed as Middlesex Sheriff's Office Training Academy.

All expenditures considered, the Chelmsford public schools district spent $10,070 per pupil as of 2008, which was lower than the state average of $12,449. This was an increase of almost $400 from Chelmsford per-pupil spending in 2007. As of 2008 per-pupil allocation, $3,937 went to classroom and specialist teachers, $333 to administration, and $185 to instructional materials, equipment and technology.[41]

In 2009, Chelmsford High School ranked 66th out of 150 public high schools considered by Boston Magazine. The ranking took into account many statistics associated with quality of education and academic performance, including the school's 14.5:1 student–teacher ratio.[42] In the 2006–2007 school year, the average SAT scores for Chelmsford High School were 527 in the reading section, 519 in writing, and 535 in math.[43] Chelmsford High School performed significantly better than the state average in the English, math and science portions of the 2009 Grade 10 MCAS tests, scoring 89, 87 and 77 out of 100, respectively.[44]

## Historic places in Chelmsford

[edit]

Old Chelmsford Garrison House

* Chelmsford Center Historic District
* Fiske House (1798)
* Hildreth-Robbins House (1742)
* Middlesex Canal (1802)
* Old Chelmsford Garrison House (1691), now a museum
* Oliver Hutchins House (1820)
* Barrett-Byam Homestead (1663)-home of the Chelmsford Historical Society
* North Town Hall (1853)

## Transportation

[edit]

Chelmsford is located at the intersection of the major US highways of I-495 and U.S. 3. Also found in Chelmsford are state routes 3A, 4, 27, 40, 110, and 129, making it a significant junction of roadways. The heart of the town center is Central Square - the junction of routes 4, 110, the end of 129, and Westford Street.

Chelmsford is home to the former Drum Hill Rotary. This rotary was the cause of many accidents that occurred due to its small overall size and ability for vehicles to gain speed. It formed the intersection of U.S. Route 3 (exit 32), Route 4, Drum Hill Road, and Westford Road. The rotary was demolished in 2003. It was replaced with a four intersection square with traffic lights, and is now called Drum Hill Square. This was part of a widening project for U.S. Route 3 between Interstate 95 (Route 128) and the New Hampshire state line.

Freight travels daily through Chelmsford over the tracks of the historic Stony Brook Railroad. The line currently serves as a major corridor of Pan Am Railways' District 3 which connects New Hampshire and Maine with western Massachusetts, Vermont, and New York.[45]

The Bruce Freeman Rail Trail runs 6.8 miles (10.9 km) through Chelmsford, including the Central Square intersection.

The LRTA bus routes 15, 16 and 17 connect Chelmsford to the Lowell train station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Lowell Line.

## Notable people

[edit]

* Josiah Gardner Abbott (1814–1891), born in Chelmsford, politician[46]
* Keith Aucoin (born 1978), former NHL player
* Jeff Bauman (born 1986), author and Boston Marathon bombing survivor
* Phil Bourque (born 1962), former NHL player
* Gerry Callahan, sports columnist and radio host
* Dawn Clements (1958–2018), artist
* George Condo (born 1957), painter[47]
* Bill Cooke (born 1951), former NFL player
* Dan Curran (born 1976), former NFL player
* Edward DeSaulnier (1921–1989), state legislator and judge[48]
* Gururaj Deshpande, venture capitalist and entrepreneur
* Jack Eichel (born 1996), NHL player
* Bridget Richardson Fletcher (1726–1770), hymnwriter and poet[49]
* Steve Hunt (born 1958), jazz pianist and composer
* Ulysses John "Tony" Lupien (1917–2004), Major League Baseball player and college baseball coach
* Jon Morris (born 1966), former NHL player
* Colleen Mullen (born 1980), college basketball coach and former player
* Sandra Newman (born 1965), writer
* Benjamin Pierce (1757–1839), born in Chelmsford, Governor of New Hampshire and the father of U.S. president Franklin Pierce
* Jeffrey Snover, Microsoft Technical Fellow and inventor of PowerShell
* Peter Torkildsen (born 1958), former chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party and former congressman
* John Traphagan (born 1961), author and professor of religious studies and anthropology
* Kristen Wilson (born 1969), actress

## See also

[edit]

