Chicano rock

Rock music performed by Chicano groups

Part of a series on

Chicanos and Mexican Americans

Terms

|  Identity

* Chola/o
* La Raza
* Pachuca
* Pachuco
* Pinta/o
* Xicanx

Concepts

* Anti-Mexican sentiment

History

|  Early-American Period

* Josefa Segovia
* Las Gorras Blancas
* Mexican–American War
* Mutualista
* San Elizario Salt War
* Sonoratown
* Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Pre-Chicano Movement

* 1917 Bath riots
* Bisbee Deportation
* Bloody Christmas
* Bracero program
* California agricultural strikes
* Cantaloupe strike of 1928
* Citrus Strike of 1936
* La Matanza
* Mexican Repatriation
* Operation Wetback
* Plan de San Diego
* Porvenir Massacre
* Sleepy Lagoon trial
* Zoot Suit Riots

Chicano Movement

* Aztlán
* Black-brown unity
* Brown Berets
* Católicos por La Raza
* Tulare labor camps rent strike
* Delano grape strike
* Centro Cultural
* Chicanismo
* Chicano Moratorium
* Colegio César Chávez
* CFMN
* Conferencia de Mujeres
* CRP
* East L.A. walkouts
* Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
* Huelga schools
* Land grant struggle
* Las Adelitas de Aztlán
* Los Siete de la Raza
* Los Seis de Boulder
* MANA
* MAYO
* MEChA
* Occupation of Catalina Island
* PCUN
* Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
* Plan de Santa Bárbara
* Quinto Sol
* Raza Unida Party
* United Farm Workers

Post-Chicano Period

* 1985–1987 cannery strike
* 1992 Drywall Strike
* 2019 El Paso shooting
* Abolish ICE
* Arizona SB 1070
* Castro 2020
* Chicano Art Exhibit
* DACA
* Great American Boycott
* IRCA
* Farah strike
* Justice for Janitors
* Murder of Selena
* Proposition 187
* South Central Farm

Culture

|  Language

* Abrazos, no balazos
* Caló
* Chicano English
* Chicano names
* Órale

Food

* New Mexican cuisine
* Tex-Mex cuisine
* Mexican-American cuisine

Music

* Chicano rap
* Chicano rock
* Chicano soul
* Tejano music

Symbols

* Cal-Style VW
* Homies
* Lowrider
* Lowrider bicycle
* Mexican-American folklore
* Pancho Claus
* Zoot suit

Literature

|  Literature

* Chicana literature
* Chicano literature
* Chicano poetry

Autobiographical

* Always Running
* Living Up the Street
* Who Would Have Thought It?

Novels

* Bless Me, Ultima
* Caballero
* Desert Blood
* From This Wicked Patch of Dust
* Mexican WhiteBoy
* The Dirty Girls Social Club
* The House on Mango Street
* The Rain God
* The Revolt of the Cockroach People
* So Far from God
* Under the Feet of Jesus
* ...y no se lo tragó la tierra

Poetry and Short Stories

* Emplumada
* I Am Joaquin
* Moment of Silence
* Pensamiento Serpentino
* The Moths

Chicano studies

|  Fields

* Chicana feminism
* Chicanafuturism

Organizations

* MAS Programs, Tucson
* NACCS
* UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center

Texts

* Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
* Brown, Not White
* The Church in the Barrio
* This Bridge Called My Back

Theory

* Barrioization
* Coyolxauhqui imperative
* Gringo justice
* Nahui Ollin
* Nepantla
* New tribalism
* Rasquachismo
* Spiritual activism
* Vergüenza
* Youth control complex

Visual art

|  Visual Art

* Chicana art
* Chicano art
* Chicano cinema
* Paño
* Tortilla art

Art Collectives

* Asco
* Culture Clash
* East Los Streetscapers
* Los Four
* Mujeres Muralistas
* Teatro Campesino
* Royal Chicano Air Force

Art organizations

* Centro de Arte Público
* Galería de la Raza
* Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
* Precita Eyes
* Self Help Graphics & Art

Locations

* Balmy Alley
* Chicano Park
* Estrada Courts
* Great Wall of Los Angeles

Law

|  Supreme Court cases

* Botiller v. Dominguez
* Hernandez v. Texas
* San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
* Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
* U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
* Plyler v. Doe
* Medellín v. Texas
* Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
* Leal Garcia v. Texas
* Mendez v. Westminster
* Bernal v. Fainter
* Perez v. Brownell
* DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.

