Chief of Staff of the French Navy

Chef d'État-Major de la Marine (fr)

Marque of the Chief[1]

Incumbent
Amiral Nicolas Vaujour [fr]

since 1 September 2023

Ministry of the Armed Forces
Style| Monsieur le Chef d'État-Major de la Marine
Abbreviation| C.E.M.M.
Member of| Chiefs of Staff Committee
Reports to| Chief of the Defence Staff
Seat| Hexagone Balard, Paris
Appointer| President of the Republic
Requires the Prime Minister's countersignature
Formation| 1871
First holder| Jules Krantz
Deputy| Major General of the Navy
Website| www.defense.gouv.fr

The Chief of the Naval Staff (French: Chef d’état-major de la Marine, pronounced [ʃɛf deta maʒɔʁ də la maʁin], abbr. CEMM) is a French general officer, adviser to the Chief of the Defence Staff for the French Navy and responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces for preparing the Navy for its engagement. Since 1 September 2023, the Chief of the Naval Staff has been Admiral Nicolas Vaujour [fr].

## Main powers

[edit]

The Chief of the Naval Staff is the top representative of the French Navy.

He advises and assists the Chief of the Defence Staff. He provides him with Navy-specific expertise.

He maintains bilateral relations with foreign navies. He participates in inter-administrative bodies in the field of State action at sea.

He has authority over the Navy General Staff (French: Etat-major de la Marine, acronym: EMM), over the Navy Military Personnel Directorate (French: Direction du personnel militaire de la Marine, acronym: DPMM), as well as over all the commands, directorates and services that make up the French Navy.

He ensures the preparation of the naval forces. As such, he is responsible for instruction and training, as well as maintenance of operational readiness. He develops the concepts and doctrines for the employment of naval forces. He reports to the Chief of the Defence Staff on the availability of assets and the operational readiness of the naval forces.

Regarding capabilities, the Chief of the Naval Staff develops the French Navy's military requirements. He defines support and infrastructure needs. He is responsible for the operational evaluation of new equipment. He decides their commissioning and their withdrawal from service at the end of their life.

In terms of human resources, regarding the military personnel of the French Navy, he is responsible for their recruitment, initial and continuous training, discipline, morale and wellbeing, professional and career paths, as well as management of the workforce, jobs and skills. Regarding civilian personnel under his authority, he expresses the needs in terms of employment, manpower and skills. He takes part in the implementation of the ministerial policy concerning civilian personnel and participates in social dialogue bodies.

He has responsibilities in terms of risk management and nuclear safety.

## Authority and command

[edit]

The authority of the Chief of the Naval Staff is exercised over several bodies:

* The Navy General Staff provides general management for the following entities, under the direction of the Major General of the Navy (French: Major général de la Marine, acronym: MGM) and through its seven bureaux (performance and synthesis, support and finance, plans and programs, naval air operations, international relations, nuclear affairs and risk management, human resources):
* Navy Military Personnel Directorate, headed by a Vice-Admiral (acronym: DPMM);
* Major force commands:
* Vice-Admiral "ALFAN", commanding the Naval Action Force (FAN);
* Vice-Admiral "ALFOST", commanding the Strategic Oceanic Force (FOST);
* Commodore "ALAVIA", commanding the naval aviation force (AVIA);
* Commodore "ALFUSCO", commanding the force of marines and commandos (FORFUSCO);
* Maritime zone commanders:
* Vice-Admiral, maritime prefect of the Mediterranean;
* Vice-Admiral, maritime prefect of the Atlantic;
* Vice-Admiral, maritime prefect of the English Channel and the North Sea;
* Commodore "ALPACI", commanding the French Pacific Fleet and the armed forces in French Polynesia;
* Commodore "ALINDIEN", commanding the Indian Ocean Maritime Zone (ZMOI) and the French Maritime Forces in the Indian Ocean;
* Commodore "COMSUP FAA", commanding the French Armed Forces in the West Indies.
* The following services and departments:
* Inspectorate of the Navy (not to be confused with the General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces, which reports to the Minister of the Armed Forces);
* Navy Outreach Delegate;
* Permanent Commission for Fleet Vessel Programs and Testing;
* Navy Centre for Strategic Studies;
* Navy Public Relations Office (SIRPA Marine);
* Navy Logistics Service;
* Permanent Council for Boating Safety of the Navy;
* Permanent Council for Air Safety of the Navy;
* Permanent Secretariat of the Council for the Military Services of the Navy;
* Inspector of the health service for the Navy;