* Islamic Society of Greater Lowell

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Massachusetts: County Subdivisions". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
2. ^ "P1. Race – Chelmsford town, Massachusetts: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
3. ^ "America's Top High Schools". Newsweek. Newsweek LLC. September 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
4. ^ Ashford, Kate; Bartz, Andrea; Cox, Jeff; Fitch, Asa; Gandel, Stephen; Hyatt, Josh; Kelley, Rob; Knight, Kathleen; et al. (2011). "Best Places to Live: Top 100". CNN Money. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2012.
5. ^ a b Stewart-Smith, D. (1998). The Pennacook Indians and the New England frontier, circa 1604-1733. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
6. ^ Day, Gordon, 1981. The Identity of the Saint Francis Indians, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, National Museum Of Man Mercury Series ISSN 0316-1854, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 71 ISSN 0316-1862.
7. ^ "QUATRE NATIONS AUTOCHTONES S'UNISSENT POUR AFFIRMER LEUR AUTONOMIE TERRITORIALE". Odanak Band Council Website. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021.
8. ^ a b c d Wilson, Waters (1917). History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Lowell, Mass: Courier-Citizen Company. pp. 572–599.
9. ^ "SWP No. 123: Martha Sparks - New Salem - Pelican". salem.lib.virginia.edu. Archived from the original on July 2, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2020.
10. ^ Byam, Edwin (1975). Descendants of George Byam. Suffield, Conn. p. 14.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)https://www.chelmhist.org/media/Descendants_of_George_Byam.pdf
11. ^ "Emerson Chronology". Ralph Waldo Emerson Society. March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2010.
12. ^ "A taste of the town's history". GateHouse Media. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
13. ^ a b "Monthly averages and records". MSN. 2010. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
14. ^ "Climate in Chelmsford, Massachusetts". Retrieved March 31, 2023.
15. ^ "Total Population (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder, All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau. 2010.
16. ^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
17. ^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
18. ^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
19. ^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6, Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
20. ^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7. Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
21. ^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
22. ^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
23. ^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864. Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
24. ^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854. Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
25. ^ "City and Town Population Totals: 2020−2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
26. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
27. ^ a b "Massachusetts: Offenses Known to Law Enforcement by State by City, 2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
28. ^ Penman, Shelley (July 2009). "Violent Crime in Massachusetts" (PDF). Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
29. ^ a b "Crime in the United States by State, 2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2009. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
30. ^ a b "Crime in the United States by Volume and Rate per 100,000 Inhabitants, 1989–2008". US Federal Bureau of Investigation. September 2009. Archived from the original on January 23, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
31. ^ Spoth, Tom (April 15, 2003). "Chelmsford station to open April 22 knock wood". The Sun. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
32. ^ "Elected Officials, Board of Selectmen". Town of Chelmsford. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
33. ^ "Brief history" (PDF). chelmsfordgov.com. Town of Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
34. ^ "Elected Officials". Town of Chelmsford. January 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
35. ^ a b c "State Legislators". Town of Chelmsford. Archived from the original on December 11, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
36. ^ "About Senator Susan Fargo". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Archived from the original on December 13, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
37. ^ "Fay A. Rotenberg School North Chelmsford, Massachusetts" (). Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps. December 30, 2006. Retrieved on December 24, 2015.
38. ^ "Celebrating 30 Years of Service to Young Women" (Archive). Robert F. Kennedy Children's Action Corps. January 12, 2012. Retrieved on December 24, 2015.
39. ^ "Student Data, Chelmsford: Enrollment by Grade". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
40. ^ "About us". Innovation Academy Charter School. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
41. ^ "General Data, Chelmsford: Total Expenditure Per Pupil, All Funds, By Function". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
42. ^ Recck, George. "Public Schools Chart". Boston Magazine. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
43. ^ "2006-07 SAT Report". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
44. ^ "Top-scoring districts on the 2009 Grade 10 MCAS exams". Boston Globe. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
45. ^ Pan Am Railways route map.panamrailways.com. Accessed August 31, 2007.
46. ^ Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896. Marquis Who's Who. 1967.
47. ^ "Portraits of Imaginary People: How George Condo reclaimed Old Master painting". The New Yorker. January 17, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
48. ^ "28 Apr 1989, 23 - The Boston Globe at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
49. ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (November 10, 2017). American Colonial Women and Their Art: A Chronological Encyclopedia. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 157\. ISBN 978-1-4422-7097-8.

## Further reading

[edit]

* 1871 Atlas of Massachusetts. by Wall & Gray. Map of Massachusetts. Map of Middlesex County.
* History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, by Wilson Waters, Henry Spaulding Perham, published 1917, 893 pages.
Two versions of History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts are online: Page images and HTML
* History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1 (A-H), Volume 2 (L-W) compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879–1880. 572 and 505 pages. Chelmsford article by Frederick P. Hill in volume 1 page 367–380.
* [1]
* Money Magazine – Top 100 Places to Live

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelmsford, Massachusetts.

