Chicago Boys

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The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Larry Sjaastad, Milton Friedman, and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. After they finished their studies and returned to Latin America, they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including the military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), as economic advisors. Many of them reached the highest positions within those governments.[1] Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were influenced by Chile's policies and economic reforms.[2]

## History

[edit]

The term "Chicago Boys" has been used at least as early as the 1980s[3] to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the liberal economic theories then taught at the University of Chicago, popularly known as the Chicago school of economics, even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard University or MIT. They advocated widespread deregulation, privatization, and other free market policies for closely controlled economies. The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship.[3] Milton and Rose Friedman used the term "Chicago Boys" in their memoir: "In 1975, when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the 'Chicago Boys'; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government."[4]

The training program was the result of the "Chile Project" organized in the 1950s by the U.S. State Department, through the Point Four program, the first US program for global economic development.[5] It was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation aimed at influencing Chilean economic thinking.[6] The University of Chicago's Department of Economics set up scholarship programs with Chile's Catholic University. About one hundred select students between 1957 and 1970 received training, first in an apprenticeship program in Chile and then in post-graduate work in Chicago. The most influential of the Chicago faculty members involved was Larry Sjaastad, who helped organize the Latin American Workshop and supervised 139 doctoral dissertations, many from Latin American students,[7] during his 42-year teaching career at Chicago.[8]

The project was uneventful until the early 1970s. The Chicago Boys' ideas remained on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought, even after a group of them prepared a 189-page "Program for Economic Development" called El ladrillo ("the brick").[9] It was presented in 1969 as part of Jorge Alessandri's unsuccessful presidential candidacy. Alessandri rejected El ladrillo, but it was revisited after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état on 11 September 1973 brought Augusto Pinochet to power, and it became the basis of the new regime's economic policy.

After the coup when the Chicago boys were given power and El ladrillo was implemented, the Chilean GDP fell by about 15% by 1982 and government spending increased slightly. In addition, this has led to greater income inequality in Chile, which still impacts the country today.[10]

These policies were seen as the natural reaction to Marxism and part of Chile's role as a hotspot during the Cold War. The anti-Marxist junta supported radical free market policies promoted by the Chicago Boys as a part of their destruction of Marxism.

After the end of the military rule and return to democracy this specific group lost power and many joined the private sector, although their policies and effects still remained in place in many areas.[11]

Even though the Chile Project ended, the training connection between Chile and the University of Chicago continued. One of the numerous networking organizations for alumni, including the Chicago Boys, is the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business" (LATAM). The term continues to be used in popular culture, business magazines, press and media. In 2015, a Chilean film titled Chicago Boys was released.[12][13]

### Shock doctrine and economic policies

[edit]

As the key economic advisors of the Pinochet dictatorship, the Chicago Boys were the forerunners of the economic policies of that government. They sponsored state run policies to decrease national spending, end inflation and promote economic growth. They promoted a policy of strict austerity and cut government expenditures substantially. Free trade agreements and the breakdown of barriers to trade were also promoted to help Chile compete in the world market. They also privatized public companies and used the free market rather than government rule to promote their economic policies.[10] This was part of the neoliberal economic views espoused by Milton Friedman, the ideological backer for their views. Friedman and his connections to the Chicago Boys was highly politicized especially after he received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. The policies are also sometimes referred to as shock therapy based on the fact that they were projected to hurt the economy but overall be beneficial in the long run.[14] These policies influenced future governments and organizations tied to the neoliberal economic viewpoint such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other International Organizations and governments. However, the relations between these organizations were not always close, and rivalry between neoliberal organizations still existed.[15] The ideology of free market capitalism and laissez faire economics in conjunction with a strong military rule and total political control is the cornerstone of Pinochetism, in conjunction with a strong anti-communist political platform. These policies and their effects are both highly controversial in Chile and around the World and represent a major divide in Chilean politics to this day.[16]

### International influence

[edit]

The economic success of the Chicago boys was a critical part of bolstering the Pinochet regime abroad. The Chilean miracle as it was called attracted a lot of necessary positive attention for the Pinochet government and allowed Pinochet to exercise political repression without condemnation by economic allies. New policies such as structural adjustment, free trade, and tax cuts became incredibly popular with conservative political groups throughout the western world. These policies eventually spread into the United States and United Kingdom via their conservative leaders. Chile was one of the first countries to embrace these policies and they have since spread in part due to the initial success Chile experienced.[2]

