Chicago Teachers Federation

Chicago Teachers FederationFounded| 1897

|

Location|

* United States

Key people

| Margaret Haley, Harriet Taylor Treadwell
Affiliations| AFT, CFL, American Federation of Labor

The Chicago Teachers Federation was a teachers union in Chicago Illinois that was founded in 1897. It is considered a predecessor of today's Chicago Teachers Union.[1]

## History

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The Chicago Teachers Federation was an organization of women elementary school teachers founded in 1897. In its first few years, it ran a successful campaign to increase teacher pay, and its membership grew to 2,500.[1] In 1900, the CTF elected Catherine Goggin and Margaret Haley as its officers, deciding to pay them the same wages as those made by teachers.[1]

Margaret Haley and Catherine Goggin, two early leaders of the CTF, prompted the investigation of corporate tax evaders as a means of restoring the city's funds.

Under the leadership of Haley and Goggin, the CTF struggled for women's suffrage, for women's rights within the labor movement, and for the right of woman workers to earn as much as their male counterparts.[2][3] The CTF also launched a successful campaign against corporate tax evasion, the compensation for which was used to pay back salaries upon which the city had reneged.[1]

In 1902, the CTF joined the Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL). It was the first time that a teachers' group had affiliated with a larger labor organization.[4] In 1916, Haley and the CTF helped to found the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), in which the CTF became Local 1.[2] However, the Chicago Board of Education, led by Jacob Loeb, had recently passed a rule against teacher unions:[5]

> Membership by teachers in labor unions or in organizations of teachers affiliated with a trade union or a federation or association of trade unions, as well as teachers' organizations which have officers, business agents, or other representatives who are not members of the teaching force, is inimical to proper discipline, prejudicial to the efficiency of the teaching force, and detrimental to the welfare of the public school system. Therefore, such membership, affiliation, or representation is hereby prohibited.

This rule, which became known as the Loeb rule, further stated that teachers would be fired unless they stated in writing that they did not belong to any such organization.[6] The Loeb rule allowed the city to fire 68 teachers, including the CTF leadership, who refused to leave the union.[5] By 1917, the CTF was forced to withdraw from both the CFL and the AFT.[1][2]

Subsequent passage of the Otis rule placed education in the hands of a centralized Board of Education. However, the board was still appointed by city politicians. In the coming years, the city and the Chicago Board of Education were accused of rampant corruption, particularly in connection with two-time mayor William Hale Thompson.[7] Many CPS employees were appointed by the Mayor, and a 1931 study found that Chicago spent more money than any other major city on operations costs outside of education.[8] The proliferation of bureaucracy was a serious concern: when the Elementary Teachers Union formed in 1928, one of its stated goals was "freeing of teachers from the increasingly intolerable burden of red tape and clerical work.[9]

By the 1930s, Chicago teachers had formed several other different unions, some of which were still segregated by gender.[10] Unrest in the early 1930s served to unite these groups, which previously had difficulty cooperating.[11] The Chicago Teachers Federation played an active role in the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) and retained their status as Local 1. In 1937, Local 1 battled New York's Local 5 over whether the AFT would remain in the American Federation of Labor (AFL) or join the newer and more inclusive Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).[12] (New York's Local 5 was at that time the Teachers' Union, which was soon expelled from the AFT after accusations of communism, and replaced by the more moderate United Federation of Teachers.) Soon after the convention (which decided to stay in the AFL), the Chicago Teachers Union was officially chartered by the AFT as an amalgamation of Chicago's multiple teacher unions in Chicago.[13][14] At this point about 3,500 teachers were members of the new Local.[15] By September, it was the largest teachers union in the U.S., with over 8,500 members.[16] The CTF, still under the leadership of its longtime head Margaret Haley, remained separate for some years, based on concerns that the CTU would disproportionately represent the interests of males and high school teachers.[17]

## References

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### Footnotes

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1. ^ a b c d e West, Lucy (July 1971). "Chicago Teachers' Federation records, 1864-1968 (bulk 1897-1968)". Descriptive Inventory for the Collection. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
2. ^ a b c Rousmaniere, Kate (2005). "Chicago Teachers Federation". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
3. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 7. "With two-thirds of the teaching workforce female, teacher unionism was firmly located in the context of women's work and women's struggles to enhance the status and rewards of teaching. For most of this century, boards of education denied female teachers equal pay with men, the right to marry, and access to leadership positions in the schools. In Chicago, female elementary school teachers used the union as a vehicle to campaign for equal pay with high school teachers."
4. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 22.
5. ^ a b "Hall of Honor". Illinois Labor History Society. 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
6. ^ "Shall school teachers join labor unions?". The Survey. Charity Organization Society of the City of New York. 2 October 1915. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
7. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 12. "At no time was this political control of Chicago public education more apparent than under the regime of Republican mayor William H. Thompson. Mayor of the city from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931, Thompson had connections with organized crime and presided over some of the worst political corruption in Chicago's history."
8. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 13.
9. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 21.
10. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 23.
11. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 28.
12. ^ "Nation's Teachers to Debate C.I.O. Tie". New York Times. 22 August 1937. p. N5. ProQuest 102136795. "As preliminary lines formed for the battle over union affiliation, it appeared certain that delegates of New York City Local 5, representing 6,000 members, would take the leadership in the drive for C.I.O. affiliation. It became equally evident that the Chicago delegation, representing 7,000 members, would fight to the last ditch to remain in the A.F.L."
13. ^ "Chicago Teachers Form Union To Loosen Grip of Politics". Christian Science Monitor. 30 October 1937. p. 4\. ProQuest 515388274.
14. ^ "A. F. of L. Affiliate Will Charter Teachers' Union". Chicago Daily Tribune. 13 October 1937. ProQuest 181891987.
15. ^ "Teachers' Union Rebuffed in Plea For Recognition". Chicago Daily Tribune. 2 June 1938. p. 8\. ProQuest 182001977.
16. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 44.
17. ^ Lyons, Teachers and Reform (2008), p. 45.

### Bibliography

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* Lyons, John F. Teachers and Reform: Chicago Public Education 1929–1970. Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-252-03272-1.

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