Chilton Jennings

African-American man lynched in the U.S.

Lynching of Chilton JenningsPart of Red Summer

National news coverage of the Jennings lynching

Date| July 24, 1919
Location| Gilmer, Texas
Participants| White mob in Gilmer, Texas
Deaths| 1

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Red Summer

April – June

* Morgan County, WV (April 10)
* Jenkins, GA (April 13)
* Sylvester, Georgia (April 14)
* Pickens, Mississippi (May 5)
* Philadelphia (May 9)
* Charleston, SC (May 10)
* Sylvester, Georgia (May 10)
* El Dorado, Arkansas (May 21)
* Milan, Georgia (May 26)
* Putnam County, GA (May 27–28)
* New London, CT (May 30)
* Monticello, Mississippi (May 31)
* Macon, MS (June 7)
* Memphis, Tennessee (June 13)
* Bibb County, Alabama (June 18)
* Annapolis (June 27)
* Macon, Mississippi (June 27)
* New London, CT (June 29)

July

* Bisbee, AZ (July 3)
* Dublin, Georgia riot (July 6)
* Philadelphia (July 7)
* Coatesville, PA (July 8)
* Tuscaloosa, Alabama (July 9)
* Longview, TX (July 10–12)
* Baltimore (July 11)
* Garfield Park, IN (July 14)
* Port Arthur, TX (July 15)
* Louise, Mississippi (July 15)
* Washington D.C. (July 19–24)
* New York City (July 20)
* Norfolk, VA (July 21)
* New Orleans, Louisiana (July 23)
* Darby, PA (July 23)
* Newberry, SC (July 24)
* Hobson City, Alabama (July 26)
* Chicago (July 27–August 3)
* Newberry, South Carolina (July 28)
* Bloomington, Illinois (July 31)
* Philadelphia (July 31)
* Syracuse, NY (July 31)

August – November

* Whatley, AL (August 1)
* Lincoln, Arkansas (August 3)
* Hattiesburg, Mississippi (August 4)
* Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6)
* New York City (August 21)
* Austin, TX (August 22)
* Laurens County, GA (August 27–29)
* Knoxville (August 30–31)
* Bogalusa, Louisiana (August 31)
* Clarksdale, Mississippi (September 10)
* Omaha (September 28–29)
* Montgomery, Alabama (September 29)
* Elaine, AR (September 30–October 1)
* Baltimore (October 1–2)
* Corbin, KY (October 31)
* Macon, Georgia (November 2)
* Ocoee, FL (November 2–3)
* Magnolia, Arkansas (November 11)
* Wilmington, DE (November 13)
* Bogalusa, LA (November 22)

Chilton Jennings was lynched on July 24, 1919, after being accused of attacking a white woman, Mrs. Virgie Haggard in Gilmer, Texas.

## Lynching of Chilton Jennings

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In Gilmer, Upshur County, Texas, 28-year-old Chilton Jennings allegedly assaulted a white woman, Mrs. Virgie Haggard, leaving her in critical condition. A posse caught him 3 miles (4.8 km) from Glimer.[1] He was arrested and a mob of about 1,000 white people stormed the jail and broke down the door with sledgehammers. A noose was placed around his neck and he was dragged by horse to the town square where he was hanged.[2] The mob worked quietly and quickly dispersed after he was killed. The body hung all day before being cut down at 4 o’clock July 25. [3] Four people were later arrested for the lynching; murder indictments were served for Willie Howell, Charlie Lansdale, Fritz Boyd, and Francis Flanagan.[4]

## Aftermath

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These race riots were one of several incidents of civil unrest that began in the so-called American Red Summer of 1919, which included terrorist attacks on black communities and white oppression in over three dozen cities and counties. In most cases, white mobs attacked African American neighborhoods. In some cases, black community groups resisted the attacks, especially in Chicago and Washington DC. Most deaths occurred in rural areas during events like the Elaine Race Riot in Arkansas, where an estimated 100 to 240 black people and 5 white people were killed. Also in 1919 were the Chicago Race Riot and Washington D.C. race riot which killed 38 and 39 people respectively. Both had many more non-fatal injuries and extensive property damage reaching into the millions of dollars.[5]

## See also

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lynching of Chilton Jennings.

* Red Summer
* Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919
* Port Arthur riot 1919
* Longview race riot

## Bibliography

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Notes

1. ^ Arizona Republican, July 25, 1919, p. 3.
2. ^ Herald Democrat 1919, p. 1.
3. ^ Grand Forks Herald, July 25, 1919, p. 1.
4. ^ Richmond Times-Dispatch 1919, p. 1.
5. ^ The New York Times 1919.