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* Medford
* Melrose
* Merrimack (New Hampshire)
* Methuen
* Milford (Massachusetts)
* Milton
* Nashua
* Natick
* Needham
* Newport
* Newton
* North Andover
* North Attleboro
* North Kingstown
* North Providence
* Norwood
* Pawtucket
* Peabody
* Plymouth
* Revere
* Rochester
* Salem (Massachusetts)
* Salem (New Hampshire)
* Saugus
* Shrewsbury
* Somerville
* South Kingstown
* Stoughton
* Taunton
* Tewksbury
* Wakefield
* Waltham
* Warwick
* Watertown
* Wellesley
* West Warwick
* Weymouth
* Woburn
* Woonsocket

Cities and towns
10k-25k|

* Abington
* Acton
* Acushnet
* Amesbury
* Amherst (New Hampshire)
* Ashland
* Athol
* Auburn
* Barrington
* Bedford (Massachusetts)
* Bedford (New Hampshire)
* Bellingham
* Belmont
* Beverly
* Bristol
* Burlington
* Burrillville
* Canton
* Carver
* Central Falls
* Charlton
* Clinton
* Concord (Massachusetts)
* Dedham
* Dudley
* Duxbury
* East Bridgewater
* East Greenwich
* Easton
* Exeter
* Fairhaven
* Foxborough
* Gardner
* Goffstown
* Grafton
* Groton
* Hampton
* Hanover
* Hanson
* Hingham
* Holbrook
* Holden
* Holliston
* Hooksett
* Hopkinton
* Hudson (Massachusetts)
* Hudson (New Hampshire)
* Hull
* Ipswich
* Kingston
* Laconia
* Lakeville
* Leicester
* Lincoln (Rhode Island)
* Londonderry
* Lunenburg
* Lynnfield
* Mansfield
* Marblehead
* Maynard
* Medfield
* Medway
* Middleborough
* Middletown
* Milford (New Hampshire)
* Millbury
* Narragansett
* Newburyport
* Norfolk
* Northborough
* Northbridge
* North Reading
* North Smithfield
* Norton
* Norwell
* Oxford
* Peabody
* Pelham
* Pembroke
* Pepperell
* Portsmouth (Rhode Island)
* Portsmouth (New Hampshire)
* Randolph
* Raymond
* Raynham
* Reading
* Rehoboth
* Rockland
* Scituate (Massachusetts)
* Scituate (Rhode Island)
* Seekonk
* Sharon
* Smithfield
* Somerset
* Somersworth
* Southbridge
* Stoneham
* Spencer
* Sudbury
* Swampscott
* Swansea
* Tiverton
* Tyngsborough
* Uxbridge
* Walpole
* Wareham
* Warren (Rhode Island)
* Wayland
* Webster
* Westborough
* Westerly
* Westford
* Weston
* Westport
* Westwood
* Whitman
* Wilmington
* Winchendon
* Winchester
* Windham
* Winthrop
* Wrentham

Sub-regions|

* Boston proper
* Central Massachusetts
* Merrimack Valley
* MetroWest
* North Shore
* Rhode Island
* South Coast
* South Shore

See also|

* Northeast megalopolis

* v
* t
* e

Merrimack River watershed

Tributaries|

| Massachusetts|

* Artichoke River
* Assabet River
* Back River
* Beaver Brook
* Cochichewick River
* Concord River
* Little River
* Merrimack River
* Nashua River
* Nissitissit River
* North Nashua River
* Phillips Brook
* Powwow River
* Quinapoxet River
* Salmon Brook
* Shawsheen River
* South Branch Souhegan River
* South Nashua River
* Spicket River
* Squannacook River
* Stillwater River
* Stony Brook
* Sudbury River
* Trout Brook
* Vine Brook
* Whitman River

|

New Hampshire|

* Baboosic Brook
* Back River
* Baker River
* Bear Brook
* Beards Brook
* Beaver Brook
* Beebe River
* Big River
* Black Brook
* Blackwater River
* Cockermouth River
* Cohas Brook
* Contoocook River
* East Branch Baker River
* East Branch Pemigewasset River
* Fowler River
* Frazier Brook
* Gridley River
* Gunstock River
* Lane River
* Little River (Big River)
* Little River (Merrimack River)
* Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook
* Little Suncook River
* Lost River
* Mad River
* Melvin River
* Merrimack River
* Merrymeeting River
* Middle Branch Piscataquog River
* Moosilauke Brook
* Nashua River
* Newfound River
* Nissitissit River
* North Branch Contoocook River
* North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River
* Nubanusit Brook
* Pemigewasset River
* Pennichuck Brook
* Piscataquog River
* Powwow River
* Purgatory Brook
* Red Hill River
* Salmon Brook
* Shedd Brook
* Smith River
* Soucook River
* Souhegan River
* South Branch Baker River
* South Branch Piscataquog River
* South Branch Souhegan River
* Spicket River
* Squam River
* Stony Brook
* Suncook River
* Tioga River
* Turkey River
* Warner River
* West Branch Mad River
* West Branch Souhegan River
* West Branch Warner River
* Winnipesaukee River