He chairs the board of directors of the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy (French: Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine, acronym: SHOM) and supervises the French Naval Academy on behalf of the Minister of the Armed Forces.

## History

[edit]

Before the First World War, the Chief of the Naval Staff was above all the head of the military cabinet of the Minister of the Navy, and this mode of operation is the source of the name used; the officer who had effective authority over the Navy was then the admiral commanding the naval army, sometimes unofficially referred to as "amiralissime", in reference to the title of "généralissime" used at the time in the Army.

The First World War called all this into question, because an immense work of reorganisation had to be carried out at the headquarters in "rue Royale"a to conduct a long-lasting industrial maritime war and to be able to face the new threats posed by German submarines and underwater mines: a sort of "second staff" was even created, called the "directorate general for underwater warfare" (French: Direction générale de la guerre sous-marine, acronym: DGGSM) with sometimes overlapping areas of action; this observed redundancy logically led to the dissolution of the DGGSM at the end of the war and the attribution of its many prerogatives to the offices of the Navy General Staff.

In order to have a system allowing a flexible transition between peacetime — period of preparation — and wartime — period of action — the Vice-Admiral Chief of the Navy General Staff becomes, in the 1920s, the designated commander of the French maritime forces in the event of war, and the staff tasks fall in such circumstances to the Major General of the Navy, his first deputy in time of peace.

From 26 August 1939 to 6 June 1943, the organisation of the French Navy no longer included a general staff, but instead a "staff of the French maritime forces" which acted as such for the time of war. Admiral Darlan thus became commander-in-chief of the French maritime forces before being called to other functions in February 1941 in Vichy France.

After the Second World War, the gradual disappearance of the portfolio of Minister of the Navy led to entrusting part of the Minister's prerogatives to the Chief of the Naval Staff. However over time these prerogatives were taken over at the "joint" level by the staff of the armed forces and its chief: the Chief of the Defence Staff. The Chief of the Naval Staff thus lost his responsibilities for directing maritime operations to the Chief of the Defence Staff in 1971b.

In the 2000s, a large part of the organic prerogatives – force preparation – was again transferred to the Chief of the Defence Staff, but the Chief of the Naval Staff remained his main adviser regarding the preparation and employment of the Navy.

Admiral Bernard Louzeau decided at the end of the 1980s to replace the emblem of the French Navy, "a gold anchor intertwined with a cable", by a logo representing "a white ship’s bow with two blue and red waves". Admiral Pierre-François Forissier decided to provide the Navy with an anthem whose lyrics were written in 2011 by Lieutenant Christian Beauval and the music by the Chief of Music of the Armed Forces Didier Descamps, Chief of Music of the Brest fleet crews.

## List of chiefs

[edit]

The following is a list of chiefs that served under the Third Republic, the French State, the Fourth Republic and the Fifth Republic:

### Third Republic

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Rank & Name  | Term  | Minister | Commander-in-Chief | Ref.[a]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Duration
Office established
1  |  | Contre-amiral[b]
Jules Krantz | 9 March 1871 | 4 June 1873 | 2 years, 87 days  | Louis Pothuau
Charles d'Hornoy | Adolphe Thiers
Patrice de MacMahon | [2]

2  |  | Contre-amiral
Victor Duperré | 4 June 1873 | 1 October 1874 | 1 year, 119 days  | Charles d'Hornoy
Louis de Chauvance | Patrice de MacMahon | [3]

