China Manned Space Program

Spaceflight programme in China

China Manned Space Program中国载人航天工程
Zhōngguó Zàirén Hángtiān Gōngchéng

Logo of CMS in the shape of a space station, or the Chinese character "中" as in "中国" (China).

Program overview
Country|  China
Organization| China Manned Space Agency
Purpose| Human spaceflight
Status| Active
Program history
Duration| 21 September 1992–present
First flight| Shenzhou 1
19 November 1999; 24 years ago (1999-11-19)
First crewed flight| Shenzhou 5
15 October 2003; 21 years ago (2003-10-15)
Last flight| Shenzhou 19
29 October 2024; 11 days ago (2024-10-29)
Successes| 31
Failures| 0
Launch site(s)| Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
Wenchang Space Launch Site
Vehicle information
Uncrewed vehicle(s)| Tianzhou cargo spacecraft
Crewed vehicle(s)| Shenzhou spacecraft
Crew capacity| 3
Launch vehicle(s)| Long March 2F
Long March 7
Long March 5B

The China Manned Space Program (CMS; Chinese: 中国载人航天工程; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zàirén Hángtiān Gōngchéng), also known as Project 921 (Chinese: 九二一工程; pinyin: Jiǔèryī Gōngchéng) is a space program developed by the People's Republic of China and run by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, designed to develop and enhance human spaceflight capabilities for China. It was approved on 21 September 1992 and has been in operation ever since. The CMS commander and director are currently Xu Xueqiang and Zhou Jianping respectively; the latter has held this position since 2006, after taking over from Wang Yongzhi, who served as the first director from 1992 to 2006.

As one of the most complex programs within the Chinese space agency, CMS was split into "three steps", or three phases, which can be summarized as follows:[1]

1. Crewed spacecraft launch and return.
2. Space laboratory (with capabilities of extravehicular activities), spacecraft rendezvous and docking procedures.
3. Long-term modular space station.

On 29 November 2022, with the launch and docking of Shenzhou 15 with the Tiangong space station, the CMSA successfully completed all three of the above steps, thereby making China the third nation to achieve human spaceflight (after the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States), as well as the second nation to operate a single-nation modular space station (after the Soviet Union/Russia's Mir).

## History

[edit]

Mockup of FSW satellite

Formal research of China's human spaceflight began in 1968. An institute for medical and space engineering was founded in Beijing.[2] It was the predecessor of The China Astronaut Research and Training Center, at which China's astronauts were trained in the following decades. Before that, in 1964, China launched a sounding rocket, carrying several small animals to an altitude of 70 km as an attempt to study the effects of spaceflight on living creatures.[2]

On 24 April 1970, China launched its first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I into orbit. In 1970, Qian Xuesen, the father of China's space program, introduced his human spaceflight project, which was later called Project 714. An early version of a crewed spacecraft called Shuguang I was under research. However, this program was cancelled due to a lack of funds and political interest. Instead, China decided in 1978 to pursue a method of sending astronauts into space using the more familiar FSW-derived ballistic reentry capsules. Two years later. in 1980, the Chinese government cancelled the program citing cost concerns.[3]

In order to gain relative experience, China launched and recovered its first recoverable satellite, Fanhui Shi Weixing, on 26 November 1975.[4] The success of the mission demonstrated China's capabilities of controlled atmospheric entry.

In 1986, the 863 Program was funded by the Chinese government. It was intended to stimulate the development of science and technologies in several key areas, in which space capabilities were included.[5]

The Chinese human spaceflight program, formally titled the China Manned Space Program, was formally approved on September 21, 1992, by the Standing Committee of Politburo as Project 921,[6] with work beginning on 1 January 1993. The initial plan has three steps:[1]

1. First Step: Launch a crewed spaceship with the aim of building up the fundamental capability in human space exploration and space experiments.
2. Second Step: Launch a space laboratory tasked with making technological breakthroughs for extravehicular activities, space rendezvous and spacecraft docking procedures, as well as providing a solution for man-tended space utilization on a certain scale and short-term basis.
3. Third Step: Establish a Space Station with the aim of providing a solution for human-tended -space utilization on a larger scale and longer-term basis.

The program was led by a chief commander and a chief designer, who handled administrative and technical issues respectively. A joint meeting between these two was responsible for making decisions on important issues during the implementation of the project.[6] The first chief designer of the program was Wang Yongzhi. A new organization, China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) under the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, was founded for the administration of the program.

In 1994, China signed a cooperation agreement with Russia to purchase aerospace technologies. In 1995, a deal was signed between the two countries for the transfer of Russian Soyuz spacecraft technology to China. Included in the agreement were schedules for astronaut training, provision of Soyuz capsules, life support systems, docking systems, and space suits. In 1996, two Chinese astronauts, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, began training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia. After training, these men returned to China and proceeded to train other Chinese astronauts at sites near Beijing and Jiuquan.[7]

The hardware and know-how purchased from Russia led to modifications of the original Step One spacecraft, later known called Shenzhou, roughly translated as "divine vessel". New launch facilities were built at the Jiuquan launch site in Inner Mongolia, and in the spring of 1998, a mock-up of the Long March 2F launch vehicle with Shenzhou spacecraft was rolled out for integration and facility tests.[7]

## Development

[edit]

### First Step

[edit]

Launch pad dedicated to CMS launches in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center Shenzhou 5 return capsule and space suit displayed in the National Museum of China.

The development of Long March 2F, China's first human-rated launch vehicle, began in September 1992.[8] It was derived from the Long March 2E, but with a launch escape system and control system redundancy.

In December 1994, the first hot test fire of a human-rated rocket's engine was completed successfully.[8]

In 1996, two pilots from the Air Force, Wu Jie and Li Qinglong, were handpicked and sent to Russia for training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre.[9]

In January 1998, 14 pilots were selected as the first batch of Chinese astronaut candidates.[10]

In November 1998, a new flight control center, Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center, was opened to support CMS missions.[9] Also in that year, a new launch complex adapting the advanced "three verticals" (vertical assembly, vertical testing and vertical transport) strategy was put into service in Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to support CMS missions exclusively.[11]

On 19 November 1999, Shenzhou 1, the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center and entered predetermined orbit. The ground electrical test model was used during this test flight to meet the deadline by the end of 1999.[9] The return capsule of the spacecraft successfully separated with other parts and landed intact in Inner Mongolia the next day. Despite only limited systems being tested, the mission was still a successful test flight for the Shenzhou spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket.