References

* "Lunch Negro Who Assaults Woman". Arizona Republican. Phoenix, Maricopa, Arizona: Republican Pub. Co. July 25, 1919. pp. 1–20\. ISSN 2157-135X. OCLC 2612512. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
* "Negro Lynched by Texas Mob". Grand Forks Herald. Grand Forks, North Dakota: Grand Forks Herald Co. 2020. pp. 1–10\. ISSN 2379-1209. OCLC 12360797. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
* Herald Democrat (July 25, 1919). "Teas mob hangs Negro". The Herald Democrat. Leadville, Colorado. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
* Richmond Times-Dispatch (August 3, 1919). "Four Held In Lynching". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia: Times Dispatch Pub. Co. pp. 1–54\. ISSN 2333-7761. OCLC 9493729. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
* The New York Times (October 5, 1919). "For Action on Race Riot Peril". The New York Times. New York, NY. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved July 5, 2019.

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Racial Incidents during the 1919 Red Summer

February

Blakeley, Georgia (February 8)

March

* Pace, Florida (March 12)
* Memphis, Tennessee (March 14)

April

* Morgan County, West Virginia (April 10)
* Jenkins County, Georgia (April 13)
* Sylvester, Georgia (April 14)

May

* Pickens, Mississippi (May 5)
* National Conference on Lynching (May 5–6)
* Philadelphia (May 9)
* Charleston, South Carolina (May 10)
* Sylvester, Georgia (May 10)
* El Dorado, Arkansas (May 21)
* Milan, Georgia (May 26)
* Putnam County, GA (May 27–28)
* New London, Connecticut (May 30)
* Monticello, Mississippi (May 31)

June

* Macon, MS (June 7)
* Memphis, Tennessee (June 13)
* Bibb County, Alabama (June 18)
* Annapolis, Maryland (June 27)
* Macon, Mississippi (June 27)
* New London, CT (June 29)

July

* Bisbee, Arizona (July 3)
* Dublin, Georgia (July 6)
* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (July 7)
* Coatesville, Pennsylvania (July 8)
* Tuscaloosa, Alabama (July 9)
* Longview, Texas (July 10–12)
* Baltimore, Maryland (July 11)
* Garfield Park riot of 1919 (July 14)
* Port Arthur, Texas (July 15)
* Louise, Mississippi (July 15)
* Washington, D.C. (July 19–24)
* New York City, New York (July 20)
* Norfolk, Virginia (July 21)
* New Orleans, Louisiana (July 23)
* Darby, Pennsylvania (July 23)
* Gilmer, Texas (July 24)
* Newberry, SC (July 24)
* Hobson City, Alabama (July 26)
* Chicago, Illinois (July 27–Aug 3)
* Newberry, South Carolina (July 28)
* Bloomington, Illinois (July 31)
* Syracuse, New York (July 31)
* Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (July 31)

August

* Whatley, Alabama (August 1)
* Lincoln, Arkansas (August 3)
* Hattiesburg, Mississippi (August 4)
* Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6)
* New York City, New York (August 21)
* Austin, TX (August 22)
* Ocmulgee, Georgia (August 27–29)
* Knoxville, Tennessee (August 30–31)
* Bogalusa, Louisiana (August 31)

September

* Clarksdale, Mississippi (September 10)
* Omaha, Nebraska (September 28–29)
* Montgomery, Alabama (September 29)
* Elaine, Arkansas (September 30–October 1)

October

* Baltimore, Maryland (October 1–2)
* Corbin, Kentucky (October 31)

November

* Macon, Georgia (November 2)
* Ocoee, FL (November 2–3)
* Magnolia, Arkansas (November 11)
* Wilmington, Delaware (November 13)
* Bogalusa, LA (November 22)

Categories

* Red Summer
* Riots and civil disorder in the United States
* White American riots in the United States
* Racially motivated violence against African Americans

* v
* t
* e

Lynching in the United States

List of lynching victims in the United States

| Before 1900|

* Francis McIntosh (1836)
* Elijah Parish Lovejoy (1837)
* Josefa Segovia (1851)
* Pancho Daniel (1858)
* Joshua Boyd (1863)
* Henry Plummer (1864)
* Bill Sketoe (1864)
* Clubfoot George (1864)
* Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer (1868)
* Wyatt Outlaw (1870)
* John W. Stephens (1870)
* Alexander Boyd (1870)
* Jim Williams (1871)
* David Jones (1872)
* Jo Reed (1875)
* Arthur St. Clair (1877)
* Michael Green (1878)
* Joseph Standing (1879)
* Big Nose George Parrott (1881)
* Charles Thurber (1882)
* John Wesley Heath (1884)
* Eliza Woods (1886)
* Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson (1886)
* Amos Miller (1888)
* Joseph Vermillion (1889)
* George Meadows (1889)
* Ellen Watson (1889)
* Brown Washington (1890)
* Jim Taylor (1891)
* Dick Lundy (1891)
* Joe Coe (1891)
* Robert Lewis (1892)
* Ephraim Grizzard (1892)
* Samuel J. Bush (1893)
* John Peterson (1893)
* Alfred Blount (1893)
* Henry Smith (1893)
* Richard Puryear (1894)
* Stephen Williams (1894)
* Amos Hicks (1894)
* Jacob Henson (1896)
* William Andrews (1897)
* Joseph H. McCoy (1897)
* John Anderson (1898)
* John Henry James (1898)
* F. W. Stewart (1898)
* Sam Hose (1899)
* Benjamin Thomas (1899)