3  |  | Contre-amiral
Henri Garnault [fr] | 1 October 1874 | 12 March 1876 | 1 year, 163 days  | Louis de Chauvance
Léon Fourichon | Patrice de MacMahon | [4]

4  |  | Contre-amiral
Albert Roussin | 12 March 1876 | 1 October 1877 | 1 year, 203 days  | Léon Fourichon
Albert des Touches
Albert Roussin | Patrice de MacMahon | [5]

5  |  | Contre-amiral
Abel-Nicolas Bergasse du Petit-Thouars | 1 October 1877 | 12 February 1879 | 1 year, 134 days  | Albert Roussin
Louis Pothuau
Jean Jauréguiberry | Patrice de MacMahon
Jules Grévy | [6]

6  |  | Contre-amiral
Eugène Sellier | 12 February 1879 | 2 August 1880 | 1 year, 172 days  | Jean Jauréguiberry | Jules Grévy | [7]

7  |  | Contre-amiral
Alexandre Peyron | 2 August 1880 | 17 November 1881 | 1 year, 107 days  | Jean Jauréguiberry
Georges Cloué
Auguste Gougeard | Jules Grévy | [8]

8  |  | Capitaine de vaisseau
Armand Besnard | 17 November 1881 | 1 February 1882 | 76 days  | Auguste Gougeard
Jean Jauréguiberry | Jules Grévy | [9]

9  |  | Vice-amiral
Alexandre Peyron | 1 February 1882 | 28 February 1883 | 1 year, 27 days  | Jean Jauréguiberry
François de Mahy | Jules Grévy | [10]

10  |  | Contre-amiral
Sébastien Lespès | 28 February 1883 | 14 July 1885 | 2 years, 136 days  | François de Mahy
Charles Brun
Alexandre Peyron
Charles-Eugène Galiber | Jules Grévy | [11]

11  |  | Contre-amiral
Charles de la Jaille [fr] | 14 July 1885 | 10 January 1886 | 180 days  | Charles-Eugène Galiber
Théophile Aube | Jules Grévy | [12]

12  |  | Contre-amiral[b]
Louis-Henri Brown de Colstoun [fr] | 10 January 1886 | 1 April 1887 | 1 year, 81 days  | Théophile Aube | Jules Grévy | [13]

13  |  | Capitaine de vaisseau
Alfred Gervais [fr] | 1 April 1887 | 2 June 1887 | 62 days  | Théophile Aube
Édouard Barbey | Jules Grévy | [14]

14  |  | Contre-amiral
Louis Alquier | 2 June 1887 | 16 December 1887 | 197 days  | Édouard Barbey
François de Mahy | Jules Grévy
Sadi Carnot | [15]

15  |  | Contre-amiral
Alfred Le Timbre | 16 December 1887 | 13 November 1889 | 1 year, 332 days  | François de Mahy
Jules Krantz
Benjamin Jaurès
Jules Krantz
Édouard Barbey | Sadi Carnot | [16]

16  |  | Vice-amiral
Louis Vignes [fr] | 13 November 1889 | 11 February 1892 | 2 years, 90 days  | Édouard Barbey | Sadi Carnot | [17]

17  |  | Vice-amiral
Alfred Gervais [fr] | 11 February 1892 | 22 September 1894 | 2 years, 223 days  | Édouard Barbey
Godefroy Cavaignac
[...]
Auguste Lefèvre
Félix Faure | Sadi Carnot
Jean Casimir-Perier | [18]

18  |  | Vice-amiral
Edgar Humann | 22 September 1894 | 8 November 1895 | 1 year, 48 days  | Félix Faure
Armand Besnard
Édouard Lockroy | Jean Casimir-Perier
Félix Faure | [19]

19  |  | Contre-amiral
Charles Chauvin | 8 November 1895 | 16 June 1896 | 221 days  | Édouard Lockroy
Armand Besnard | Félix Faure | [20]

20  |  | Vice-amiral
Jean de Lamornaix | 16 June 1896 | 8 July 1898 | 2 years, 22 days  | Armand Besnard
Édouard Lockroy | Félix Faure | [21]

