Children of Muhammad

Muhammad's children

أولاد محمد
Children| |  Children of Muhammad|  Birth–Death

|

Qasim| 598–601
Zainab| 599–629
Ruqayya| 601–624
Umm Kulthum| 603–630
Fatima| 605/12/15–632
Abdullah| 611–615
Ibrahim| 630–632
Family| Banu Hashim

The common view is that the Islamic prophet Muhammad had three sons, named Abd Allah, Ibrahim, and Qasim, and four daughters, named Fatima, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. The children of Muhammad are said to have been born to his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except his son Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya. None of Muhammad's sons reached adulthood, but he had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah. Daughters of Muhammad all reached adulthood but only Fatima outlived her father. Citing, among others, the reported advanced age of Khadija, some Twelver Shia sources contend that Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad, as she is known to have enjoyed a closer relationship with Muhammad, compared to Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zaynab. That Fatima was the only biological daughter of Muhammad appears to be the mainstream view among Twelver Shia Muslims.

## Sunni view

[edit]

In chronological order, most Sunni sources list the children of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as

* Qasim (598–601)
* Zainab (599–629)
* Ruqayya (601–624)
* Umm Kulthum (603–630)
* Fatima (605–632)[1]
* Abd Allah (611–615)
* Ibrahim (630–632)

The Sunni view is that they were all born to Muhammad's first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid, except Ibrahim, who was born to Maria al-Qibtiyya.[2]

## Twelver Shia view

[edit]

It is improbable that the elderly Khadija could have given birth to so many children.[2] Some Twelver Shia sources therefore contend that Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and Zainab were adopted by Muhammad after the death of their mother Hala, who was Khadija's sister,[3][4] or that the three were daughters of Khadija from an earlier marriage.[5] Before successively marrying the early Muslim Uthman ibn Affan, Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum were initially married to polytheists, something which Muhammad likely would have not permitted for his biological daughters, Shia authors argue.[5] They also cite the absence of historical evidence for a close relationship between Muhammad and Ruqayya, Zainab, or Umm Kulthum, unlike Fatima.[5] That Fatima was Muhammad's only biological daughter may indeed be the mainstream view in Shia Islam,[3] or at least in Twelver Shi'ism, the main branch of Shia Islam.[4] In particular, this belief seems to be prevalent among the Shias of South Asia.[6]

## Descendants

[edit]

Muhammad's sons all died in childhood,[7][8] although he also had an adult foster son, Zayd ibn Harithah.[9][8] Some have suggested that the early deaths of his sons were detrimental to a hereditary-based system of succession to Muhammad.[8] The alternative view is that the descendants of the past prophets become the spiritual and material heirs to them in the Quran, and that the succession to the past prophets is a matter settled by divine selection in the Quran and not by the faithful.[10][11]

Muhammad's daughters reached adulthood but they all died relatively young,[8] such that none outlived him except Fatima.[2] Fatima married Muhammad's cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is through her that Muhammad's progeny has spread throughout the Muslim world.[1] The descendants of Fatima are given the honorific titles sayyid (lit. 'lord, sir') or sharif (lit. 'noble'), and are respected in the Muslim community.[1][4][12] Ruqayya and Umm Kulthum married Uthman ibn Affan one after another, and Zainab married Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi, another companion of Muhammad. Umm Kulthum remained childless whereas Ruqayya gave birth to a boy Abd Allah, who died in childhood.[13][14] Zaynab gave birth to a son, named Ali, who also died in childhood, and a daughter Umama, whom Ali ibn Abi Talib married sometime after the death of Fatima in 632 CE.[15] Muhammad's attitude and treatment towards his children, enshrined in the hadith literature, is viewed by Muslims as an exemplar to be imitated.[16]

## See also

[edit]

* Muhammad's wives
* Companions of the Prophet
* Islam and children
* Sayyid

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Buehler 2014.
2. ^ a b c Ali 2008, p. 17.
3. ^ a b Abbas 2021, p. 33.
4. ^ a b c Fedele 2018, p. 56.
5. ^ a b c Keaney 2021, p. 135.
6. ^ Hyder 2006, p. 75.
7. ^ Hughes 1885, p. 869.
8. ^ a b c d Peterson 2001, p. 497.
9. ^ Hazleton 2013, pp. 67, 68.
10. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 9, 17.
11. ^ Jafri 1979, pp. 14–16.
12. ^ Kazuo 2012, p. 2.
13. ^ Madelung 1997, pp. 364.
14. ^ Ahmed 2011, p. 50.
15. ^ Haylamaz 2007, p. 83.
16. ^ Yust 2006, p. 72.