|

1900–1940|

* Fred Rochelle (1901)
* Ballie Crutchfield (1901)
* George Ward (1901)
* Walker Davis (1903)
* J. D. Mayfield (1903)
* George White (1903)
* David Wyatt (1903)
* Marie Thompson (1904)
* Paul Reed and Will Cato (1904)
* Bunk Richardson (1906)
* Ed Johnson (1906)
* Slab Pitts (1906)
* William Burns (1907)
* Earnest Williams (1907)
* Leander Shaw (1908)
* Jim Miller (1909)
* James Hodges (1909)
* Matthew Chase (1909)
* "Mose" Creole (1909)
* "Pie" Hill (1909)
* William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner (1909)
* Grant Richardson (1910)
* King Johnson (1911)
* Name unknown (TX) (1911)
* Laura and L. D. Nelson (1911)
* Will Porter (1911)
* Zachariah Walker (1911)
* Mary Jackson (1912)
* Rob Edwards (1912)
* George Saunders (1912)
* Robert Perry (1913)
* ? Anderson (1913)
* Charles Fisher (1914)
* John Evans (1914)
* Leo Frank (1915)
* Name unknown (MS) (1915)
* Jesse Washington (1916)
* Anthony Crawford (1916)
* Jeff Brown (1916)
* Paulo Boleta (1916)
* Frank Little (1917)
* Charles Jones (1917)
* Ell Persons (1917)
* Robert Prager (1918)
* Mary Turner and her unborn baby (1918)
* Hazel "Hayes" Turner (1918)
* George Taylor (1918)
* Jim McIlherron (1918)
* Olli Kinkkonen (1918)
* Wallace Baynes (1919)
* Will Brown (1919)
* Wesley Everest (1919)
* John Hartfield (1919)
* Jay Lynch (1919)
* Berry Washington (1919)
* Willie Baird (1920)
* Roy Belton (1920)
* Dick Rowland (attempted) (1921)
* Henry Lowry (1921)
* James Harvey and Joe Jordan (1922)
* Joe Pullen (1923)
* Samuel Smith (1924)
* L. Q. Ivy (1925)
* Raymond Byrd (1926)
* James Clark (1926)
* Fred N. Selak (1926)
* Tom Payne (1927)
* John Carter (1927)
* Dan Anderson (1927)
* Will Sherod (1927)
* Bernice Raspberry (1927)
* Owen Flemming (1927)
* Joseph Upchurch (1927)
* Joe Smith (1927)
* Albert Williams (1927)
* Thomas Bradshaw (1927)
* Winston Pounds (1927)
* Thomas Williams (1927)
* Henry Choate (1927)
* Leonard Woods (1927)
* J. C. Collins (1928)
* George Hughes (1930)
* James Cameron (1930)
* Lynching of Raymond Gunn (1931)
* Matthew Williams (1931)
* Shedrick Thompson (1932)
* George Armwood (1933)
* Cordie Cheek (1933)
* Claude Neal (1934)
* Austin Callaway (1940)
* Elbert Williams (1940)

After 1940|

* Felix Hall (1941)
* Johannes Kunze (1943)
* Robert "Bobbie" Hall (1943)
* Willie James Howard (1944)
* John Cecil Jones (1946)
* Willie Earle (1947)
* Lamar Smith (1955)
* George W. Lee (1955)
* Emmett Till (1955)
* Judge Edward Aaron (1957)
* Willie Edwards (1957)
* Mack Charles Parker (1959)
* Louis Allen (1964)
* Lemuel Penn (1964)
* Frank Morris (1964)
* James Reeb (1965)
* Vernon Dahmer (1966)
* Wharlest Jackson (1967)
* Carol Jenkins (1968)
* Henry Marrow (1970)
* Marian Pyszko (1975)
* Betty Gardner (1978)
* Arthur McDuffie (1979)
* Michael Donald (1981)
* Yusef Hawkins (1989)
* James Byrd Jr. (1998)
* James Craig Anderson (2011)
* Ahmaud Arbery (2020)