21  |  | Vice-amiral
Jules de Cuverville | 8 July 1898 | 8 July 1899 | 1 year, 0 days  | Édouard Lockroy
Jean-Marie de Lanessan | Félix Faure
Émile Loubet | [22]

22  |  | Contre-amiral
Léonce Caillard [fr] | 8 July 1899 | 1 May 1900 | 297 days  | Jean-Marie de Lanessan | Émile Loubet | [23]

23  |  | Vice-amiral
Amédée Bienaimé [fr] | 1 May 1900 | 1 February 1902 | 1 year, 276 days  | Jean-Marie de Lanessan | Émile Loubet | [24]

24  |  | Contre-amiral[c]
Ernest Marquer | 1 February 1902 | 18 February 1904 | 2 years, 17 days  | Jean-Marie de Lanessan
Camille Pelletan | Émile Loubet | [25]

25  |  | Contre-amiral[c]
Paul Campion | 18 February 1904 | 29 January 1905 | 346 days  | Camille Pelletan
Gaston Thomson | Émile Loubet | [26]

26  |  | Vice-amiral
Charles Touchard [fr] | 29 January 1905 | 1 November 1905 | 276 days  | Gaston Thomson | Émile Loubet | [27]

27  |  | Vice-amiral[d]
Charles Aubert [fr] | 1 November 1905 | 23 August 1909 | 3 years, 295 days  | Gaston Thomson
Alfred Picard
Auguste de Lapeyrère | Émile Loubet
Armand Fallières | [28]

28  |  | Vice-amiral[d]
Laurent Marin-Darbel [fr] | 23 August 1909 | 15 February 1911 | 1 year, 176 days  | Auguste de Lapeyrère | Armand Fallières | [29]

29  |  | Vice-amiral[d]
Paul Auvert [fr] | 15 February 1911 | 1 February 1912 | 351 days  | Auguste de Lapeyrère
Théophile Delcassé | Armand Fallières | [30]

30  |  | Vice-amiral
Charles Aubert [fr] | 1 February 1912 | 24 January 1913 | 358 days  | Théophile Delcassé
Pierre Baudin | Armand Fallières | [31]

31  |  | Vice-amiral
Pierre Ange Marie Le Bris [fr] | 24 January 1913 | 26 May 1914 | 1 year, 122 days  | Pierre Baudin
Ernest Monis
Armand Gauthier | Armand Fallières
Raymond Poincaré | [32]

32  |  | Vice-amiral
Louis-Joseph Pivet [fr] | 26 May 1914 | 5 December 1914 | 193 days  | Armand Gauthier
Émile Chautemps
Armand Gauthier
Victor Augagneur | Raymond Poincaré | [33]

33  |  | Vice-amiral
Charles Aubert [fr] | 5 December 1914 | 7 June 1915† | 184 days  | Victor Augagneur | Raymond Poincaré | [34]

34  |  | Vice-amiral
Eugène de Jonquières [fr] | 9 June 1915 | 10 March 1916 | 275 days  | Victor Augagneur
Lucien Lacaze | Raymond Poincaré | [35]

35  |  | Vice-amiral
Ferdinand-Jean-Jacques de Bon [fr] | 10 March 1916 | 16 April 1919 | 3 years, 37 days  | Lucien Lacaze
Charles Chaumet
Georges Leygues | Raymond Poincaré | [36]

36  |  | Vice-amiral
Pierre-Alexis Ronarc'h | 16 April 1919 | 4 February 1920 | 294 days  | Georges Leygues
Adolphe Landry | Raymond Poincaré | [37]

37  |  | Vice-amiral
Henri Salaün | 4 February 1920 | 26 January 1921 | 357 days  | Adolphe Landry
Gabriel Guist'hau | Raymond Poincaré
Paul Deschanel
Alexandre Millerand | [38]