Federal Court cases

* Madrigal v. Quilligan

Population

|  Population by City

* Arizona (Tucson)
* California (Los Angeles)
* Illinois (Chicago)
* Michigan (Detroit)
* Nebraska (Omaha)
* Texas
* Dallas–Fort Worth
* Houston

Multiethnic

* Blaxicans
* Californios
* Nuevomexicanos
* Tejanos
* Indigenous Mexican Americans
* Punjabi Mexican Americans

Lists

* Chicano films
* Chicano poets
* Chicano rappers
* Mexican Americans
* Writers
* Bibliography

* United States portal
* Category
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Iconic Chicano rock musician Carlos Santana

Chicano rock, also called chicano fusion, is rock music performed by Mexican American (Chicano) groups or music with themes derived from Chicano culture. Chicano Rock, to a great extent, does not refer to any single style or approach. Some of these groups do not sing in Spanish at all, or use many specific Latin instruments or sounds. The subgenre is defined by the ethnicity of its performers, and as a result covers a wide range of approaches.

## Overview

[edit]

There are three basic styles of Chicano rock.

Ritchie Valens

1) The earliest Chicano rock emerged as a distinctive style of rock and roll performed by Mexican Americans from East Los Angeles and Southern California, containing themes from their cultural experience. Although the genre is broad and diverse, encompassing a variety of styles and subjects, the overarching theme of early Chicano rock is its rhythm and blues influence and incorporation of brass instruments like the saxophone and trumpet, Farfisa or Hammond B3 organ, funky basslines, and its blending of Mexican vocal styling sung in English.[1]

A tradition of 60s Chicano rock emerges from these origins, following a devotion to the original rhythm and blues, rockabilly and Rock and roll. And Ritchie Valens, Sunny & the Sunglows, The Sir Douglas Quintet, Cannibal & the Headhunters, The Premiers, Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs and Thee Midniters,[2] all have made music that is heavily based on 1950s R&B, even when general trends moved away from the original sound of rock as time went by.

2) The second style of 70s Chicano rock is more open to blues music, soul music, R&B, rock music, funk, Latin music, salsa music, and jazz. Santana, Malo, War,[3] El Chicano, Sapo and other Chicano 'Latin Rock' groups follow this approach with their fusions of R&B, Jazz, and Caribbean sounds. Later Chicano musicians who draw from rockabilly and country include Linda Ronstadt[4] and Los Lobos. These musicians also sometimes draw from traditions of Norteño music or Tejano music.

3) A third style is the 80s Latin rock, Latin R&B by Tierra, Little Joe, Little Willie G, Ralfi Pagan, Sheila E, Sugar Style, Sunny and the Sunliners and Rocky Padilla.[5]

## History

[edit]

The Champs

In places such as San Antonio, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay area, and Dallas and Houston, Texas, the African-American audience was very important to aspiring Latino musicians, and this kept their music wedded to authentic R&B. DJ Dick Hugg (aka Huggie Boy) and radio station KRLA 1110 played a big role in promoting this music. Chicano rock music was also influenced by the Doo-wop genre, an example being the song "Angel Baby" by the Chicana fronted group Rosie and the Originals.[6]

Don Tosti's Pachuco Boogie, recorded in 1948, was the first Chicano million-selling record,[7] a swing tune featuring Spanish lyrics, using hipster slang called Calo. Lalo Guerrero arrived in Los Angeles in the late 1930s and found that L.A is "bursting with ambition". Lalo and his friend captured their spirit in music by mixing swing and boogie woogie in a cross-cultural, dialog between African American, Anglo, and Mexican American influences.[8]

The 1950s brought rhythm and blues and the roots of rock 'n' roll. Mexican American were among first to catch the beat and introduced a Latin flair to early rock music.[8]

Joan Baez playing in Hamburg, 1973

Chicano rock 'n' roll star Ritchie Valens, was a Mexican-American singer and songwriter influential in the Chicano rock movement. He recorded numerous hits during his short career, most notably the 1958 hit "La Bamba." Valens died at age 17 in a plane crash with fellow musicians Buddy Holly and the Big Bopper on February 3, 1959. The tragedy was later immortalized as "the day the music died" in the song "American Pie."[9]

The 1958 hit song "Tequila!" was written and sung by the saxophone player Danny Flores (not to be confused with Danny David Flores, a former member of Renegade) and performed by The Champs. Flores, who died in September 2006, was known as the "Godfather of Latino Rock."[10]

In the early to mid-1960s, the American audience was probably more open to Latin sounds than even today because of the popularity of bossa nova, bugalú, mambo, and other forms. Also, musicians who didn't conform to the rather limited range of early rock could find success as folk performers. Trini Lopez, whose music was a mixture of folk and pop, gained big hit "If I Had a Hammer" in 1963.[11] He recorded "Corazón de Melón", a Mexican folk tune,. Mid 1960s, the Beatles and The Rolling Stones got success, and unfortunately Trini's club style seemed old fashioned too soon.