The second test flight of Shenzhou occurred on 10 January 2001. Shenzhou 2, the first formal uncrewed spaceship of China, was launched into orbit and stayed for seven days before the return capsule separated and performed a safe landing.[12]

In 2002, China launched Shenzhou 3 and Shenzhou 4; both ended in success. All systems of the program had passed the tests perfectly, indicating a crewed mission was ready to be conducted.[9]

The fifth launch, Shenzhou 5, was the first to carry a human (Yang Liwei) and occurred at 01:00:00 UTC on 15 October 2003.[13] At 587 seconds after taking off, the spaceship separated from the rocket and entered an elliptical orbit with an inclination of 42.4°, the perigee height of 199.14 km and the apogee height of 347.8 km.[14] Yang became the first Chinese launched into space with Chinese launch vehicle and spacecraft. At 22:23 UTC on 15 October 2003, the re-entry module landed safely in central Inner Mongolia. The whole mission lasted for 21 hours and 23 minutes, making China the third country capable of sending humans to space and back independently, after Russia and the United States.

The first "multi-person and multi-day" crewed space flight, Shenzhou 6, was conducted during 12–17 October 2005. Astronauts Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng spent more than 4 days in space and orbited the Earth for 76 orbits.[15]

### Second Step

[edit]

The goal of the Second Step of CMS was to make technology breakthroughs in extravehicular activities (EVA) as well as space rendezvous and docking to support short-term human activities in space.[16] To complete the goal, China launched multiple crewed and uncrewed missions, including two prototypes of China's space station.

#### Phase 1: EVA, space rendezvous and docking

[edit]

First spacewalk by Chinese astronaut during Shenzhou 7 mission

On 25 September 2008, Shenzhou 7 was launched into space with three astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. During the flight, Zhai Zhigang and Liu Boming completed China's first EVA with the Feitian extravehicular space suit made in China and the Sea Hawk extravehicular space suit imported from Russia respectively.[17]

In order to practice space rendezvous and docking, China launched an 8,000 kg (18,000 lb) target vehicle, Tiangong 1, in 2011 with a variant of Long March 2F,[18] followed by Shenzhou 8, the first uncrewed Shenzhou spacecraft since Shenzhou 5. The two spacecraft performed China's first automatic rendezvous and docking on 3 November 2011, which verified the performance of docking procedures and mechanisms.[19] About 9 months later, Tiangong 1 completed the first manual rendezvous and docking with Shenzhou 9, a crewed spacecraft carrying Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and China's first female astronaut Liu Yang.[20]

On 11 June 2013, crewed spacecraft Shenzhou 10 carrying astronauts Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping was launched into orbit and docked with Tiangong 1. The three astronauts spent 12 days in Tiangong 1 by conducting scientific experiments, giving lectures to over 60 million students in China, and performing more docking tests before returning to Earth safely.[21] The completion of the missions from Shenzhou 6 to Shenzhou 10 demonstrated China's technical advancement in human spaceflight, ending phase 1 of the Second Step.[22]

#### Phase 2: Space laboratory

[edit]

Rendering of Tianzhou-1 cargo spacecraft (left) and Tiangong-2 Space Laboratory (right) assembly in space

To further enhance China's human spaceflight capabilities and make preparation for the construction of future space station, China launched the second phase of the Second Step, which consisted of four space laboratory missions.

In June 2016, China conducted the maiden flight of Long March 7, a new generation medium-lift launch vehicle with higher payload capability to low Earth orbit, from the newly built Wenchang Space Launch Site located in the coastal Hainan Province.[23]

In September 2016, Tiangong 2 was launched into orbit. It was a space laboratory with more advanced functions and equipment than Tiangong 1. A month later, Shenzhou 11 was launched and docked with Tiangong 2. Two astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong entered Tiangong 2 and were stationed for about 30 days, breaking China's record for the longest human spaceflight mission while verifying the viability of astronauts' medium-term stay in space.[23]

In April 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft, Tianzhou 1 docked with Tiangong 2 and completed multiple in-orbit propellant refueling tests, which marked the successful completion of the Second Step of CMS.[23]

### Third Step

[edit]

Launch of Tianhe core module on 29 April 2021 Astronaut Zhai Zhigang of Shenzhou 13 crew performing spacewalk on Tiangong Space Station on 7 November 2021

On 5 May 2020, China successfully launched the maiden flight of Long March 5B, whose payload capability was greater than 22,000 kg (49,000 lb), allowing China to put a large space station module into low Earth orbit.[24] The mission inaugurated the Third Step of CMS.[25]

The Third Step aims to complete the construction of China's space station Tiangong. It can be divided into two phases:[26]

#### Phase 1: demonstration of key technologies

[edit]

On 29 April 2021, the second Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 22,500 kg (49,600 lb) Tianhe core module, the most complex spacecraft independently developed by China. The core module entered the predetermined orbit about 494 seconds after launch, marking the start of the in-orbit construction of China's space station.[26]

On 29 May 2021, Tianzhou 2, the first cargo spacecraft to the space station, was launched by a Long March 7 rocket and docked with Tianhe core module 8 hours later.[27] The shipment included astronaut supplies, space station equipment, extravehicular space suits and propellant.[28]

The first crewed mission to Tianhe, Shenzhou 12, was launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on 17 June 2021. The spacecraft conducted China's first crewed autonomous rapid rendezvous and docking 6 hours 32 minutes after launch.[29] Three crew members, Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, became the first inhabitants of Tiangong Space Station.