38  |  | Vice-amiral
Maurice Grasset [fr] | 26 January 1921 | 23 July 1924 | 3 years, 179 days  | Gabriel Guist'hau
Flaminius Raiberti
Maurice Bokanowski
Désiré Ferry
Jacques-Louis Dumesnil | Alexandre Millerand
Gaston Doumergue | [39]

39  |  | Vice-amiral
Henri Salaun | 23 July 1924 | 11 January 1928 | 3 years, 172 days  | Jacques-Louis Dumesnil
Émile Borel
Georges Leygues
René Renoult
Georges Leygues | Gaston Doumergue | [40]

40  |  | Vice-amiral
Louis-Hippolyte Violette [fr] | 11 January 1928 | 17 February 1931 | 3 years, 37 days  | Georges Leygues
Albert Sarraut
Jacques-Louis Dumesnil
Albert Sarraut
Charles Dumont | Gaston Doumergue | [41]

41  |  | Vice-amiral
Georges Durand-Viel | 17 February 1931 | 31 December 1936 | 5 years, 318 days  | Charles Dumont
Georges Leygues
[...]
François Piétri
Alphonse Duparc | Gaston Doumergue
Paul Doumer
Albert Lebrun | [42]

42  |  | Amiral[e]
François Darlan | 31 December 1936 | 25 June 1939 | 2 years, 176 days  | Alphonse Duparc
César Campinchi
William Bertrand
César Campinchi | Albert Lebrun | [43]

### French State

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Rank & Name  | Term  | Minister | Commander-in-Chief | Ref.[a]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Duration
(42)  |  | Amiral[f]
François Darlan | 25 June 1939 | 2 September 1941 | 2 years, 69 days  | César Campinchi
François Darlan | Albert Lebrun
Philippe Pétain | [44]

43  |  | Contre-amiral
Gabriel Auphan | 2 September 1941 | 18 November 1942 | 1 year, 77 days  | François Darlan | Philippe Pétain | [45]

44  |  | Vice-amiral d'escadre
Maurice Le Luc [fr] | 21 November 1942 | 1 April 1943 | 131 days  | Jean Abrial | Philippe Pétain | [46]

### Fourth Republic

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Rank & Name  | Term  | Minister[g] | Commander-in-Chief | Ref.[a]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Duration
45  |  | Vice-amiral d'escadre[h]
André Lemonnier | 7 August 1943 | 28 May 1950 | 6 years, 294 days  | Philippe Auboyneau
Louis Jacquinot
[...]
Paul Ramadier
René Pleven | Charles de Gaulle
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
Léon Blum
Vincent Auriol | [47]

46  |  | Vice-amiral
Robert Battet [fr] | 28 May 1950 | 14 July 1950† | 47 days  | René Pleven
Jules Moch | Vincent Auriol | [48]

47  |  | Vice-amiral
Roger-Gabriel Lambert [fr] | 10 August 1950 | 26 October 1951 | 1 year, 77 days  | Jules Moch
Georges Bidault | Vincent Auriol | [49]

48  |  | Amiral
Henri Nomy [fr] | 26 October 1951 | 19 May 1960 | 8 years, 206 days  | Georges Bidault
René Pleven
[...]
Pierre Guillaumat
Pierre Messmer | Vincent Auriol
René Coty
Charles de Gaulle | -

### Fifth Republic

[edit]

No. | Portrait  | Rank & Name  | Term  | Minister | Commander-in-Chief | Ref.[a]

|
|
|
|
|
|

Took office  | Left office  | Duration
49  |  | Amiral
Georges Cabanier | 19 May 1960 | 1 January 1968 | 7 years, 227 days  | Pierre Messmer | Charles de Gaulle | [50]

50  |  | Amiral
André Patou [fr] | 1 January 1968 | 1 May 1970 | 2 years, 120 days  | Pierre Messmer
Michel Debré | Charles de Gaulle
Georges Pompidou | -

51  |  | Amiral
André Storelli [fr] | 1 May 1970 | 1 February 1972 | 1 year, 276 days  | Michel Debré | Georges Pompidou | -