Scholars have since examined the long-term significance of this influence in greater detail. The role of the Chicago Boys in reshaping Chile’s economy during the Pinochet era has been the subject of extensive analysis in economic and historical literature.[17] Educated at the University of Chicago under economists such as Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, the group implemented market-based reforms aimed at controlling inflation, transferring public enterprises to private ownership, liberalizing trade, and reducing the public sector. These reforms significantly altered Chile’s economic structure and became an influential case study for neoliberal economic policy. Supporters credit the reforms with stabilizing the economy and fostering long-term growth, while critics argue they increased inequality and were carried out under a government with limited political freedoms. Scholars such as Sebastian Edwards and Johan Van Overtveldt have examined the long-term implications of this period, noting both its economic outcomes and the political context in which reforms were enacted.[18] The Chicago Boys are frequently cited as a case of the international application of Chicago School economic ideas.

## Notable Chicago Boys

[edit]

### Chile

[edit]

Some of them are or were:

* Jorge Cauas, Minister of Finance, 1975–1977.
* Sergio de Castro, Minister of Finance, 1977–1982.
* Pablo Baraona, Minister of Economy, 1976–1979.
* José Piñera, Minister of Labor and Pensions, 1978–1980; Minister of Mining, 1980–1981. (Received M.A. and Ph.D. Economics at Harvard.)
* Hernán Büchi, Minister of Finance, 1985–1989. (Received MBA at Columbia University.)
* Alvaro Bardón, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Economy, 1982–1983.
* Juan Carlos Méndez, Budget Director, 1975–1981.
* Emilio Sanfuentes, Economic advisor to Central Bank of Chile.
* Sergio de la Cuadra, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Finance, 1982.
* Rolf Lüders, (Minister of Economy, 1982; Minister of Finance, 1982–83)
* Francisco Rosende, Research Manager, Central Bank of Chile, 1985 and 1990; Antitrust Commission, 1999 and 2001; Dean and Professor of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economy of PUC, 1995–present.[16]
* Miguel Kast, Minister of Planning, 1978–1980; Labor Minister, 1980–1982; Governor of the Central Bank of Chile, 1982–83.
* Martín Costabal, Budget Director, 1987–1989.
* Juan Ariztía Matte, Pension Superintendent, 1980–1990.
* Maria Teresa Infante, Minister of Labor, 1988–1990.
* Camilo Carrasco Alfonso, General Manager of Central Bank, 1994–2005.
* Joaquín Lavín, Minister of Education, 2010–2011; Minister of Planning, 2011–2013; Mayor of Las Condes, 2016–2021
* Cristián Larroulet Vignau, Chief of Staff of the Finance Minister; member of National Commission for Privatization; Head of Antitrust Commission; Minister of General Secretariat to the Presidency, [SEGPRES] 2010–present; executive director at Libertad y Desarrollo, a private think tank; Dean and Professor of Economics; Faculty of Business and Economy at Universidad Del Desarrollo (UDD), Santiago, Chile; member of the boards of several public enterprises; member of the Mont Pelerin Society.[19]
* Juan Andrés Fontaine, Minister of Economy, 2010–2011.
* Francisco Perez Mackenna, chief executive officer of Quinenco, one of Chile's largest conglomerates, with assets of over US$33.1 billion 1998–present; Director of many Quinenco group companies, including Banco de Chile, Madeco, CCU, Inversiones y Rentas, LQIF, ECUSA, CCU Argentina and Banchile Corretores de Bolsa, and Advisor to the Board of Vina San Pedro Tarapaca; CEO of CCU, 1991–1998. (Received Business Administration degree from Universidad Catolica de Chile and M.B.A. from University of Chicago.[20]
* Ernesto Fontaine, professor, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; returned to Chile financed by the Inter American Development Bank, 1976; chief of the "external financing unit", the Organization of American States (OAS), where he organized a Technical Assistance Program that trained teams of public officials in Project Preparation and Social Evaluation;[21] World Bank consultant, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); died January 20, 2014, of lung cancer.
* Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, called a "heterodox Chicago Boy"[22] and an "anti Chicago Boy".[23]

### Elsewhere in Latin America

[edit]

Although the largest and most influential group of so-called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin, there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period. These economists continued to shape the economies of their respective countries, and include people like Mexico's Sócrates Rizzo, Francisco Gil Díaz, Fernando Sanchez Ugarte, Carlos Isoard y Viesca, Argentina's Ruben D. Almonacid, Adolfo Diz, Roque Fernández, Carlos Alfredo Rodríguez, Fernando de Santibañes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy, Brazil's Paulo Guedes, as well as others in Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Panama.