At 00:11 UTC on 4 July 2021, two of the Shenzhou 12 crew members, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo, conducted the first EVA on the space station, which lasted for 6 hours 46 minutes, breaking the previous 20-minute EVA record made during Shenzhou 7 mission in 2008 by a huge margin.[30]

The Shenzhou 12 crew returned to Earth safely on 17 September 2021.[31]

On 20 September 2021, Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station.[32]

On 15 October 2021, Shenzhou 13 was launched and docked with the Tianhe core module 6.5 hours later. The plan was for the crew, including Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping and Ye Guangfu, to complete a six-month stay, the longest one since the beginning of the program.[33] About three weeks later, Zhai Zhigang and Wang Yaping completed the crew's first EVA on 7 November 2021, making Wang the first Chinese female astronaut to perform an EVA.[34]

At 07:59 UTC on 27 March 2022, the Tianzhou 2 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission,[35] followed by its controlled reentry into the atmosphere over the south Pacific on 31 March 2022.[36] The Shenzhou 13 crew returned to Earth safely on 16 April 2022.[37]

#### Phase 2: assembly and construction

[edit]

Shenzhou 14 crew Cai Xuzhe, Chen Dong and Liu Yang Rear view of completed Tiangong Space Station, taken by Tianzhou cargo spacecraft ahead of docking. First gathering of two Chinese astronaut crews on Tiangong Space Station on 30 November 2022

Following the conclusion of phase 1, 6 more missions will be conducted to implement phase 2, including launches of 2 laboratory modules of Tiangong, 2 cargo spacecraft and 2 crewed spacecraft. All these missions are scheduled to be carried out by the end of 2022.[38]

On 9 May 2022, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station,[39] which docked with the station the next day.

On 5 June 2022, Shenzhou 14 was launched and docked to the Tianhe core module almost 7 hours later. The crew, including Chen Dong, Liu Yang and Cai Xuzhe, spent six months on the space station during this very first crewed mission of the construction phase.[40]

On 17 July 2022 at 02:59 UTC, Tianzhou 3 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.[41]

On 24 July 2022, the third Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 23,200 kg (51,100 lb) Wentian laboratory cabin module, the largest and heaviest spacecraft launched by China. The module docked with the space station less than 20 hours later, adding the second module and the first laboratory module to it.[42]

At 10:26 UTC on 1 September 2022, two of the Shenzhou 14 crew members, Chen Dong and Liu Yang, conducted the first EVA from the Wentian module's airlock, which lasted 6 hours 7 minutes.[43] About two weeks later, on 17 September 2022, at 05:35 UTC, the second spacewalk carried out by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.[44]

On 31 October 2022, the fourth Long March 5B rocket lifted off from Wenchang, carrying the 23,200 kg (51,100 lb) Mengtian laboratory cabin module. The module docked with the space station less than 13 hours later, adding the third module and the second laboratory module to it.[45] On 3 November 2022, the 'T-shape' Tiangong space station was formed with the transpositioning of the last module.[46]

On 9 November 2022 at 06:55 UTC, Tianzhou 4 cargo spacecraft was undocked from the Tianhe core module after completing its mission.

On 12 November 2022, Tianzhou 5 cargo spacecraft was launched to Tiangong Space Station and docked after 2 hours and 7 minutes, breaking the world record for the fastest rendezvous and docking between a spacecraft and a space station.[47]

On 17 November 2022 at 03:16 UTC, the third spacewalk was carried out, again by Chen Dong and Cai Xuzhe through the airlock of the Wentian lab module, with Liu Yang assisting the pair from inside the Tianhe core module.

On 29 November 2022 at 15:08 UTC, Shenzhou 15 launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center; the spacecraft docked with the space station about 6 and one-half hours later at 21:42 UTC. Astronauts Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, and Zhang Lu (the Shenzhou 15 crew) were greeted by the Shenzhou 14 crew, completing the first crew handover on the China space station.[48]

With the completion of construction, the Space Station began the application and permanently crewed phase in which crew rotations would become routine. The station is expected to operate in orbit for no less than 10 years,[38] and perhaps up to 15 years, until 2038.[49]

## Composition

[edit]

Foods carried by Chinese astronauts Second generation of Feitian space suit Shenzhou was the first crewed spacecraft of China.

China Manned Space Program is composed of 14 systems, with more than one thousand units from various sectors involved.[50][1]

The 14 systems (plus four more systems currently under development) and their main objectives are:

Astronaut System

Ensuring the health and performance of astronauts during long-term space flight

Space Application System

Making use of the on-board application support capacity to enable space science experiments and investigations.

Manned Spacecraft System (initial)

Main article: Shenzhou spacecraft

Development of Shenzhou series crewed spacecraft used for transporting humans into space and back.

Space Laboratory System

Main articles: Tiangong 1 and Tiangong 2

Development of two prototypes of future space station, Tiangong 1 and Tiangong 2, for the purpose of technology demonstrations.

Permanently-Crewed Space Station

Main article: Tiangong space station

Development of a permanently-crewed long-term modular space station. The station is designed to allow the long-term study of astronomical, biological, and physical phenomena in low Earth orbit.

Long March 2F

Main article: Long March 2F

Development of Long March 2F, the human-rated carrier rocket used to launch Shenzhou spacecraft and space laboratories.

Long March 5B

Main article: Long March 5B

Development of Long March 5B carrier rocket, which is responsible for carrying space station modules for the construction of Tiangong Space Station.

Long March 7

Main article: Long March 7

Development of Long March 7 carrier rocket designed for Tianzhou cargo spacecraft launching.

Long March 10

Main article: Long March 10

Development of the Long March 10 carrier rocket is currently underway. It is designed to launch crewed spacecraft to the Moon by the year 2030.

Long March 10A

Main article: Long March 10

Development of the Long March 10A is currently underway. It is designed to launch a new generation of crewed spacecraft to low Earth orbits. The first stage of this launcher will be recoverable and reusable; its first flight is anticipated to occur in 2027.

Mengzhou crewed spacecraft

Main article: Mengzhou (spacecraft)

Development of the next-generation crewed spacecraft is currently underway. It is designed to carry up to seven crew members to LEOs and three crew members to lunar orbit.

Lanyue crewed lunar lander

Main article: Lanyue

Development of the crewed lunar lander is currently underway. It is designed to carry two astronauts to the lunar surface and to ferry them back to lunar orbit after a period of time.

Jiuquan Launch Center

Main article: Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center

Carrying out launch missions for crewed spaceship and space laboratory.

Wenchang Space Launch Site

Main article: Wenchang Space Launch Site

Carrying out the launching of Tiangong space station modules and Tianzhou cargo spaceships.