52  |  | Amiral
Marc de Joybert [fr] | 1 February 1972 | 14 July 1974 | 2 years, 163 days  | Michel Debré
Robert Galley
Jacques Soufflet
Yvon Bourges | Georges Pompidou
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | -

53  |  | Amiral
Albert Joire-Noulens [fr] | 14 July 1974 | 1 August 1976 | 2 years, 18 days  | Yvon Bourges | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | [51]

54  |  | Amiral
Jean-René Lannuzel [fr] | 1 August 1976 | 1 August 1982 | 6 years, 0 days  | Yvon Bourges
Joël Le Theule
Robert Galley
Charles Hernu | Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
François Mitterrand | [52]

55  |  | Amiral
Yves Leenhardt [fr] | 1 August 1982 | 30 January 1987 | 4 years, 182 days  | Charles Hernu
Paul Quilès
André Giraud | François Mitterrand | [53]

56  |  | Amiral
Bernard Louzeau [fr] | 30 January 1987 | 20 November 1990 | 3 years, 294 days  | André Giraud
Jean-Pierre Chevènement | François Mitterrand | [54]

57  |  | Amiral
Alain Coatanéa | 20 November 1990 | 1 July 1994 | 3 years, 223 days  | Jean-Pierre Chevènement
Pierre Joxe
François Léotard | François Mitterrand | [55]

58  |  | Amiral
Jean-Charles Lefebvre | 1 July 1994 | 2 May 1999 | 4 years, 305 days  | François Léotard
Charles Millon
Alain Richard | François Mitterrand
Jacques Chirac | [56]

59  |  | Amiral
Jean-Luc Delaunay [fr] | 2 May 1999 | 1 July 2001 | 2 years, 60 days  | Alain Richard | Jacques Chirac | [57]

60  |  | Amiral
Jean-Louis Battet [fr] | 1 July 2001 | 15 June 2005 | 3 years, 349 days  | Alain Richard
Michèle Alliot-Marie | Jacques Chirac | [58]
[59]
61  |  | Amiral
Alain Oudot de Dainville | 15 June 2005 | 4 February 2008 | 2 years, 234 days  | Michèle Alliot-Marie
Hervé Morin | Jacques Chirac
Nicolas Sarkozy | [60]
[61]
62  |  | Amiral
Pierre-François Forissier | 4 February 2008 | 12 September 2011 | 3 years, 220 days  | Hervé Morin
Alain Juppé
Gérard Longuet | Nicolas Sarkozy | [62]

63  |  | Amiral
Bernard Rogel | 12 September 2011 | 13 July 2016 | 4 years, 305 days  | Gérard Longuet
Jean-Yves Le Drian | Nicolas Sarkozy
François Hollande | [63]
[64]
64  |  | Amiral
Christophe Prazuck | 13 July 2016 | 1 September 2020 | 4 years, 50 days  | Jean-Yves Le Drian
Sylvie Goulard
Florence Parly | François Hollande
Emmanuel Macron | [65]
[66]
65  |  | Amiral
Pierre Vandier | 1 September 2020 | 31 August 2023 | 2 years, 364 days  | Florence Parly
Sébastien Lecornu | Emmanuel Macron | [67]
66  |  | Amiral
Nicolas Vaujour [fr] | 1 September 2023 | Incumbent | 1 year, 338 days  | Sébastien Lecornu | Emmanuel Macron |

## See also

[edit]

* Chief of the Defence Staff
* Chief of Staff of the French Army
* Chief of Staff of the French Air Force
* Special Operations Command
* Directorate General of the National Gendarmerie