In the 60s there was an explosion of Chicano rock bands in East Los Angeles and Texas. Sunny & the Sunglows produced several regional hits during the 1960s but is best remembered for its 1963 Number 11 Billboard hit "Talk to Me, Talk to Me". They hold the distinction of being the first all-Mexican American group featured on American Bandstand. Their versions of "Rags to Riches" (Tony Bennett) and "Out of Sight-Out of Mind" (The Five Keys) also reached the Billboard Hot 100.[12] Another group to appear on American Bandstand as well as open for The Rolling Stones, was The Premiers with their hit rendition of a Don and Dewey song called "Farmer John". It featured the beat from the popular hit, Louie, Louie, which was in turn based on a Latino song, El Loco Cha Cha. Richard Berry, credited with writing Louie, Louie, drew inspiration to record the song after listening to an R&B rendition of El Loco Cha Cha performed by the Latin R&B group Rhythm Rockers led by Mexican-Filipino American brothers, Rick and Barry Rillera.[13] The Rillera brothers would go on to record and perform with The Righteous Brothers.[14]

Trade ad for Cannibal & the Headhunters's single "Land of a Thousand Dances" Sam the Sham

The British Invasion challenged all American musicians, not just Chicanos. East Los Angeles witnessed a surge of creativity, and a renaissance of art, music and politics. Leading the way in music was the band Cannibal & the Headhunters, composed of five young men from the projects who recorded a national hit, "Land of a Thousand Dances," and almost overnight found themselves opening for the Beatles on the British superstars' 1965 tour. That same year, Thee Midniters hit the charts with "Whittier Blvd.," an anthem to East L.A.'s most famous street, the home of a late-night cruising scene that expressed the California car culture that Mexican Americans were making their own.[15] Also in 1965, the Chicano led Sam the Sham and The Pharaohs released the international hit Wooly Bully which would go on to sell three million copies. Penned by frontman Domingo "Sam" Samudio, it holds the distinction of being the first American record to sell a million copies during the British Invasion era. In 1966, the Mexican American garage band ? and the Mysterians scored a number one hit with the song 96 Tears.[16] The Sir Douglas Quintet is said to have made the most 'English' sounding American music of the Beatlemania period (actually since the English were playing music that was more rooted in R&B than many white Americans of that time, the Quintet were actually sounding 'English' by keeping to an all-American R&B/Country sound). Indeed, producer Huey P. Meaux put the Sir in the group's name to emphasize the connection, but that was more a marketing change than a musical one. The Sir Douglas Quintet was from central Texas, and some of its members were Latinos. However, the group's lead singer, Doug Sahm, was not of Mexican descent. Sahm was so thoroughly immersed in Tejano culture, that he later recorded an album under the name Doug Saldaña. Despite the musician's efforts to make the group appear to have emerged from the British Invasion, scholars have noted that the group's clear Tejano influences and accordion based slowed down polka rhythms give the band a Chicano rock title. [17]

In the late 1960s and 1970s, when civil rights and the Vietnam War were compelling issues, young Mexican American proudly called themselves Chicanos—which once considered as a derogatory term—and many took to the streets to stand up for their rights. Chicano duo Cheech and Chong released novelty single "Basketball Jones"(1973) and hit "Earache My Eye"(1974).[18] Bands like Tierra, Malo, Sapo, Azteca and El Chicano, created new music that "said something" about Chicano heritage and their struggles for equality and justice.[8] In the midst of these events, Mexican-American immigrants of East L.A. were being exposed to cultural identity problems and struggles with assimilation. Chicano rock emerged as a musical art-form with the power to cross over to the mainstream. With aims to pay homage to their native culture and capture the unique Chicano experience. Chicano rockers unified both the Mexican and American roots that lived within their oppressed cultural spheres.[19]

Lisa Coleman

The trend of Chicano rock mirrored what was happening on college campuses as well. The rise of Chicano Studies departments, which offered courses in Chicano literature, politics and culture, affected college students and musicians tremendously. Musicians rebels against the "old world" and adopt the Mexican and Latin American styles in their own music.[8]

Los Lonely Boys

Along with visual artists, activists, and audiences, the musicians of the East Los Angeles chicano rock scene form an emergent cultural movement that speaks powerfully to present conditions. The chicano rock scene of East Los Angeles serves as a form of unity for radical Chicanos who wish to bring forth a call to action and a site for resistance through their art. By claiming the musical style of the "old world", Chicanos are reclaiming their indigenous identity and undoing Spanish colonialism.