TT&C and Communications System

Measuring, monitoring and controlling the flight path, altitude and operating status of the rockets and spacecraft, providing channels for video and voice communications with the astronauts and sending scientific data back to Earth.

Landing Site System

Tracking, searching and locating the landed re-entry capsules, rescuing the astronauts and refurbishing and recycling the re-entry capsules and payloads.

Cargo Vehicle System

Main article: Tianzhou (spacecraft)

Research and development of Tianzhou cargo vehicle.

Optical Module

Research and development of optical facilities and optical platforms.

## Missions

[edit]

Mission types：

Launch vehicle test flight

Shenzhou spacecraft (uncrewed)

Shenzhou spacecraft (crewed)

Space station testbed

Space station module

Cargo spacecraft

### Conducted missions

[edit]

See also: List of human spaceflights in Tiangong Program

For a more comprehensive list, see List of human spaceflights in Tiangong Program and List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station.

The list below includes all missions operated by CMS, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, cargo spaceships, launch vehicle test flights and space station modules.

Sequence
No. | Mission | Launch | Launch Vehicle | Launch Site | Duration | Landing/Re-entry | Landing/Re-entry
Location | Crew | Outcome | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

↓ First Step ↓
1 | Shenzhou 1 | 19 November 1999 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 21 h 11 m | 20 November 1999 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | First mission of CMS. Uncrewed test flight of Shenzhou spacecraft and Long March 2F rocket.
2 | Shenzhou 2 | 9 January 2001 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 7 d 10 h 22 m | 16 January 2001 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Partial success  | Carried scientific payload including monkey, dog, rabbit and other animals.
3 | Shenzhou 3 | 25 March 2002 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 6 d 18 h 51 m | 1 April 2002 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Carried a test dummy.
4 | Shenzhou 4 | 29 December 2002 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 6 d 18 h 36 m | 5 January 2003 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Carried 2 test dummies and several science experiments.
5 | Shenzhou 5 | 15 October 2003 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 21 h 22 m 45 s  | 15 October 2003 | Dorbod Banner |  Yang Liwei | Success  | First crewed spaceflight of China; flight completed 14 Earth orbits. With this flight, China became the third nation capable of independent human spaceflight, after Russia and the U.S.
6 | Shenzhou 6 | 12 October 2005 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 4 d 19 h 33 m  | 16 October 2005 | Dorbod Banner |  Fei Junlong
Nie Haisheng | Success  | Multiple days in space, 75 orbits.
↓ Second Step, phase 1 ↓
7 | Shenzhou 7 | 25 September 2008 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 2 d 20 h 27 m  | 28 September 2008 | Dorbod Banner |  Zhai Zhigang
Liu Boming
Jing Haipeng | Success  | First three-person crew, first Chinese spacewalk.
8 | Tiangong 1 | 29 September 2011 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | — | 2 April 2018 | Southern Pacific | (uncrewed) | Success  | Target vehicle for space rendezvous and docking testing.
9 | Shenzhou 8 | 31 October 2011 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 16 d 13 h 34 m | 17 November 2011 | Dorbod Banner | (uncrewed) | Success  | Uncrewed mission, completed China's first space rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1.
10 | Shenzhou 9 | 16 June 2012 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 12 d 15 h 24 m  | 29 June 2012 | Dorbod Banner |  Jing Haipeng
Liu Wang
Liu Yang | Success  | First Chinese woman in space; first repeated flight; first crewed docking with Tiangong-1.
11 | Shenzhou 10 | 11 June 2013 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 14 d 14 h 29 m  | 26 June 2013 | Dorbod Banner |  Nie Haisheng
Zhang Xiaoguang
Wang Yaping | Success  | Second Chinese woman in space, second crewed docking with Tiangong-1.
↓ Second Step, phase 2 ↓
12 | Long March 7
test flight | 25 June 2016 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 26 June 2016 | Jiuquan | (uncrewed) | Success  | Long March 7 test flight carrying scaled model of next-generation crewed spacecraft.
13 | Tiangong 2 | 15 September 2016 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | — | 19 July 2019 | Southern Pacific | (uncrewed) | Success  | Space laboratory with rich equipment, capable of in-orbit refueling and supporting mid-term spaceflight.
14 | Shenzhou 11 | 17 October 2016 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 32 d 06 h 29 m  | 18 November 2016 | Dorbod Banner |  Jing Haipeng
Chen Dong | Success  | First and only crewed docking with Tiangong-2, crew set record for longest Chinese crewed spaceflight prior to the Third Step.
15 | Tianzhou 1 | 20 April 2017 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 22 September 2017 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | First cargo spacecraft, completed in-orbit propellant refueling tests.
↓ Third Step, phase 1 ↓
16 | Long March 5B
test flight | 5 May 2020 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | 8 May 2020 | Jiuquan | (uncrewed) | Success  | Long March 5B test flight carrying test vehicle of next-generation crewed spacecraft.
17 | Tianhe
Core Module | 29 April 2021 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | First module of Tiangong Space Station being launched into orbit.
18 | Tianzhou 2 | 29 May 2021 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 31 March 2022 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | First cargo spacecraft to the space station. Undocked from Tianhe on 27 March 2022 at 07:55:29.
19 | Shenzhou 12 | 17 June 2021 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 92 d 04 h 11 m  | 17 September 2021 | Jiuquan |  Nie Haisheng
Liu Boming
Tang Hongbo | Success  | First crewed mission to dock with the Tianhe Core Module to begin construction of the Tiangong space station.[51]
20 | Tianzhou 3 | 20 September 2021 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 27 July 2022 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | Second cargo spacecraft to the space station. Undocked from Tianhe on 17 July 2022 at 02:55.
21 | Shenzhou 13 | 15 October 2021 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 182 d 09h 32 m  | 16 April 2022 | Jiuquan |  Zhai Zhigang
Wang Yaping
Ye Guangfu | Success  | Second crewed mission to the space station to continue its construction. First spacewalk by a female Chinese astronaut.
↓ Third Step, phase 2 ↓
22 | Tianzhou 4 | 9 May 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 14 November 2022 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | Third cargo spacecraft to the space station. Undocked from Tianhe on 9 November 2022 at 06:55.
23 | Shenzhou 14 | 5 June 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 182 d 09h 25 m | 4 December 2022 | Jiuquan |  Chen Dong
Liu Yang
Cai Xuzhe | Success  | Third crewed mission to the space station to continue its construction: two lab modules added during this mission thus completing the construction of the station.
24 | Wentian
Laboratory Cabin Module | 24 July 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | Laboratory Cabin Module I of the Tiangong Space Station.
25 | Mengtian
Laboratory Cabin Module | 31 October 2022 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Success  | Laboratory Cabin Module II of the Tiangong Space Station.
26 | Tianzhou 5 | 12 November 2022 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 13 September 2023 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | Broke the record of shortest time from launch to docking (2 hours 07 minutes).
27 | Shenzhou 15 | 29 November 2022 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 186 d 07h 25 m | 3 June 2023 | Jiuquan |  Fei Junlong
Deng Qingming
Zhang Lu | Success  | Fourth crewed mission to the space station for its final stage of construction. First set of rotation of crew members.
↓ Space station application and development phase ↓
28 | Tianzhou 6 | 10 May 2023 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | 19 January 2024 | (burnt up in atmosphere) | (uncrewed) | Success  | Reduced launch frequency starting from this mission due to less demand for cargo resupply. The world's largest active cargo supply spacecraft in terms of capacity.[52]
29 | Shenzhou 16 | 30 May 2023 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 153 d 22h 41 m | 31 October 2023 | Jiuquan |  Jing Haipeng
Zhu Yangzhu
Gui Haichao | Success  | Fifth crewed mission to the Tiangong space station. Includes civilian astronaut (payload specialist) for the first time.
30 | Shenzhou 17 | 26 October 2023 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 187 d 6h 32 m | 30 April 2024 | Jiuquan |  Tang Hongbo
Tang Shengjie
Jiang Xinlin | Success  | Sixth crewed mission to the Tiangong space station.
31 | Tianzhou 7 | 17 January 2024 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Ongoing  |
32 | Shenzhou 18 | 25 April 2024 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 192d 4h 25m | 3 November 2024 | Jiuquan |  Ye Guangfu
Li Cong
Li Guangsu | Success  | Seventh crewed mission to the Tiangong space station.
33 | Shenzhou 19 | 29 October 2024 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | 6 months (planned) | April-May 2025 (planned) | Jiuquan |  Cai Xuzhe
Song Lingdong
Wang Haoze | Ongoing  | Eighth crewed mission to the Tiangong space station.