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Upper references are the official decree of nomination in French. Lower references are press articles in English.
2. ^ a b Capitaine de vaisseau at the time of his appointment, promoted to Contre-amiral while in office.
3. ^ a b Appointed "Chef d'état-major général avec le titre faisant fonction"; faisant fonction is a locution indicating that an officer is holding an office usually attached to a higher rank.
4. ^ a b c Contre-amiral at the time of his appointment, promoted to Vice-amiral while in office.
5. ^ Vice-amiral at the time of his appointment, promoted to Amiral and bearing the title Amiral de la flotte while in office.
6. ^ From 25 June 1939, his full style was The admiral of the Fleet, Commander-in-chief of the French Naval Forces.
7. ^ The Minister of the Navy was responsible until 1947, after which the Minister of the Armed Forces took over.
8. ^ Contre-amiral at the time of his appointment, promoted to Vice-amiral and Vice-amiral d'escadre while in office.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Marques, honneurs, saluts et visites dans les forces navales et à bord des bâtiments de la marine militaire". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). 10 August 1939. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
2. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 March 1871). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
3. ^ Government of the French Republic (3 June 1873). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
4. ^ Government of the French Republic (30 September 1874). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
5. ^ Government of the French Republic (11 March 1876). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
6. ^ Government of the French Republic (30 September 1877). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
7. ^ Government of the French Republic (11 February 1879). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
8. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 August 1880). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
9. ^ Government of the French Republic (16 November 1881). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
10. ^ Government of the French Republic (31 January 1882). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
11. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 February 1883). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
12. ^ Government of the French Republic (13 July 1885). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
13. ^ Government of the French Republic (9 January 1886). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
14. ^ Government of the French Republic (31 March 1887). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
15. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1887). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
16. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 December 1887). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
17. ^ Government of the French Republic (12 November 1889). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
18. ^ Government of the French Republic (23 January 1892). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
19. ^ Government of the French Republic (21 September 1894). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
20. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 November 1895). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
21. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 June 1896). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
22. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 July 1898). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
23. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 July 1899). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
24. ^ Government of the French Republic (27 April 1900). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
25. ^ Government of the French Republic (31 January 1902). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
26. ^ Government of the French Republic (18 February 1904). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
27. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 January 1905). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
28. ^ Government of the French Republic (17 August 1905). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
29. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 August 1909). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
30. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1911). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
31. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 January 1912). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
32. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 January 1913). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
33. ^ Government of the French Republic (22 May 1914). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
34. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 December 1914). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
35. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1915). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
36. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 March 1916). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
37. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 April 1919). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
38. ^ Government of the French Republic (3 February 1920). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
39. ^ Government of the French Republic (25 January 1921). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
40. ^ Government of the French Republic (22 July 1924). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
41. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 January 1928). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
42. ^ Government of the French Republic (16 February 1931). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
43. ^ Government of the French Republic (5 November 1936). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
44. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 June 1939). "Décret portant appelation avec prise de rang". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
45. ^ Government of the French State (1 September 1941). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
46. ^ Government of the French State (20 November 1942). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
47. ^ Government of the French Republic (6 August 1943). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
48. ^ Government of the French Republic (27 May 1950). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
49. ^ JORF #190 - P8411 - 11 August 1950
50. ^ JORF #117 - P4537 - 19 May 1960
51. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 July 1974). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
52. ^ Government of the French Republic (18 June 1976). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
53. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 June 1982). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
54. ^ Government of the French Republic (23 December 1986). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
55. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 November 1990). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
56. ^ Government of the French Republic (9 May 1994). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
57. ^ Government of the French Republic (9 April 1999). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
58. ^ Government of the French Republic (31 May 2001). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
59. ^ "Honours for elite snubbed by De Gaulle". The Guardian. 7 June 2004. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
60. ^ Government of the French Republic (13 May 2005). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
61. ^ "French Navy Chief visits India". French Embassy in New Delhi. 8 December 2007. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
62. ^ Government of the French Republic (21 January 2008). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
63. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 June 2011). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
64. ^ "French Navy Plans Around Ship Sale to Egypt". DefenseNews. 11 February 2015. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
65. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 July 2016). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
66. ^ "France launches new nuclear-powered attack submarine". France24. 12 July 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
67. ^ Government of the French Republic (22 July 2020). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2020.

## External links

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