Lakes|

| Massachusetts|

* Lake Attitash
* Lake Boon
* Lake Cochichewick
* Lake Cochituate
* Fairhaven Bay
* Haggetts Pond
* Lost Lake
* Lake Saltonstall
* Tuxbury Pond
* Wachusett Reservoir
* Walden Pond

|

New Hampshire|

* Arlington Mill Reservoir
* Ayers Island Reservoir
* Baboosic Lake
* Canobie Lake
* Cobbetts Pond
* Contoocook Lake
* Country Pond
* Crystal Lake (Gilmanton)
* Crystal Lake (Manchester)
* Deering Reservoir
* Franklin Pierce Lake
* Great Pond
* Halfmoon Lake
* Harrisville Pond
* Highland Lake
* Hopkins Pond (Adder Pond)
* Island Pond (Derry)
* Island Pond (Stoddard)
* Jenness Pond
* Lake Kanasatka
* Little Squam Lake
* Locke Lake
* Lonesome Lake
* Massabesic Lake
* Lake Massasecum
* Merrymeeting Lake
* Mirror Lake
* Newfound Lake
* Northwood Lake
* Nubanusit Lake
* Opechee Bay
* Paugus Bay
* Pemigewasset Lake
* Penacook Lake
* Pleasant Lake (Deerfield)
* Pleasant Lake (New London)
* Potanipo Pond
* Powder Mill Pond
* Powwow Pond
* Profile Lake
* Sebbins Pond
* Silver Lake (Hollis)
* Skatutakee Lake
* Lake Solitude
* Squam Lake
* Stinson Lake
* Suncook Lakes
* Sunset Lake
* Thorndike Pond
* Turkey Ponds
* Tuxbury Pond
* Lake Waukewan
* Weare Reservoir
* Webster Lake
* Lake Wentworth
* White Oak Pond
* Lake Wicwas
* Willard Pond
* Lake Winnipesaukee
* Lake Winnisquam

Towns|

| Massachusetts|

* Acton
* Amesbury
* Andover
* Ashland
* Bedford
* Billerica
* Burlington
* Chelmsford
* Clinton
* Concord
* Dracut
* Fitchburg
* Framingham
* Groton
* Groveland
* Haverhill
* Hopkinton
* Hudson
* Lawrence
* Leominster
* Lexington
* Lowell
* Lunenburg
* Marlborough
* Maynard
* Merrimac
* Methuen
* Newburyport
* North Andover
* Northborough
* Pepperell
* Salisbury
* Sudbury
* Tewksbury
* Tyngsborough
* West Newbury
* Westborough
* Westford

|

New Hampshire|

* Allenstown
* Amherst
* Ashland
* Atkinson
* Bedford
* Belmont
* Boscawen
* Bow
* Bridgewater
* Bristol
* Campton
* Canterbury
* Concord
* Derry
* Franklin
* Gilford
* Goffstown
* Hampstead
* Hill
* Hillsborough
* Holderness
* Hollis
* Hooksett
* Hopkinton
* Hudson
* Kingston
* Laconia
* Lincoln
* Litchfield
* Londonderry
* Manchester
* Meredith
* Merrimack
* Milford
* Nashua
* New Hampton
* Northfield
* Pelham
* Pembroke
* Penacook
* Peterborough
* Plaistow
* Plymouth
* Salem
* Sanbornton
* Suncook
* Thornton
* Tilton
* Weare
* Windham
* Wolfeboro
* Woodstock

Landmarks|

* Amoskeag Falls
* Bear Brook State Park
* Belknap Mountains
* Blackwater Dam
* Egg Rock
* Franconia Notch State Park
* Franklin Falls Dam
* Gunstock Mountain
* Hannah Duston Memorial
* Hobo Railroad
* Lakes Region
* Lost River Reservation
* Middlesex Canal
* Minute Man National Historical Park
* Mount Major
* Mount Monadnock
* Mount Pemigewasset
* Mount Rowe
* Pawtucket Falls
* Pemigewasset Wilderness
* Sculptured Rocks Natural Area
* Wellington State Park
* White Mountains

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

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