### Upcoming missions

[edit]

Sequence
No. | Mission | Launch
(planned) | Launch Vehicle | Launch Site | Duration | Landing/Re-entry | Landing/Re-entry
Location | Crew | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

34 | Tianzhou 8 | November 2024 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) |
35 | Shenzhou 20 | April 2025 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | ~6 months | — | Jiuquan |  TBA
TBA
TBA | Ninth crewed mission to the Tiangong space station.
36 | Tianzhou 9 | August 2025 | Long March 7 | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) |
37 | Shenzhou 21 | October 2025 | Long March 2F | Jiuquan | ~6 months | — | Jiuquan |  TBA
TBA
TBA | Tenth crewed mission to the Tiangong space station.
38 | Xuntian
Space Station Telescope | 2026 | Long March 5B | Wenchang | — | — | — | (uncrewed) | Space telescope of the Tiangong.

## Astronauts (Taikonauts)

[edit]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Chinese astronauts.

### November 1996 trainer selection

[edit]

There were two astronaut trainers selected for Project 921. They trained at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center in Russia.

1. Li Qinglong – born August 1962 in Dingyuan, Anhui Province and PLAAF interceptor pilot and space instructor at Star City
2. Wu Jie – born October 1963 in Zhengzhou, Henan Province and PLAAF fighter pilot

### January 1998 astronaut candidate selection

[edit]

1. Chen Quan – PLAAF pilot
2. Deng Qingming – from Jiangxi Province and PLAAF pilot, back up on Shenzhou 11, flew on Shenzhou 15
3. Fei Junlong – second Chinese astronaut, commander of Shenzhou 6 and Shenzhou 15
4. Jing Haipeng – born October 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7, Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11 and Shenzhou 16
5. Liu Boming – born September 1966 and PLAAF pilot, astronaut of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 12
6. Liu Wang – born in Shanxi Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 9
7. Nie Haisheng – back up in Shenzhou 5, flight engineer on Shenzhou 6, commander of Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 12
8. Pan Zhanchun – PLAAF pilot
9. Yang Liwei – first man sent into space by the space program of China on Shenzhou 5, made the PRC the third country to independently send people into space
10. Zhai Zhigang – back up in Shenzhou 5, commander of Shenzhou 7 and Shenzhou 13
11. Zhang Xiaoguang – born in Liaoning Province and PLAAF pilot, flew on Shenzhou 10
12. Zhao Chuandong – PLAAF pilot

### 2010 astronaut candidate selection

[edit]

1. Cai Xuzhe – flew on Shenzhou 14 and Shenzhou 19
2. Chen Dong – flew on Shenzhou 11 and Shenzhou 14
3. Liu Yang – first Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 9 and Shenzhou 14
4. Tang Hongbo – flew on Shenzhou 12 and Shenzhou 17
5. Wang Yaping – second Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 10 and Shenzhou 13
6. Ye Guangfu – flew on Shenzhou 13 and Shenzhou 18
7. Zhang Lu – flew on Shenzhou 15

### 2020 astronaut candidate selection

[edit]

18 people - 17 men, 1 woman, 12 of whose names have yet to be revealed - had been selected as new astronauts. The positions were broken down as 7 spacecraft pilots ("aviators of the People's Liberation Army Air Force"), 7 flight engineers ("former researchers or technicians in aeronautics, astronautics and other related fields"), and 4 mission payload specialists ("those involved in space science and through applications for China's manned space program").[53]