## Sources

[edit]

* Abbas, H. (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300252057.
* Ahmed, A.Q. (2011). The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies. Occasional Publications UPR. ISBN 9781900934138.
* Ali, K. (2008). Smith, B.G. (ed.). Khadijah. Vol. 3\. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18\. ISBN 9780 195148909.
* Buehler, A.F. (2014). "Fatima (d. 632)". In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1\. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187\. ISBN 9781610691789.
* Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima (605/15–632 CE)". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56\. ISBN 9781440848506.
* Haylamaz, R. (2007). Khadija: The First Muslim and the Wife of the Prophet Muhammad. Tughra Books. ISBN 9781597841214.
* Hazleton, L. (2013). The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad. Atlantic Books Ltd. ISBN 9781782392316.
* Hughes, T.P. (1885). Dictionary of Islam. W.H. Allen.
* Hyder, S.A. (2006). Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195373028.
* Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman.
* Kazuo, M. (2012). "How to Behave Toward sayyids and sharīfs: A Trans-Sectarian Tradition of Dream Accounts". In Kazuo, M. (ed.). Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim societies: The Living Links to the Prophet. Routledge. ISBN 9780415519175.
* Keaney, H.N. (2021). 'Uthman ibn 'Affan: Legend or Liability?. Oneworld Academic. ISBN 9781786076977.
* Khetia, V. (2013). Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources (Thesis). Concordia University.
* Madelung, W. (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521561815.
* Peterson, D.C. (2001). "Muhammad". In Freedman, D.N.; McClymond, M.J. (eds.). The Rivers of Paradise: Moses, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad as Religious Founders. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. pp. 457–612\. ISBN 0802845401.
* Soufi, D.L. (1997). The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought (PhD thesis). Princeton University. ProQuest 304390529.
* Yust, K.M., ed. (2006). Nurturing Child and Adolescent Spirituality: Perspectives from the World's Religious Traditions. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742544635.

## Further reading

[edit]

* M.J. Kister. "The Sons of Khadija" (PDF). Retrieved 22 February 2015.

* v
* t
* e

Muhammad

Relatives|

| Parents|

* Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib
* Amina bint Wahb

|

Foster parents|

* Thuwaybah
* Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb

Foster brothers and sisters|

* Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib (Uncle)
* Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad
* Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith

Wives|

* Khadija bint Khuwaylid
* Sawda bint Zamʿa
* Aisha
* Hafsa bint Umar
* Zaynab bint Khuzayma
* Umm Salama
* Zaynab bint Jahsh
* Jawairia bint Harith
* Maria al-Qibtiyya
* Ramla bint Abi Sufyan
* Safiyya bint Huyayy
* Maymunah bint al-Harith

Descendants|

| Children|

* Qasim ibn Muhammad
* Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad
* Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
* Zainab bint Muhammad
* Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
* Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
* Fatima
* Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi (Adopted)

|

Grandchildren|

* Hasan ibn Ali
* Husayn ibn Ali
* Muhsin ibn Ali
* Zaynab bint Ali
* Umm Kulthum bint Ali
* Umamah bint Zainab

Miracles|

* Quran
* Splitting of the Moon
* Isra and Mi'raj

Events|

* Hijra
* Expeditions
* Farewell Pilgrimage
* Farewell Sermon
* First Islamic state
* Year of Sorrow
* Aqaba pledge of allegiance
* Muhammad's visit to Ta'if

People|

* Abu Bakr (father-in-law)
* Umar (father-in-law)
* Uthman (son-in-law)
* Ali (son-in-law and cousin)
* Ja'far ibn Abi Talib (cousin)
* Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib (uncle)
* Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib (uncle)
* Abu Lahab (uncle)
* Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib (uncle)
* Abd al-Muttalib (grandfather)
* Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas (cousin)
* Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
* Waraqah ibn Nawfal
* Zayd ibn Harithah (Khadija's slave and Adopted son)
* Hassan ibn Thabit (poet)
* Bilal ibn Rabah
* Anas ibn Malik
* Umm Ayman
* Gabriel

Related topics|

* Muhammad in the Quran
* Mawlid
* Naat
* Durood
* Salam
* Al-Burda
* Tala' al Badru 'Alayna
* Family tree of Muhammad
* Muhammad's letters to the heads of state
* Names and titles of Muhammad
* Hadith
* Muhammad and the Bible

Related things|

* Possessions of Muhammad
* Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)
* Pulpit
* Qaswa (Camel)
* Seal of Muhammad

Books|

| Hadith|

* Sahih al-Bukhari
* Sahih Muslim
* Sunan al-Tirmidhi
* Sunan Ibn Maja
* Sunan Abi Dawud
* Sunan al-Nasa'i
* Kitab al-Kafi

|

Books about|

* Sirat Ibn Hisham
* Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah
* Sirat-un-Nabi
* Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum

Sirat-un-Nabi|

* Ash-Shifa
* Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya

Durood|

* Durod e Ibrahimi
* Dala'il al-Khayrat

Places|

| Cities|

* Mecca
* Medina
* Ta'if
* Khaybar
* Jerusalem
* Abyssinia
* Mutah
* Tabuk

|

Symbolic|

* Jabal al-Nour
* Mount Uhud
* Jabal Thawr
* Mina, Saudi Arabia
* Muzdalifah
* Mount Arafat
* Green Dome
* Al-Baqi'

Mosques|

* Masjid al-Haram
* Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
* Masjid al-Aqsa
* Mosque with the two Qiblas
* Quba Mosque

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST

National|

* United States

*[lit.]: literal translation
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template