Chesapeake and Ohio 2716

Preserved American 2-8-4 locomotive (C&O K-4 class)

Chesapeake & Ohio 2716

C&O No. 2716 on static display at the Kentucky Railway Museum in early 2009

| Type and origin

References:[1]
Power type| Steam
Builder| American Locomotive Company (ALCO)
Serial number| 70865
Build date| December 1943
Rebuild date| 1980–1981
1995–1996
2016–ongoing
| Specifications

Configuration:
| ​
• Whyte| 2-8-4
• UIC| 1′D2′ h2
Gauge| 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)
Leading dia.| 33 in (83.820 cm)
Driver dia.| 69 in (1.753 m)
Trailing dia.| 36 in (91.440 cm) (Lead)
43 in (109.220 cm) (Trail)
Tender wheels| 36 in (91.440 cm)
Minimum curve| 288 ft (88 m) radius/ 20°
Wheelbase| 93 ft 2 in (28.40 m) (Total)
Length| 105 ft 1+7⁄8 in (32.05 m)
Width| 10 ft 10 in (3.30 m)
Height| 15 ft 7+1⁄2 in (4.76 m)
Axle load| 73,000 lb (37 short tons)
Adhesive weight| 292,000 lb (146 short tons)
Loco weight| 460,000 lb (230 short tons)
Tender weight| 390,000 lb (200 short tons)
Total weight| 850,000 lb (420 short tons)
Tender type| 21-RG
Fuel type| Coal
Fuel capacity| 30 short tons (27 t)
Water cap.| 21,000 US gallons (79,000 L; 17,000 imp gal)
Firebox:| ​
• Grate area| 90 sq ft (8.4 m2)
Boiler:
| ​
• Model| Fire Tube
• Diameter| 98 in (2,489 mm)
• Tube plates| 19 ft (6 m)
Boiler pressure| 245 psi (1.69 MPa)
Feedwater heater| Worthington 5 1/2 SA
10,200 US gallon / hr capacity
Heating surface| 4,773 sq ft (443.4 m2) ​
• Tubes and flues| 4,308 sq ft (400.2 m2)
• Firebox| 465 sq ft (43.2 m2)
Superheater:
| ​
• Type| Type E
• Heating area| 1,932 sq ft (179.5 m2)
Cylinders| Two, outside
Cylinder size| 26 in × 34 in (660 mm × 864 mm)
Valve gear| Baker
Valve type| Piston valves
Valve travel| 8 in (203 mm)
Valve lap| 1+11⁄16 in (43 mm)
Valve lead| 3⁄16 in (5 mm)
Train heating| Steam heat
Loco brake| Pneumatic, Schedule 8-ET
Train brakes| Pneumatic
| Performance figures

Maximum speed| 70 mph (112.65 km/h)
Tractive effort| 69,350 lbf (308.48 kN) (Engine)
14,000 lbf (62.28 kN) (Booster)
83,350 lbf (370.76 kN) (Total)
Factor of adh.| 4.21 (Engine)
4.6 (Booster)
| Career

Operators| Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (1943–1956)
Southern Railway (leased from 1981–1982)
Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society (leased from 1995–1996)
Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation (leased from 2021–present)
Class| K-4
Number in class| 17 of 90
Numbers|

* C&O 2716
* SOU 2716
* L&N 1992 (cosmetically)

Nicknames| Kanawha
Locale| Eastern United States
Delivered| December 1943
Retired| 1956 (1st retirement)
1982 (2nd retirement)
October 1996 (3rd retirement)
Restored| October 10, 1981 (1st restoration)
July 1996 (2nd restoration)
Current owner| Kentucky Railway Museum
Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation (leased operator)
Disposition| Undergoing restoration to operating condition

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 2716 is a class "K-4" 2-8-4 "Kanawha" (Berkshire) type steam locomotive built in 1943 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O). While most railroads referred to these 2-8-4 type locomotives as Berkshires, the C&O referred to them as Kanawhas after the Kanawha River, which flows through West Virginia. Used as a dual service locomotive, No. 2716 and its classmates served the C&O in a variety of duties until being retired from revenue service in 1956.