1. Zhu Yangzhu \- flew on Shenzhou 16 as spaceflight engineer
2. Gui Haichao \- flew on Shenzhou 16 as payload specialist
3. Jiang Xinlin \- flew on Shenzhou 17 as spaceflight engineer
4. Tang Shengjie \- flew on Shenzhou 17 as pilot
5. Li Cong \- flew on Shenzhou 18 as spaceflight engineer
6. Li Guangsu \- flew on Shenzhou 18 as pilot
7. Song Lingdong \- flew on Shenzhou 19 as pilot
8. Wang Haoze \- third Chinese woman in space, flew on Shenzhou 19 as spaceflight engineer

### 2022 astronaut candidate selection

[edit]

CMSA began selecting a fourth batch of astronauts in 2022. The agency had expected to select 7-8 spacecraft pilots ("aviators of the People's Liberation Army Air Force") and 5-6 spaceflight engineers ("former researchers or technicians in aeronautics, astronautics and other related fields"). Up to two of the latter group will become payload specialists ("those involved in space science and through applications for China's manned space program"). Candidacy was extended to include Hong Kong and Macau.[54]

On 11 June 2024, CMSA announced that 10 new astronauts were selected after the completion of the 2022 selection process. 8 of the 10 new astronauts are pilots while the remaining 2 are payload specialists. Notably, the two new payload specialists are China’s first astronauts from Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions; in addition, the payload specialst from Hong Kong SAR is female.[55] The new astronauts will undergo two years of basic training for space station missions as well as for crewed lunar missions.[55][56]

## International collaborations

[edit]

In 2016, the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) signed a Framework Agreement and a Funding Agreement with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to increase cooperation on a future Chinese space station.[57]

On 28 May 2018, UNOOSA and CMSA announced an initiative to accept applications from United Nations Member States to conduct experiments onboard China's space station.[58]

On 12 June 2019, the winners of the competitors were announced. 9 projects, involving 23 institutions from 17 Member States of the United Nations, were selected by experts.[59]

## See also

[edit]

* China portal
* Spaceflight portal

* Tiangong Space Station
* Tiangong program
* Space program of China
* China Manned Space Agency

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

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34. ^ "China's Shenzhou-13 taikonauts complete first extravehicular mission". Xinhua News. 7 November 2021. Archived from the original on 8 November 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
35. ^ "天舟二号货运飞船已撤离空间站核心舱组合体". China Manned Space (in Chinese). 27 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
36. ^ "天舟二号货运飞船受控再入大气层任务顺利完成". China Manned Space (in Chinese). 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
37. ^ Jones, Andrew (16 April 2022). "Shenzhou-13 astronauts return to Earth after 182-day mission". SpaceNews. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
38. ^ a b "空间站天和核心舱飞行任务新闻发布会召开". China Manned Space (in Chinese). 2021-04-29. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
39. ^ "China launches Tianzhou 4 cargo craft to new Tiangong space station". Space.com. 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
40. ^ Helen Regan and Yong Xiong (5 June 2022). "China launches third crewed mission to new space station". CNN. Archived from the original on 2022-06-05. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
41. ^ "Tianzhou 3 cargo ship undocks from China's Tiangong space station". Space.com. 19 July 2022. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
42. ^ Jones, Andrew (24 July 2022). "Second module docks at China's space station, large rocket stage tracked in orbit". SpaceNews. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
43. ^ "China's Shenzhou 14 astronauts perform 1st spacewalk out of new module (video)". Space.com. 2 September 2022. Archived from the original on 13 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
44. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (17 September 2022). "Chinese astronauts take 4-hour spacewalk outside new lab at Tiangong space station". Space.com. Archived from the original on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2022.
45. ^ "China launches lab module Mengtian as space station approaches completion- China.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-11-01. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
46. ^ Skibba, Ramin. "China Is Now a Major Space Power". Wired. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
47. ^ "China sends up cargo to space station to resupply for next manned mission". South China Morning Post. 12 November 2022. Archived from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
48. ^ Stephen Clark (29 November 2022). "Chinese astronauts meet in space for historic crew handover". Spaceflight Now. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
49. ^ "China successfully launches first module of planned space station". cnn.com. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
50. ^ "Constitutes". China Manned Space. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
51. ^ Barbosa, Rui C. (1 March 2021). "China preparing to build Tiangong station in 2021, complete by 2022". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
52. ^ "China launches new cargo mission to space station". scio.gov.cn. Xinhua. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
53. ^ Lei, Zhao. "18 picked for nation's 3rd generation of astronauts". China Daily. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
54. ^ "China begins recruitment for 4th batch of astronauts". Space.com. 4 October 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
55. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (11 June 2024). "China selects new batch of astronauts with an eye on the moon". spacenews.com. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
56. ^ Jones, Andrew (29 October 2024). "China selects 2 proposals for crewed moon rover". spacenews.com. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
57. ^ "United Nations and China agree to increased space cooperation" (16 June 2016). United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
58. ^ "United Nations and China invite applications to conduct experiments on-board China's Space Station". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 28 May 2018. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
59. ^ "UNOOSA and CMSA announce winners of opportunity to fly experiments on board China Space Station". United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2021.

### Sources

[edit]

* "Shenzhou". Archived from the original on 13 October 2005. Retrieved 21 July 2005.
* "China's first astronaut revealed". BBC. 7 March 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
* "Brief history of Russian aid to Chinese space program". Archived from the original on 8 April 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
* "Details on purchase of Soyuz descent capsule by China". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2007.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shenzhou.

