Chinstrap penguin

Species of penguin

For other uses of "Chinstrap", see Chinstrap (disambiguation).

Chinstrap penguin

Deception Island, South Shetland Islands

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Aves
Order:  | Sphenisciformes
Family:  | Spheniscidae
Genus:  | Pygoscelis
Species:  |

P. antarcticus

Binomial name
Pygoscelis antarcticus

(Forster, 1781)

Synonyms

* Aptenodytes antarctica Forster, 1781
* Pygoscelis antarctica Turbott, 1990

The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) is a penguin species that inhabits various islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet.[2] Due to its loud, harsh call, other common names include ringed penguin, bearded penguin, and stonecracker penguin.[3]

## Taxonomy

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This species was initially given the scientific name Aptenodytes antarctica by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781, placing it in the same genus as the king and emperor penguins. In 1990, Graham Turbott transferred this species into the genus Pygoscelis, together with the Adélie and gentoo penguins. This gave it the new name P. antarctica. However, this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between antarctica and its assigned genus. The corrected form, P. antarcticus, is the currently accepted name for this species.[4]

## Description

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Video showing various behaviours, Antarctica

The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of 68–76 cm (27–30 in) and a weight of 3.2–5.3 kg (7.1–11.7 lb), varying with the time of year.[3] Males are greater in weight and height than females.[5]

The adult chinstrap's flippers are black with a white edge; the inner sides of the flippers are white. The face is white, extending behind the eyes, which are reddish brown; the chin and throat are white, as well, while the short bill is black. The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink. Its short, stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks. The chinstrap penguin's black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of countershading when viewed from above or below, helping to avoid detection by its predators.[6]

## Distribution

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Chinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution. They breed in Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the French Southern Territories, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand, the Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha islands, and South Africa.[1]

## Ecology

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The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small fish, krill, shrimp, and squid, which they swim up to 80 km (50 mi) offshore each day to obtain. The chinstrap penguin's tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat, enabling it to swim in freezing waters. Additionally, thick blubber deposits and intricate blood vessels in the flippers and legs assist in preserving heat.[6]

The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Every year, the leopard seal causes the chinstrap's population to decrease by about 5% to 20%. On land, the brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), and southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) are the primary predators of the penguin. These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins. The Antarctic fur seal is also known to kill chinstrap penguins occasionally.[7]

## Behaviour

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Chinstrap penguin colony near Orne Harbor, Antarctic Peninsula Adult with juveniles

On land, they build circular nests from stones and lay two eggs, which are incubated by the male and the female for shifts of around 6 days each. The chicks hatch after around 37 days, and have fluffy grey backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20–30 days before joining other chicks in a crèche. Around 50–60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult feathers and go to sea.[8]

Chinstrap penguins are generally considered the most aggressive and ill-tempered species of penguin.[8]

Chinstrap penguins microsleep over 10,000 times a day and accomplish this in 4 second bouts of sleep. The sleep can be both bihemispheric and unihemispheric slow-wave sleep. The penguins accumulate over 11 hours of sleep for each hemisphere daily.[9]

### Roy and Silo

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Main article: Roy and Silo

In 2004, two male chinstrap penguins named Roy and Silo in Central Park Zoo, New York City, formed a pair bond and took turns trying to "hatch" a rock, for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg, and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick.[10] Penguins, by nature, hatch eggs and are social creatures. The children's book And Tango Makes Three was written based on this event.[11]

## Conservation status

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In 2018, the IUCN estimated that the population of chinstrap penguins was around 8 million specimens. Although it is believed to be decreasing overall, its population is not severely fragmented; it is increasing or stable in many sites. The species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as of 2016, due to its large range and population, following five previous assessments of the same status from 2004 to 2012 and three assessments as "unknown" from 1988 to 2000.[1]

The chinstrap penguin is primarily threatened by climate change. In several parts of its range, climate change decreases the abundance of krill, which likely makes reproduction less successful. For instance, a 2019 expedition to breeding grounds on Elephant Island showed a fifty percent population decline in just under fifty years.[12][13] Other potential threats include volcanic events[14] and human fishing for krill.[15]