The Eastside scene's story of formation, the diversity of its origins, and its commitment to political activism and coalition building illuminate the relations between culture and politics in the present. The musical practices of the East L.A. scene bring to the discussion the dislocations and displacements of people of color in urban California, but they also reflect the emergence of new forms of resistance that find counterhegemonic possibilities within contradictions. [20]

Linda Ronstadt is a versatile singer who traversed multiple genres. She gained national hits such as "You're No Good" (1975), "It's So Easy", "Blue Bayou" (1977), "Back in the USA" (1978), and "Hurt So Bad" (1980) in the 1970s and '80s. Ronstadt was nurtured by her Mexican American family whose musical roots run deep in the Mexican border region of Tucson, Arizona. Ronstadt holds dear the memory of childhood serenades by "The Father of Chicano Rock," Lalo Guerrero, a close family friend. Ronstadt's great-aunt Luisa Espinel gained international popularity interpreting Spanish and Mexican song and dance in the 1930s. Among the most popular female pop singers, Ronstadt is one of the most influential Chicana musicians ever, as evident in her extensive discography and four-decades long career.[21]

## Chicano Rock 1980s

[edit]

Dave Navarro

In 1980s, Tierra gained TOP 40 hit "Together", and Cheech and Chong recorded "Born In East LA". Maldita Vecindad is a rock en Español band whose music is a mixture of punk, rap, ska, funk, and Latin. They were formed in Mexico City in 1985 and describe themselves as a mambo punk combo. They influenced other Chicano rock bands and Chicano music, because they were among the first Mexican rock musicians to express a kindred spirit with the Chicano movement. On their early recordings, Maldita Vecindad y Los Hijos del Quinto Patio (BMG Ariola 1989) and Circo (BMG Ariola 1991), Maldita's music delved into Chicano culture with songs such as "Mojado," "Pachuco," and "Pata de Perro." In addition to the two albums above, Maldita Vecindad released "Baile de Máscaras" (1996), "Mostros" (1998), and "Greatest Hits + Rarities 1989–1999" (2000).[22]

Robert Trujillo bassist of the American heavy metal band Metallica since 2003. He was also a member of crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies, funk metal supergroup Infectious Grooves, heavy metal band Black Label Society, and has worked with Jerry Cantrell and Ozzy Osbourne.

In the mid-1980s Chicano teen rock band Renegade landed on the international music scene, sporting a combination of heavy metal instrumentation with more pop oriented melodies, resulting in a new subgenre, termed "commercial metal". The four teens—Kenny Marquez on lead guitar and vocals, Luis Cardenas on drums and vocals, Tony De La Rosa on rhythm guitar and vocals and Danny David Flores on bass guitar and vocals—have been referred to as Chicano rock gods, amongst Mexican-Americans.[23] Renegade or Los Renegados as they are called in Latin-America, went on to sell more than 30 million units worldwide,[24] with a series of hits in Mexico, Canada, Japan and the United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent, the United States.

Subsequently, groups like 90s band Ozomatli and Quetzal had led the new wave of Latin Rock groups that fuse multiple musical genres.

Ozomatli mixes rock, hip-hop, funk music, and cumbia. Their song "City of Angels", presented a new eclectic form of Latino rock.[25]

Quetzal, the band from the barrios of East Los Angeles has been creating Latin folk and roots-rock music for over a decade. With the successful tours and concerts alongside Los Lobos, Ozomatli, Taj Mahal and Michelle Shocked, Quetzal has played intimate clubs and large arenas alike. The band combines rock, Afro-Cuban, country blues, and jazz elements to support the wide-ranging, bilingual vocals of Martha González. The retro-futuristic mix has garnered praise from critics including the LA Times and Los Lobos. Quetzal simultaneously forges a sound that makes you dance and contemplate change.[26]

Robert Lopez AKA El Vez started operating an art gallery called "La Luz de Jesus" and created a show dedicated to Elvis. Since Lopez's impersonator did not meet his expectation El Vez was created. El Vez's first performance was in Memphis, Tennessee on August 16, 1989. Lopez started making karaoke tapes while running his gallery. While not including "sacred" topics directly, his goal is to blur the line between what is sacred and profane allowing him to have wide age range in his audience. He has been releasing albums since 1994 continuing to use satire and humor in his songs to express revolutionary views. As his lyrics are historical, some teachers and professors use his music to teach history and Mexican American Culture.[27]

## Chicano/Latino Punk

[edit]

Tito Larriva, September 2007

Chicano punk is a branch of Chicano rock with bands like The Zeros, The Stains, The Plugz, The Bags, Thee Undertakers, Nervous Gender, The Brat, The Gun Club, Los Illegals, Los Angelinos, Felix and the Katz, Odd Squad, Union 13, and The Cruzados coming out of the punk scene in Los Angeles. The rock band ? and the Mysterians, made up of Hispanic American musicians from Bay City and Saginaw, Michigan, was the first band to be described as "punk rock." The term punk rock was reportedly coined in 1971 by rock critic Dave Marsh in a review of their show for Creem magazine.[28] Recent Chicano punk bands include Rayos X, Tuberculosis, Mata Mata, Mugre, Venganza and Asko from southern California, La Grita and La Plebe from Northern California, as well as Los Crudos from Chicago.