* v
* t
* e

China Manned Space Program

* China Manned Space Agency
* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
* Taikonauts

Shenzhou missions|

| Uncrewed|

* Shenzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 8

|

Crewed|

* Shenzhou 5
* 6
* 7
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20

Tianzhou missions|

* Tianzhou 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8

Space stations|

* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* 2
* ~~3~~
* Tiangong space station

Hardware|

* Shenzhou
* Tianzhou
* Long March
* 2F
* 7
* 5B
* Feitian space suit

Facility|

* Beijing Aerospace Flight Control Center
* Wenchang Space Launch Site
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

Related|

* CNSA
* Project 921
* Shuguang
* Chinese women in space
* Shuguang Group 1970 list
* China Group 1996
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* Underline indicates current missions
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* v
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Tiangong space station

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
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Components|

* Core Module (Tianhe) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 1 (Wentian) (2022)
* Laboratory Module 2 (Mengtian) (2022)
* Space Station Telescope (Xuntian) (2026)

Spaceflights|

| Crewed|

* 2021
* Shenzhou 12
* 13
* 2022
* Shenzhou 14
* 15
* 2023
* Shenzhou 16
* 17
* 2024
* Shenzhou 18
* 19

|

Uncrewed|

* 2021
* Tianhe
* Tianzhou 2
* 3
* 2022
* Tianzhou 4
* 5
* 2023
* Tianzhou 6
* 2024
* Tianzhou 7
* 8

Vehicles|

| Spacecraft|

* Shenzhou
* Tianzhou

|

Rocket|

* Long March 2F
* Long March 5
* Long March 7

Sites and facilities|

* Beijing C&C Center
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

Precursors|

* Project 921
* Shenzhou program
* Shenzhou 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* 2
* 3 (cancelled)

* Ongoing spaceflights in underline
* Future spaceflights in italics

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
* China Manned Space Agency
* People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 1
* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 3A
* Long March 3B
* Long March 3C
* Long March 4
* Long March 4A
* Long March 4B
* Long March 4C
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 8
* Long March 9 (In development)
* Long March 10 (In development)
* Long March 11
* Long March 12
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* CMS (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)
* Tianwen (interplanetary exploration)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu rover (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018–present)
* Yutu-2 rover (2018–present)
* Tianwen-1 (2020–present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020–present)
* Zhurong rover (2021–present)
* Chang'e 6 (2024)
* Tianwen-2 (2025)
* Chang'e 7 (2026)
* Chang'e 8 (2028)
* Tianwen-3 (2028)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020–present)
* CHASE (2021–present)
* ASO-S (2022–present)
* Einstein Probe (2024–present)
* SVOM (2024–present)
* Xuntian (2026)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen Series (2013–present)
* Haiyang Series (2002–present)
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan Series (2006–present)
* Ziyuan Series (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2025)

Human
spaceflight|

| Uncrewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 1
* Shenzhou 2
* Shenzhou 3
* Shenzhou 4
* Shenzhou 8

|

Crewed expeditions|

* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Shenzhou 12
* Shenzhou 13
* Shenzhou 14
* Shenzhou 15
* Shenzhou 16
* Shenzhou 17
* Shenzhou 18
* (List of Chinese astronauts)

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–2018)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–2019)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)
* Tianzhou 2 (2021)
* Tianzhou 3 (2021)
* Tianzhou 4 (2022)
* Tianzhou 5 (2022)
* Tianzhou 6 (2023)

Tiangong space station modules|

* Tianhe (2021–present)
* Wentian (2022–present)
* Mengtian (2022–present)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Apstar Series (1994–present)
* Chinasat Series (1994–present)
* Queqiao (2018–present)
* Tiandu 1 and 2 (2024–present)
* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* Tianlian II (2019–present)
* Qianfan (2024–present)
* Queqiao 2 (2024–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft (2020)
* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* Shijian Series (1971–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

Related|

* Lanyue Lunar Lander

* Future missions marked in italics. Failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Crewed spacecraft (programs)

Active|

* China
* Shenzhou
* Russia
* Soyuz
* United States
* Crew Dragon
* Starliner
* New Shepard

Retired|

* Soviet Union
* Vostok
* Voskhod
* Buran
* United States
* X-15
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Command and service module
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Space Shuttle
* SpaceShipOne
* SpaceShipTwo

In development|

* China
* Mengzhou
* Lanyue
* India
* Gaganyaan
* Russia
* Orel
* United States
* Orion
* Starship
* Starship HLS
* Blue Moon
* Dream Chaser

Cancelled|

* United States
* SpaceShip III

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2025|

* SpaceX Crew-10 (February)
* Fram2 (March)
* Soyuz MS-27 (March)
* Shenzhou 20 (May)
* Axiom Mission 4 (Spring)
* Boeing Starliner-1 (August)
* Soyuz MS-28 (September)
* Artemis II (September)
* Vast-1
* Shenzhou 21 (November)

|

2026+|

* Soyuz MS-29 (March 2026)
* Artemis III (2026)
* Gaganyaan-4 (2026)
* Gaganyaan-5
* Artemis IV (2028)
* Artemis V (2030)
* Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission (~2030)

Uncrewed|

| 2024|

* Biomass
* Blue Ghost M1
* DISHA
* Gaganyaan-1
* GOSAT-GW
* GSAT-20
* Hakuto-R M2
* PROBA-3 (November)

|

2025|

* Bion-M No.2 (March)
* ESCAPADE
* IM-2 / Lunar Trailblazer (January)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (April)
* Gaganyaan-2
* Gaganyaan-3
* Garatéa-L
* HTV-X1
* IM-3
* LOXSAT1
* MetOp-SG Series A
* MetOp-SG Series B
* MULA
* NISAR
* PETREL
* SMILE
* Space Rider
* SPARCS
* SPHEREx / PUNCH (February)
* SSC Demo-1
* Tianwen-2 (May)
* TRACERS (April)

2026|

* ALTIUS / FLEX
* Chang'e 7 / Rashid 2
* ispace M3
* MMX
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026–2027)
* Xuntian
* PLATO
* ULTRASAT

2027|

* Chandrayaan-4
* FORUM
* Luna 26
* NEO Surveyor (September)
* PPE / HALO
* Superbird-9

2028+|

* Chang'e 8 (2028)
* DESTINY+ (2028)
* Dragonfly (2028)
* JASMINE (2028)
* Luna 27 (2028)
* LUPEX (2028)
* MBR Explorer (2028)
* MSR (2028)
* Rosalind Franklin rover (2028)
* SAOCOM-2A (2028)
* Solar-C EUVST (2028)
* Tianwen-3 (2028)
* Venus Orbiter Mission (2028)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor (2029)
* Harmony (2029)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)
* Venera-D (2029–2031)
* ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
* Luna 28 (2030)
* SAOCOM-2B (2030)
* Spektr-UV (2030)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* EnVision (2031)
* VERITAS (2031)
* DAVINCI (2031–2032)
* LiteBIRD (2032)
* Athena (2035)
* LISA (2035)