Donated to the Kentucky Railway Museum of New Haven, Kentucky in 1959, No. 2716 has been restored to operation in excursion service twice since its retirement from the C&O, first in 1981 for the Southern Railway's steam program until 1982, and again in 1996 for a few brief excursions for the Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society (FWRHS) in New Haven, Indiana. The locomotive is undergoing an extensive rebuild to operating condition for a third excursion career, under lease by the Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation.

## History[edit]

### Revenue service and first retirement[edit]

No. 2716 on static display in front of the Louisville and Nashville Combine Car Number 665

No. 2716 was the seventeenth member of 90 class "K-4" Kanawhas built for the C&O by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO) and the Lima Locomotive Works (LLW) between 1943 and 1947.[1][2] These locomotives were used to haul heavy freight trains, as well as fast passenger trains.[2] After only thirteen years in revenue service, the C&O retired No. 2716 in 1956 in light of dieselization.[2][3] The C&O sold the majority of their Kanawhas for scrap, save for thirteen locomotives, including No. 2716.[2]

In May 1959, the locomotive was donated to the Kentucky Railway Museum (KRM) in New Haven, Kentucky, where it sat on display.[4] Twenty years later, the Clinchfield Railroad (CRR) leased No. 2716 for use in their steam program.[4] However, as the locomotive was being taken apart for restoration, the Clinchfield steam program was cancelled due to its parent company Seaboard Coast Line Industries's ouster of the CRR General Manager Thomas D. Moore Jr. for participating in a scandal of misappropriated money, and the disassembled No. 2716 was returned to the KRM.[4][5]

### Southern excursion service and second retirement[edit]

In 1980, No. 2716 was leased by the Southern Railway (SOU) to pull the longer and heavier passenger trains for their ever popular steam excursion program.[2][6] The SOU brought the locomotive to their steam locomotive workshop in Irondale, Alabama, where Master Mechanic Bill Purdie significantly altered the locomotive's appearance to appear as if the SOU had once owned the 2-8-4 type.[2] No. 2716 was painted black with gold pinstriping, while the front smokebox plate was painted in a lighter graphite color.[7] The headlight was moved from its pilot to the center of its smokebox door, decorated with brass flag holders, and a brass eagle ornament.[7] Additionally, the locomotive had its bell swinging from the top of its smokebox and carried the round "SR" emblems on its air compressor shields.[7]

After operating on a test run on October 10 and 11, 1981,[7] No. 2716 pulled its first SOU excursions on October 17 and 18, running a round-trip from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Rockwood, Tennessee.[8] In November 1981, No. 2716 pulled excursion trains in Alabama and Georgia.[7][8] In April 1982, the locomotive resumed its excursion duties, pulling trains through North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.[8] But three months later, a very inexperienced fireman damaged the locomotive's firebox, resulting No. 2716 to be taken out of excursion service for repairs and Nickel Plate Road No. 765, another 2-8-4, based in Indiana, was called into service as a replacement.[9][10]

Following the merger between the Southern and the Norfolk and Western (N&W) railways to form the new Norfolk Southern Railway,[11] No. 2716 was retired in favor of N&W No. 611 in 1982, along with N&W No. 1218 later on in 1987, serving as the main motive power for the steam program.[9] It was put into storage at the Irondale workshop in 1985, after attempts to weld cracks in the firebox failed.[10][12]

### Brief excursion service with FWRHS and third retirement[edit]

After Norfolk Southern ended their steam program in late 1994, the Fort Wayne Railroad Historical Society (FWRHS), the owner of NKP No. 765, moved No. 2716 to their facilities a year later.[2][13] In July 1996, the FWRHS restored the locomotive back to its original C&O appearance, repaired its firebox, and operated it on brief push-pull excursions between Logansport, Indiana and Gilman, Illinois.[13] That same year, however, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) inspectors ordered the FWRHS to give either No. 2716 new flues, or No. 765 a complete overhaul; the latter was the result and the former would later make its final run in October 1996.[2][13] The FWRHS decided to return No. 2716 to its display site at the Kentucky Railway Museum in 2001, and it remained on static display there for the next sixteen years.[13][14]