In 1992 Mia Zapata and her punk rock group The Gits released Frenching the Bully, their first album, on C/Z Records. The group members met one another and formed the band in Yellow Springs, Ohio during the mid-1980s. Their music quickly became popular throughout the area and on the Antioch College campus. Band member Moriarty describes punk rock as a combination of emotion, temperament, rage and music.[citation needed] The Gits moved from Ohio to San Francisco and finally to Seattle, but not because of the up-and-coming music scene. Moriarty explains that "the idea was to just go up and pour your guts out" and to play their music and express their emotion. The group dissolved after Mia Zapata was murdered on July 7, 1993 by Jesus Mezquia. The remaining members went on to team up with Joan Jett to issue the album Zapata's death had interrupted. Proceeds from the album, titled Evil Stig (Gits Live spelled backwards) went to fund an investigator into Zapata's death, which had become a cold case.[29][30]

Hope Sandoval lead singer of Mazzy Star Alice Bag in the 80s

Many Chicanas became "Punkeras" and have contributed to the artistic conditions of production, gender relations, and the punk aesthetic that existed in the late 1970s and 1980s. The D-I-Y sensibility at the core of punk musical subcultures found resonance with the practice of rasquache, a Chicano cultural practice of "making do" with limited resources. In fact, young Chicanas had historically been at the forefront of formulating stylized social statements via the fashion and youth subculture, beginning with the Pachucos and continuing with Chicana Mods in the 1960s. Punk's critique of the status quo, poverty, sexuality, class inequalities, and war spoke directly to working class East Los Angeles youth.[31]

Alice Bag is an example of a punkera that typifies the punk scene of the late 1970s. Born as Alicia Armendariz, she went by Alice Bag (also Alice Phallus, and Alice Douchbag) as her stage name. Armendariz's Chicana experience influenced her music career as projected her unrelenting emotions through punk music. Her music reflects an accumulated rage evolved from being made fun of for not speaking proper English and having to witness domestic violence at a young age.[32] She used her painful childhood experience as empowerment in the male-dominated field of punk rock with her female lead band, Bags.[33] Alice and the Bags are known to be responsible for "co-creating the first wave of California punk alongside the likes of Black Flag, X, the Germs, Phranc (then in Catholic Discipline), and women that came to be known as the Go-Go's."[32]

## Chicano Rock, 1990s–present

[edit]

Sonny Sandoval of P.O.D. at Uproar Festival 2012. Over the course of their career, the band has received three Grammy Award nominations.

Many popular Chicano and Chicano-led rock bands began to emerge during the mid and late 90s such as P.O.D., Los Lonely Boys, MxPx, Adema, Downset, Spineshank, At the Drive-In, Fenix TX, Ünloco, Union 13, Voodoo Glow Skulls, Ozomatli, The Latin Soul Syndicate, and El Vez, the "Mexican Elvis." In the early 2000s the progressive Latin-influenced rock band The Mars Volta came onto the scene.

Modern age Chicana punk rock band, Girl in a Coma, express their Chicana experience through their music and artistic expression. Girl in a Coma consists of three members, the two sisters, Nina Diaz, Phanie Diaz and their long time friend, Jenn Alva. Although they claim that they do not consider themselves to be a Latin rock group due to their lack of Spanish speaking fluency, it can't be denied that they are a reflection of the Chicana experience. Furthermore, their inability to speak Spanish fluently did not restrict them from releasing their album, "Trio B.C" that plays tribute to the sisters' grandfather's tejano band in which they recorded the last track, "Ven Cera", completely in Spanish. Girl in a Coma are the modern Chicana punkeras that have already picked up quite the large audience since their 2007 debut with their "all-American" punk rock feel. Although, the Latin undertones of their roots are not prominent in their current records, there is a possibility that they will be in their future records as Nina Diaz has stated that she's been trying to learn Spanish here and there but it is in her plans to someday write an album completely in Spanish.[34]

In the 2020s, a new generation of Chicano rock artists, influenced by bands such as Cafe Tacuba and Tame Impala, have incorporated alternative rock elements into regional Mexican-style music. Ivan Cornejo, for example, first gained prominence for his "indie Sierreño" style of music.

## Cultural politics of Chicano/a rock

[edit]

Zack de la Rocha on stage with Rage Against the Machine in 2007.

Zacharias Manuel de la Rocha is an activist is best known as the vocalist and lyricist of rock band Rage Against the Machine. Rage Against the Machine songs express revolutionary political views. As of 2010, they had sold over 16 million records worldwide.[35] Chicano rock music is being led by a wave of socially and politically active Latin-fusion bands that emerged and gained popularity in the 1990s such as Aztlan Underground, Ozomatli, Lysa Flores, Quinto Sol and more. Their music in general pulls from other genres (soul, samba, reggae, and rap) and utilizes multilingual lyrics (in Spanish, English and Nahuatl) and takes themes like urban exile, indigenous identity and multiracial unity and layers them in order to put into the spotlight important social issues. These artists in particular have been exceptionally successful due to the millions of Latinos in Los Angeles, California that are bilingual/bicultural. One of the larger purposes of the music is to draw attention to "present conditions of oppression and disenfranchisement" in the East L.A. scene, and to provide a form of political possibility to those who are less powerful (financially, socially, etc.).[36]

The Alacranes' frontman, Ramón "Chunky" Sánchez, once said that Chicano rock lies "somewhere between Pedro Infante and the Rolling Stones." This categorization, or lack-thereof, by Sánchez demonstrates that Chicano rock might be characterized by an identity rather than a musical style.[37]

## Chicano/a rock as a global phenomenon

[edit]

David Hidalgo performing with Los Lobos on the South Lawn of the White House, October 13, 2009.