Multiple victims

* Death of Joseph Smith (Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith) (1844)
* Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre (1858)
* Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX (1862)
* New York City draft riots (1863)
* Detroit race riot (1863)
* ? Lachenais and four others (1863)
* Fort Pillow, TN, massacre (1864)
* Plummer Gang (1864)
* Memphis massacre (1866)
* Gallatin County, KY, race riot (1866)
* New Orleans massacre of 1866
* Reno Brothers Gang (1868)
* Camilla, GA, massacre (1868)
* Steve Long and two half-brothers (1868)
* Pulaski, TN, riot (1868)
* Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman (1868)
* Opelousas, LA, massacre (1868)
* Bear River City riot (1868)
* Chinese massacre of 1871
* Meridian, MS, race riot (1871)
* Colfax, LA, massacre (1873)
* Election riot of 1874 (AL)
* Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya (1874)
* Benjamin and Mollie French (1876)
* Ellenton, SC, riot (1876)
* Hamburg, SC, massacre (1876)
* Thibodeax, LA, massacre (1878)
* Mart and Tom Horrell (1878)
* Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer (1879)
* Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken (1879)
* T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey (1880)
* New Orleans 1891 lynchings (1891)
* Ruggles Brothers (CA) (1892)
* Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) (1892)
* Porter and Spencer (MS) (1897)
* Phoenix, SC, election riot (1898)
* Wilmington, NC, insurrection (1898)
* Julia and Frazier Baker (1898)
* Pana, IL, riot (1899)
* Watkinsville lynching (1905)
* 1906 Atlanta race massacre
* Kemper County, MS (1906)
* Walker family (1908)
* Springfield race riot of 1908
* Slocum, TX, massacre (1910)
* Laura and L.D. Nelson (1911)
* Harris County, GA, lynchings (1912)
* Newberry, FL, lynchings (1916)
* East St. Louis, IL, riots (1917)
* Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA (1918)
* Jenkins County, GA, riot (1919)
* Longview, TX, race riot (1919)
* Elaine, AR, race riot (1919)
* Omaha race riot of 1919
* Knoxville riot of 1919
* Red Summer (1919)
* Duluth, MN, lynchings (1920)
* Ocoee, FL, massacre (1920)
* Tulsa race massacre (1921)
* Perry, FL, race riot (1922)
* Rosewood, FL, massacre (1923)
* Jim and Mark Fox (1927)
* Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith (1930)
* Tate County, MS (1932)
* Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes (1933)
* Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels (1937)
* Beaumont, TX, Race Riot (1943)
* O'Day Short, wife, and two children (1945)
* Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings (1946)
* Harry and Harriette Moore (1952)
* Anniston, AL (1961)
* Freedom Summer Murders (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner) (1964)
* Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore (1964)

| General|

* Lynching
* Indiana White Caps
* Jim Crow laws
* Ku Klux Klan
* Nadir of American race relations
* Red Shirts
* Jews
* Women

|

Anti-lynching movement|

* American anti-lynching activists
* American Crusade Against Lynching
* Jessie Daniel Ames
* Martin C. Ansorge
* Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
* Flossie Bailey
* William O'Connell Bradley
* Ella Barksdale Brown
* Father Divine
* "Flag Salute"
* N.A.A.C.P.
* National Conference on Lynching
* Paul Robeson
* "Strange Fruit"
* Ida B. Wells

| Legislation|

* Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
* Costigan-Wagner Bill
* Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
* Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
* Emmett Till Antilynching Act

|

Defenders of lynching|

* Theodore G. Bilbo
* Cole L. Blease
* Julian S. Carr
* Sidney Johnston Catts
* Thomas Dixon Jr.
* Rebecca Latimer Felton
* John Temple Graves
* John Trotwood Moore
* John T. Morgan
* James Rolph
* Goodloe Sutton
* Benjamin Tillman
* James K. Vardaman
* Thomas E. Watson

Memory|

* America's Black Holocaust Museum
* Civil Rights Memorial
* The Legacy Museum
* National Memorial for Peace and Justice
* National Museum of African American History and Culture
* Southern Poverty Law Center

Related articles|

* James Allen (collector)
* "And you are lynching Negroes"
* Attack on John Shillady
* Battle of Liberty Place
* The Birth of a Nation
* The Clansman
* Deaths in police custody
* Fury (1936 film)
* Hang 'Em High
* Lynching postcard
* Mississippi Burning
* Mississippi Cold Case
* Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson (1965)
* The Ox-Bow Incident
* Parade (musical)
* Reconstruction era
* Red Summer
* Scottsboro Boys
* Silent Parade
* Stone Mountain
* Summer in Mississippi
* Sundown town (list)
* They Won't Forget
* "The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
* United States v. Shipp
* Vendetta (1999 film)
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898

Categories|

* Lynching in the United States
* Lynching deaths in the United States

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