## See also

[edit]

* Miracle of Chile
* Berkeley Mafia in Indonesia
* Rolex 12 in the Philippines
* Jeffrey Sachs
* John Perkins
* Augusto Pinochet
* Pinochetism
* Universidad del Desarrollo
* The Shock Doctrine

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Naomi Klein, 2007, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
2. ^ a b O'Brien, Philip J. (1983). Chile, the Pinochet decade : the rise and fall of the Chicago boys. Jacqueline Roddick. London: Latin America Bureau. ISBN 0-906156-18-1. OCLC 10830245.
3. ^ a b Gary S. Becker (1997-10-30). "What Latin America Owes to the 'Chicago Boys'". Hoover Digest. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2014-11-30. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
4. ^ Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman. University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 398.
5. ^ Paterson, Thomas G. (1972). "Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 56 (2): 119–126\. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4634774. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
6. ^ Biglaiser, Glen (2002). "The Internationalization of Chicago's Economics in Latin America". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 50 (2): 269–286\. doi:10.1086/322875. S2CID 144618482.
7. ^ Clements, Kenneth; Tcha, MoonJoong (June 2004). "The Larry Sjaastad Letters, I" (PDF). University of Western Australia. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
8. ^ Harms, William (May 9, 2012). "Larry Sjaastad, scholar of international economics, 1934–2012". uchicago news. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
9. ^ El Ladrillo. Bases de la política económica del gobierno militar chileno.Santiago: CEP 2nd edition1992
10. ^ a b Brender, Valerie (2010-03-01). "Economic Transformations in Chile: The Formation of the Chicago Boys". The American Economist. 55 (1): 111–122\. doi:10.1177/056943451005500112. ISSN 0569-4345. S2CID 156007531.
11. ^ Maxwell, Kenneth; Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1996). "Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School in Chile". Foreign Affairs. 75 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/20047535. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20047535.
12. ^ "Chicago Boys". Nov 5, 2015. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved Sep 14, 2020 - via IMDb.
13. ^ "Latin American Business Group | the University of Chicago Booth School of Business". Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
14. ^ Edwards, Sebastian; Montes, Leonidas (2020-02-04). "Milton Friedman in Chile: Shock Therapy, Economic Freedom, and Exchange Rates". Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 42 (1): 105–132\. doi:10.1017/s1053837219000397. ISSN 1053-8372. S2CID 214507780.
15. ^ Kedar, Claudia (2017-02-03). "The International Monetary Fund and the Chilean Chicago Boys, 1973–7: Cold Ties between Warm Ideological Partners". Journal of Contemporary History. 54 (1): 179–201\. doi:10.1177/0022009416685895. ISSN 0022-0094. S2CID 164694056.
16. ^ a b "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile". Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
17. ^ Edwards, Sebastian (2023). The Chile Project: The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691208627. `{{cite book}}`: Check `|isbn=` value: checksum (help)
18. ^ Van Overtveldt, Johan (2007). The Chicago School: How the University of Chicago Assembled the Thinkers Who Revolutionized Economics and Business. Agate Publishing. ISBN 9781932841145.
19. ^ "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile". Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
20. ^ "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile". Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
21. ^ "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business (Latam Group) Speaker Profile". Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
22. ^ Rumié Rojo, Sebastián Andrés (2019). "Chicago Boys en Chile: neoliberalismo, saber experto y el auge de una nueva tecnocracia" [Chicago Boys in Chile: Neoliberalism, Expert Knowledge, and the Rise of a New Technocracy]. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales (in Spanish). 64 (235). doi:10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.235.61782. hdl:1887/3152421.
23. ^ Bravo Pou, Ximena (2014-05-26). "Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, el anti Chicago Boy". América Economía (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-02-13.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Edwards, Sebastian (2025), The Chile Project: The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism, Princeton, Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691249377.
* Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1995), Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45146-9
* Constable, Pamela, and Arturo Valenzuela (1991), A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet, New York, W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393309850
* Fontaine Aldunate, Arturo (1988), "Los Economistas y el Presidente Pinochet", Zig Zag.

## External links

[edit]

* NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 1
* NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 2
* PBS Video clip – Chicago Boys and Pinochet
* Is Chile a Neoliberal Success? analysis of Chicago Boys' policies in Dollars & Sense magazine 2004
* Forbes Magazine article 2010-3-17
* Audio clip – 'Chicago Boys' Leave Lasting Legacy on Chile's Economy, National Public Radio

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