Chicano rock's origins in diverse places like Los Angeles and San Francisco requires us to consider the many cultures that went into its creation. Shared experiences of discrimination have led black and Latinx communities to build what George Lipsitz called "a 'historical bloc' of oppositional groups united in ideas and intentions if not experience."[38] A shared experience in America amongst members of Lipsitz's "historical bloc" led to cultural, and musical, fusion that transcends national borders. Jesus Velo of 1970s Chicano punk band, Los Illegals, has said "We [had] no choice but to just absorb each other's rhythms and patterns."[39] Through this fusion, international musical styles mixed with American rock to create something novel and multicultural. Mexican-American artists' music in this era has been labelled 'Chicano rock.' It's undeniable that Chicano rock helped create a distinct Mexican-American identity, but this includes elements of other Latin American nations.[39]

Additionally, Latin American nations' musical styles were not developed in isolation. Loza writes, "Latin America must be considered a cultural entity much like that of other continental areas––for example, the United States, Europe and East Asia––where intercultural expression ultimately signifies various national identities and 'characters'."[40] Latin American nations are built on a mix of indigenous, colonist, and African peoples, and their music reflects contributions from these different cultures.

## See also

[edit]

* Tex-Mex music
* Brown-eyed soul
* G Funk
* Chicano rap
* El Chicano
* Boogaloo

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Rock Chicano – American Sabor" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 2, 2016.
2. ^ Unterberger, Ritchie. "Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
3. ^ "War| Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
4. ^ Swanson, Dave (May 5, 2023). "Examining Mexican-Americans' Contributions to Classic Rock History". Ultimate Classic Rock.
5. ^ "Rocky Paddila". All music. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
6. ^ "Rosie and the Originals". San Diego Reader. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
7. ^ "Don Tosti, 81; Inspired Latin Music Craze". August 4, 2004. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
8. ^ a b c d Waldman, Tom. "The Story of Chicano Rock & Roll Part 2 of 2 – NoHoArtsDistrict.com". Retrieved October 12, 2017.
9. ^ "Ritchie Valens". Biography.com. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
10. ^ "A toast to 'Tequila!' singer – Press-Telegram". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007.
11. ^ "Trini Lopez Biography". IMDb.com. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
12. ^ "The Songs Remain the Same". Texas Monthly. March 1, 2007.
13. ^ "Barry Rillera". rockwest.tv.
14. ^ Epting, Chris (May 6, 2014). "In the Pipeline: Barry Rillera is living rock history". Archived from the original on June 24, 2019.
15. ^ "Chicano Rock!|The Sounds of East Los Angeles". PBS Programs - PBS. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012.
16. ^ "Fifty years later, Question Mark and the Mysterians as mysterious as ever". MLive.com. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
17. ^ Hernandez, Deborah Pacini (2010). Oye Como Va!: Hybridity and Identity in Latino Popular Music. Temple University Press. ISBN 9781439900918. Retrieved October 12, 2017 - via Google Books.
18. ^ "Official website". Cheech & Chong. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
19. ^ Lipsitz, George. Modernity and Modernism, Postmodernity and Postmodernism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 158\. JSTOR 1354360.
20. ^ Viesca, Victor Hugo (September 13, 2004). "The Battle of Los Angeles: The Cultural Politics of Chicana/o Music in the Greater Eastside". American Quarterly. 56 (3): 719–739\. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0045. S2CID 143471138. Retrieved October 12, 2017 - via Project MUSE.719-739&rft.date=2004-09-13&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/aq.2004.0045&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471138#id-name=S2CID&rft.aulast=Viesca&rft.aufirst=Victor+Hugo&rft_id=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/172854&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chicano+rock" class="Z3988">
21. ^ "Linda Ronstadt – American Sabor". americansabor.org. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
22. ^ Guerrero, Mark. "Maldita Vecindad: Bridging Mexican and Chicano Rock". markguerrero.com. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
23. ^ Salas, Abel. "Chicano rock-gods". Ritmo Beat Magazine. Photographer, Chris Jurgenson. Renegade World Music. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012.
24. ^ "David Hasselhoff Introducing Renegade at 30 Million Platinum Sales Award event". November 19, 2008. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021 - via Youtube.com.
25. ^ "Ozomatli". Sound Tracks. Iowa PBS. December 10, 2010.
26. ^ "An Evening with Legendary Chicano Rock Band QUETZAL". June 2, 2014.
27. ^ Larson, Susan (1997). Rock and Revolution: An Interview with El Vez, the Mexican Elvis. pp. 141–152.141-152&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28212990&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chicano+rock" class="Z3988"> `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
28. ^ "The revolution that saved rock". CNN. November 13, 2003. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
29. ^ Whitney Seibold (October 8, 2016). "The Time Rocker Joan Jett Helped Apprehend a Killer". Blumhouse.com.
30. ^ Raha, Maria (2005). Look Right Through Me. Emeryville, CA: Seal. pp. 165–69\. ISBN 978-1580051163.165-69&rft.pub=Seal&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1580051163&rft.aulast=Raha&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chicano+rock" class="Z3988"> `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
31. ^ Habell-Pallan, Michelle (2005). Loca Motion: The Travels of Chicana/Latina Popular Culture. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814736623.
32. ^ a b Seggel, Heather. Violence Girl: East L.A. Rage to Hollywood Stage, a Chicana Punk Story. p. 54. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
33. ^ O, Kelly. "Chicana Punk Four Reasons You Should Know Alice Bag". The Stranger.
34. ^ Freeman, Phil. These Latinas May Rock, but Girl in a Coma Isn't Making Latin Rock. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
35. ^ Berdini, Valerio (June 9, 2010). "live on 35mm.Berdini,Valerio". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
36. ^ Viesca, Victor Hugo (September 2004). "The Battle of Los Angeles: The Cultural Politics of Chicana/o Music in the Greater Eastside". American Quarterly. 56 (3). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 719–720\. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0045. JSTOR 40068240. S2CID 143471138. "Los Angeles and the Future of Urban Cultures"719-720&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471138#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40068240#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1353/aq.2004.0045&rft.aulast=Viesca&rft.aufirst=Victor+Hugo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chicano+rock" class="Z3988">
37. ^ Azcona, Stevan Cesar (2008). Movements in Chicano music: Performing culture, performing politics, 1965–1979. p. 3\. ProQuest 304482559.
38. ^ Lipsitz, George (Winter 1986–1987). "Cruising around the Historical Bloc: Postmodernism and Popular Music in East Los Angeles" (PDF). Cultural Critique. 5 (Modernity and Modernism, Postmodernity and Postmodernism): 160. doi:10.2307/1354360. JSTOR 1354360.
39. ^ a b Yang, Mina (2008). California Polyphony: Ethnic Voices, Musical Crossroads. University of Illinois Press. p. 116\. ISBN 9780252032431.
40. ^ Loza, Steven Joseph (2019). Barrio Harmonics: Essays on Chicano/Latino Music. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press. pp. 116, 128–129\. ISBN 9780895511676.128-129&rft.pub=UCLA+Chicano+Studies+Research+Center+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780895511676&rft.aulast=Loza&rft.aufirst=Steven+Joseph&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Chicano+rock" class="Z3988">