TBA|

* Janus
* MOM 2
* Nano-JASMINE
* TEREX-1 (mid 2020s)
* Uranus Orbiter and Probe
* Habitable Worlds Observatory

Recently
launched|

* Polaris Dawn (10 September)
* Soyuz MS-26 (11 September)
* SpaceX Crew-9 (28 September)
* Europa Clipper (14 October)
* Shenzhou 19 (29 October)

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of proposed Solar System probes

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight

General|

* Astrodynamics
* History
* Timeline
* Space Race
* Records
* Accidents and incidents
* Space launch
* Space policy
* Australia
* China
* European Space Agency
* European Union
* India
* Japan
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* United States
* Space law
* Outer Space Treaty
* Rescue Agreement
* Space Liability Convention
* Registration Convention
* Moon Treaty
* Space warfare
* Space command
* Space force
* Militarisation of space
* Private spaceflight
* Billionaire space race

Applications|

* Astronomy
* Earth observation
* Archaeology
* Imagery and mapping
* Reconnaissance
* Weather and environment monitoring
* Communications satellite
* Internet
* Radio
* Telephone
* Television
* Satellite navigation
* Commercial use of space
* Space launch market competition
* Space architecture
* Space exploration
* Space research
* Space technology
* Space weather

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Astronaut
* commercial
* Life-support system
* Animals in space
* Bioastronautics
* Space suit
* Extravehicular activity
* Overview effect
* Weightlessness
* Space toilet
* Space tourism
* Space colonization
* Space diving

|

Programs|

* Vostok
* Mercury
* Voskhod
* Gemini
* Soyuz
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Apollo–Soyuz
* Space Shuttle
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir
* International Space Station
* Shenzhou
* Tiangong
* New Shepard
* Artemis

Health issues|

* Effect of spaceflight on the human body
* Space adaptation syndrome
* Health threat from cosmic rays
* Space psychology
* Psychological and sociological effects
* Space and survival
* Space medicine
* Space nursing
* Space sexology

Spacecraft|

* Launch vehicle
* Rocket
* Space capsule
* Orbital module
* Reentry capsule
* Service module
* Spaceplane
* Robotic spacecraft
* Satellite
* Space probe
* Lander
* Rover
* Self-replicating spacecraft
* Space telescope
* Spacecraft propulsion
* Rocket engine
* Electric propulsion
* Solar sail
* Gravity assist

Destinations|

* Sub-orbital
* Orbital
* Geocentric
* Geosynchronous
* Interplanetary
* Interstellar
* Intergalactic

Space launch|

* Direct ascent
* Escape velocity
* Expendable and reusable launch systems
* Launch pad
* Non-rocket spacelaunch
* Spaceport

Ground segment|

* Flight controller
* Ground station
* Pass
* Mission control center

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight lists and timelines

* Timeline of spaceflight

General|

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline
* Spacecraft
* Spaceflight records
* Space Race
* Rocket and missile technology

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Crewed spacecraft
* timeline
* by program
* Spaceflights
* 1961–1970
* 1971–1980
* 1981–1990
* 1991–2000
* 2001–2010
* 2011–2020
* 2021–present
* Soviet
* Russian
* Vostok and Voskhod
* Soyuz
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Shenzhou
* Gaganyaan
* Spacelab
* Artemis
* Civilian spaceflight
* Orbital
* Suborbital

|

Salyut|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

Mir|

* Expeditions
* ESA
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

ISS|

* Expeditions
* ESA
* Visiting
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors
* Deployed

Tiangong|

* Expeditions
* Crewed Spaceflights
* Spacewalks

Shuttle|

* Crews
* Missions
* Rollbacks

People|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year of selection
* Apollo
* Gemini
* Mercury
* Chinese
* Asian
* European
* Cosmonauts
* women
* Muslim
* Arab
* African American
* Ibero-America
* Space scientists
* Space travelers
* by name
* by first flight
* by nationality
* billionaires
* timeline by nationality
* Spaceflight-related human fatalities

EVA|

* 1965–1999
* 2000–2014
* 2015–present
* Cumulative spacewalk records
* Longest spacewalks
* Spacewalkers

Solar System
exploration|

* Timeline
* Interplanetary voyages
* Landings on other planets
* rovers
* artificial objects
* Objects at Lagrange points
* Probes
* active
* future
* orbiters
* leaving the Solar System
* lunar probes
* Missions to the Moon
* Timeline of satellites
* Sample-return mission
* Mars

Earth-orbiting
satellites|

* Communications satellite firsts
* CubeSats
* PocketQube
* Earth observation satellites
* Timeline of first Earth observation satellites
* Geosynchronous orbit
* GOES
* GPS
* Kosmos
* Magnetospheric
* NRO
* TDRS
* USA

Vehicles|

* Orbital launch systems
* Comparison
* Sounding rocket list
* Spacecraft
* uncrewed
* crewed
* heaviest
* Upper stages
* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Launches
by rocket type|

* Ariane
* Antares
* Atlas
* Atlas LV3B
* Atlas LV3C
* Black Brant
* Electron
* Delta DM-19
* Delta 1
* Delta II
* Delta III
* Delta IV Heavy
* Delta IV Medium
* Delta IV
* Falcon 9 and Heavy
* 2010–2019
* 2020–2022
* GSLV
* H-II and H3
* Kosmos
* Long March
* Minotaur
* Proton
* PSLV
* R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
* Scout
* SLS
* Starship
* Thor and Delta
* Thor-Agena
* Thor DM-18 Able
* Thor DM-18 Agena-A
* Thor DM-18
* Thor DM-21 Agena-B
* Titan
* Tsyklon
* V-2 tests
* Vega
* Vulcan
* Zenit

Launches by spaceport|

* Satish Dhawan

Agencies, companies
and facilities|

* Communications satellite companies
* comparison
* Private spaceflight companies
* Rocket launch sites
* Space agencies
* Spacecraft manufacturers

Other mission lists
and timelines|

* First orbital launches by country
* First satellites by country
* NASA missions
* Constellation missions
* Timeline of first images of Earth from space
* Timeline of longest spaceflights
* Timeline of private spaceflight

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War space race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO 2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* IRIAF
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR 2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA 2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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