### Third restoration[edit]

On February 7, 2016, the Kentucky Steam Heritage Corporation (KSHC) was formed and announced that it had signed a long-term lease with the Kentucky Railway Museum to restore and operate No. 2716.[15] During of which, No. 2716's appearance was temporarily altered to resemble a Louisville and Nashville M-1 Big Emma locomotive No. 1992 for the annual L&N Historical Society convention.[16] In May 2018, the KSHC partnered with the CSX Transportation to move the locomotive to a former Louisville and Nashville rail yard in Ravenna, Kentucky to build a new rail-based tourist and community development center.[17] In November 2018, the KSHC acquired three pieces of rolling stock from the Indiana Transportation Museum (ITM) such as an auxiliary tender No. 251958, an ex-Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) railway post office car No. 6565, and baggage car No. 9036 for use behind No. 2716.[18]

In January 2019, the Big Rivers Electric Corporation in Henderson, Kentucky salvaged a pair of Buckeye three-axle, roller bearing trucks from a flatcar, which was abandoned at their facility property in Hawesville, Kentucky; and donated them to the KSHC to replace the old friction bearing trucks underneath No. 2716's tender.[19][20] From July 26 to 28, 2019, No. 2716 was moved out of the Kentucky Railway Museum for the first time in 18 years and went to Ravenna, Kentucky for restoration along with the help of CSX Transportation and R.J. Corman Railroad Group.[21][a] The locomotive was officially moved into the Ravenna workshop on July 31 and the restoration work on No. 2716 started shortly after.[3][25] During the restoration work, the locomotive's firebox side sheets, which were patched up twice during its two previous restorations in 1981 and 1996, were replaced with newly fabricated ones.[26]

In March 2022, the KSHC was in exchange with the Pueblo Railway Museum (PRM) in Pueblo, Colorado to swap out two of No. 2716's inoperable air compressors with two operational air compressors that came off of PRM's inoperable Santa Fe Class 2900 steam locomotive No. 2912.[27][28] In September 2022, the KSHC purchased new boiler flues from the Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum's nearly identical No. 2789 locomotive for use on the former's No. 2716 locomotive.[29][30]

The KSHC announced in June 2023 that No. 2716's firebox will eventually be modified to burn oil fuel instead of coal.[31] In October 2023, the KSHC received from $1.9 million from the Government of Kentucky to aid the locomotive's restoration and its potential area.[32] In November 2023, No. 2716's original feedwater pump was removed to replace the damaged one on Spokane, Portland and Seattle 700 in Portland, Oregon, while the former would eventually receive a replacement pump from the No. 2912 locomotive.[33][34] Once the restoration work is finished, the No. 2716 locomotive will eventually visit the Railroad Museum of New England, running on the Naugatuck Railroad in Connecticut.[35]

## See also[edit]

* Chesapeake and Ohio 2755
* Nickel Plate Road 765
* Pere Marquette 1225

Portals:

* Trains
* Kentucky

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ It was moved for the second time by the Clinchfield EMD F7 diesel locomotive No. 800, which had previously moved No. 2716 to Marion, North Carolina for restoration in 1979.[22][23][24]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Drury (2015), p. 109.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h "C&O 2716". Kentucky Steam Heritage Corp. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
3. ^ a b Gibson, Becca (July 26, 2019). "Historic 450-ton locomotive heading to new home in Eastern Kentucky". WAVE. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
4. ^ a b c Wrinn (2000), p. 54.
5. ^ "Britton v. United States". Leagle.com. November 16, 1981. Archived from the original on June 14, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
6. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 55.
7. ^ a b c d e Wrinn (2000), p. 58.
8. ^ a b c Wrinn (2000), p. 115.
9. ^ a b Wrinn (2000), pp. 65–67.
10. ^ a b Boyd (2014), p. 137.
11. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 61.
12. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 74.
13. ^ a b c d Wrinn (2000), p. 109.
14. ^ Rohdenburg, David T. (December 10, 2018). "Steam group to celebrate 75th birthday for Chesapeake & Ohio locomotive". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on November 21, 2023. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
15. ^ Franz, Justin (February 7, 2016). "Kentucky group to restore C&O 2-8-4 No. 2716". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
16. ^ Paterka, Dale (April 2020). "In Search of L&N Big Emma #1992" (PDF). Headlight & Markers. No. 858\. Cincinnati Railroad Club. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2023. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
17. ^ Gunnoe, Chase (May 19, 2018). "C&O 2716 group partners with CSX on Kentucky rail heritage site". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
18. ^ "Kentucky Steam support cars arrive in Ravenna". Trains. Kalmbach Media. November 16, 2018. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
19. ^ "Big Rivers Electric Corporation - official website". Big Rivers Electric Corporation. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
20. ^ Anderson, Chris (January 22, 2019). "Roller-bearing truck donation could save Kentucky steam group $100K". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
21. ^ Laytham, Emily (July 26, 2019). "After 60 years, a piece of locomotive history is returning to Lexington". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on July 27, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
22. ^ "Clinchfield #800". CSX Corporation. Archived from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
23. ^ Anderson, Chris (April 17, 2019). "Clinchfield 800 will move C&O 2716 to restoration". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved June 28, 2019.
24. ^ "Clinchfield 800 to lead C&O 2716 Move in July". Railfan & Railroad. White River Productions. April 17, 2019. Archived from the original on May 16, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
25. ^ Moomey, Liz (November 11, 2020). "Can this old train and rail yard become a thriving tourism spot in Eastern Kentucky?". Lexington Herald-Leader. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
26. ^ Pusztai-Pasternak, Angela (May 19, 2021). "Kentucky Steam Heritage Corp's C&O No. 2716 restoration". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
27. ^ "Pueblo Railway Museum - official website". Pueblo Railway Foundation. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
28. ^ "Kentucky Steam, Pueblo Railway Foundation swap parts for steam locomotive restorations". Trains. Kalmbach Media. March 8, 2022. Archived from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
29. ^ "Kentucky Steam acquires tubes, flues for No. 2716 restoration from Indiana museum". Trains. Kalmbach Media. September 8, 2022. Archived from the original on November 29, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
30. ^ "Kentucky Steam to Buy Parts From Hoosier Valley". Railfan & Railroad. White River Productions. September 14, 2022. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
31. ^ Franz, Justin (June 14, 2023). "Restoration of C&O 2716 Steams on in Kentucky". Railfan & Railroad. White River Productions. Archived from the original on June 15, 2023. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
32. ^ "Kentucky Steam Wins $1.9 Million Grant". Railfan & Railroad. White River Productions. October 4, 2023. Archived from the original on October 5, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
33. ^ "Extension of parts swap helps land water pump for restoration of SP&S No. 700". Trains. Kalmbach Media. November 15, 2023. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
34. ^ "Three Way Trade Benefits Restorations of SP&S 700, C&O 2716". Railfan & Railroad. White River Productions. November 16, 2023. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
35. ^ Rogers, Steve (December 25, 2021). "Kentucky Steam announces first of several operations for historic locomotive 2716". WTVQ-DT. Archived from the original on December 26, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.

## Bibliography[edit]

* Boyd, Ken (2014). The Art of the Locomotive (1st ed.). Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-4691-4.
* Drury, George (2015). Guide to North American Steam Locomotives, Revised Edition (2nd ed.). Kalmbach Media. ISBN 978-1-62700-259-2.
* Wrinn, Jim (2000). Steam's Camelot: Southern and Norfolk Southern Excursions in Color (1st ed.). TLC Publishing. ISBN 1-883089-56-5.

## Further reading[edit]

* Dixon Jr., Thomas W. (2013). Chesapeake & Ohio K-4 Class 2-8-4 Steam Locomotives. Chesapeake & Ohio History Series (1st ed.). The Chesapeake & Ohio Historical Society. ISBN 978-0939487592.

## External links[edit]

* Kentucky Steam Heritage Corp.

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