## Further reading

[edit]

* Loza, Steven Joseph (1993). Barrio Rhythm: Mexican American music in Los Angeles. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06288-4.
* Monsalvo, C. Sergio (1989). La canción del inmigrante: de Aztlán a Los Lobos (in Spanish). México, D.F.: Tinta Negra. ISBN 968-6336-01-X.
* Reyes, David; Waldman, Tom (1998). Land of a Thousand Dances: Chicano rock 'n' roll from Southern California. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1929-7.

## External links

[edit]

* "articles on Chicano Rock". Guerrero, Mark. 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2008.

* v
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Chicano and Mexican American topics

Terms|

* Chicano
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Pre-Chicano Movement|

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Chicano Movement|

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Post-Chicano Movement|

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Culture|

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Chicana/o Theory|

* Barrioization
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Supreme Court cases|

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* v
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Rock music

Components|

* Backbeat
* Distortion
* Rock band
* Electric guitar
* Electric bass
* Rhythm section
* Drum kit

Genres by
decade of origin
(sub-subgenres
not included)|

| 1950s|

* Instrumental rock
* Latin rock
* Pop rock
* Rock and roll
* British
* Rockabilly
* Surf music

|

1960s|

* Anatolian rock
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* Beat music
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* Soft rock
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1970s|

* Arena rock
* Cello rock
* Cock rock
* Dance-rock
* Funk rock
* Glam rock
* Heartland rock
* Industrial rock
* New wave
* Post-progressive
* Post-punk
* Power pop
* Pub rock (Australia)
* Pub rock (United Kingdom)
* Punk rock
* Shock rock
* Soft rock
* Visual kei
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1980s|

* Alternative rock
* Deathrock
* Dream pop
* Gothic rock
* Grebo
* Grunge
* Indie rock
* Jangle pop
* Rap rock
* Rock kapak
* Shoegaze
* Slacker rock
* Trop rock

1990s|

* Britpop
* Emo
* Math rock
* Post-rock
* Stoner rock
* Sufi rock
* Viking rock

Regional scenes|

| North America|

* American
* Palm Desert Scene
* Canadian
* Costa Rican
* Cuban
* Dominican
* Haitian
* Mexican
* Chicano rock
* Puerto Rican

|

South America|

* Argentine
* Brazilian
* Brazilian thrash metal
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* Tropicália
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Ecuadorian
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* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Europe|

* Albanian
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* Britpop
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* Art rock
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* Neo-rockabilly
* New wave
* Post-punk
* Punk

Asia|

* Armenian
* Azerbaijani
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* Cambodian (1959–1975)
* Chinese
* Filipino
* Bisrock
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* Raga
* Indonesian
* Iranian
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* Visual kei
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* Malaysian
* Rock kapak
* Nepalese
* Pakistani
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* Thai
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Africa|

* Angolan
* Sahara desert region
* Zambian

Oceania|

* Australian
* New Zealand

Radio formats|

* Active rock
* Adult album alternative
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* Progressive rock (radio format)

* History
* Culture

* British Invasion
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* Social effects
* Rock Against Communism
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* Rock music and the fall of communism
* Rockism and poptimism
* Women in rock

Related|

* Beatlesque
* List of rock genres
* Motorik
* Outlaw country
* Progressive music
* Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
* Rock concert
* Rock festival
* Rock musical
* Rock opera
* Wagnerian rock
* Wall of Sound

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Music genres in the Hispanosphere

Andean|

* Bambuco
* Carnavalito
* Diablada
* Huayno
* Morenada
* Saya
* Tinku

Spaniard folk|

* Catalan rumba
* Copla
* Fandango
* Flamenco
* Alboreá
* Bulerías
* Cantiñas
* Flamenco jazz
* Rumba flamenca
* Saeta
* Soleá
* Folia
* Isa (from Canary Islands)
* Jota
* Malagueña
* Pasodoble
* Tajaraste
* Zarzuela

Latin urban|

* Hip hop
* House
* Reggae
* R&B
* Trap

| Reggaeton|

* Alternative
* Bachatón
* Moombahton
* Neoperreo
* Panamanian

|

Litoraleña|

* Chamarrita
* Guarania
* Paraguayan polka
* Chamamé

Peruvian coastal|

* Afro-Peruvian music
* Festejo
* Landó
* Son de los Diablos
* Toro Mata
* Marinera
* Tondero
* Vals
* Zamacueca

Latin pop|

* Ballad
* Colombian
* Mexican
* Nueva canción
* Nueva trova

Regional
Mexican|

* Corrido
* Corridos tumbados
* Conjunto
* Norteño
* Nortec
* Tejano
* Grupera
* Duranguense
* Banda
* Mariachi
* Jarabe
* Ranchera
* Trival

Southern Cone|

* Candombe
* Cueca
* Música cebolla
* Milonga
* Murga

| Tango|

* Argentine tango
* Milonga
* Vals
* Neotango
* Nuevo tango
* Uruguayan tango
* Bandoneon
* Orquesta típica

|

Rock|

* Alternative
* Argentine
* Chicano
* Chilean
* Colombian
* Cuban
* Dominican
* Ecuadorian
* Latin rock
* Metal
* Mexican
* Nueva ola
* Peruvian
* Puerto Rican
* Spanish
* Uruguayan
* Venezuelan

Traditional folk|

* Chacarera
* Gaita zuliana
* Gato
* Joropo
* Mexican Son
* huasteco
* jalisciense
* jarocho
* Tonada
* Zamacueca
* Cueca
* Marinera
* Zamba

Tropical|

* Bachata
* Bolero
* Calypso
* Cha-cha-cha
* Champeta
* Changüí
* Charanga
* Conga
* Cuarteto
* Danzón
* Guajira
* Guaracha
* Mambo
* Merengue
* Méringue
* Pachanga
* Rumba
* Guaguancó
* Salsa
* dura
* romántica
* Son cubano
* montuno
* Timba
* Trova
* Vallenato (Charanga-vallenata)

| Cumbia|

* Argentine
* Bullerengue
* Colombian
* Mexican
* New Chilean
* Panamanian
* Peruvian
* Porro
* Rap
* Tecnocumbia
* Villera
* Cachaca

|

Afro-Latin|

* Afro-Peruvian music
* Bomba
* Bomba del Chota
* Candombe
* Latin jazz
* Afro-Cuban jazz
* Mapalé
* Milonga
* Tambor
* Tropical music

Other genres|

* Aguinaldo
* Canción melódica
* Christian
* Contradanza
* Criolla
* Danza
* Décima
* Pasacalle
* Pasillo
* Plena
* Pregón
* Punto guajiro
* Seis
* Spanish opera
* Spanish jazz
* Villancico

Related|

* Latin music
* subgenres
* Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines

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