## References

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1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697761A184807209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
2. ^ "Chinstrap Penguin Facts". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
3. ^ a b De Roy, Tui; Jones, Mark; Cornthwaite, Julie (2014). Penguins: The Ultimate Guide (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207\. ISBN 978-0691162997. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
4. ^ Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 (1780): 134, 141, pl.4.
5. ^ "Chinstrap penguins". Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
6. ^ a b "Chinstrap Penguin Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22.
7. ^ Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia; Boersma, P. D. (2015). Penguins: Natural History and Conservation (reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 52–72\. ISBN 978-0295999067. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
8. ^ a b Ellenbroek, B. "Chinstrap penguin". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
9. ^ Libourel, P.-A.; Lee, W. Y.; Achin, I.; Chung, H.; Kim, J.; Massot, B.; Rattenborg, N. C. (December 2023). "Nesting chinstrap penguins accrue large quantities of sleep through seconds-long microsleeps". Science. 382 (6674): 1026–1031\. Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1026L. doi:10.1126/science.adh0771. PMID 38033080.
10. ^ Driscoll, Emily V. (10 July 2008). "Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
11. ^ Bone, James (27 September 2005). "Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female". Times Online. Archived from the original on January 3, 2006. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
12. ^ Stryker, Noah (2020-02-10). "Antarctica's Most Numerous Penguin Has Suffered Huge Declines, Expedition Finds". Audubon. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
13. ^ "Chinstrap penguin colonies in Antarctica suffer '77pc decline since last survey'". ABC News. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
14. ^ Liversage, Sian (June 27, 2020). "Chinstrap Penguins: Risking Their Lives on Zavodovski Island".
15. ^ Strycker, Noah; Wethington, Michael; Borowicz, Alex; Forrest, Steve; Witharana, Chandi; Hart, Tom; Lynch, Heather J. (2020-11-10). "A global population assessment of the Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 19474. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1019474S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76479-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7655846. PMID 33173126.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygoscelis antarcticus.

Wikispecies has information related to Pygoscelis antarcticus.

* 70south.com: information on chinstrap penguins
* Chinstrap penguin images
* Penguin World: chinstrap penguins
* Animals and Earth – photos for conservation, science, education and you – chinstrap penguin photos

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Penguins

(order: Sphenisciformes * family: Spheniscidae * subfamily: Spheniscinae)

Genus|

Species

Aptenodytes (great penguins)|

* King penguin
* Emperor penguin

Pygoscelis (brush-tailed penguins)|

* Adélie penguin
* Chinstrap penguin
* Gentoo penguin

Eudyptula (little penguins)|

* Little penguin (or little blue penguin)
* White-flippered penguin (or northern little penguin)

Spheniscus (banded penguins)|

* Magellanic penguin
* Humboldt penguin
* Galapagos penguin
* African penguin

Megadyptes|

* Yellow-eyed penguin
* Waitaha penguin (extinct)

Eudyptes (crested penguins)|

* Fiordland penguin
* Snares penguin
* Erect-crested penguin
* Southern rockhopper penguin
* Northern rockhopper penguin
* Royal penguin
* Macaroni penguin
* Chatham penguin (extinct)

Taxon identifiers

Pygoscelis antarcticus|

* Wikidata: Q126643
* Wikispecies: Pygoscelis antarcticus
* ADW: Pygoscelis_antarcticus
* AFD: Pygoscelis_antarcticus
* ARKive: pygoscelis-antarcticus
* Avibase: 75B943A302F2CC67
* BirdLife: 22697761
* BOLD: 52309
* BOW: chipen2
* CoL: 4QPKS
* eBird: chipen2
* EoL: 45512078
* EURING: 20210
* GBIF: 2481664
* iNaturalist: 54549
* IRMNG: 11828275
* ITIS: 723249
* IUCN: 22697761
* NCBI: 79643
* Neotropical: chipen2
* NZBO: chinstrap-penguin
* Observation.org: 73563
* OBIS: 225783
* Open Tree of Life: 134466
* Paleobiology Database: 372788
* SeaLifeBase: 73697
* WoRMS: 225783
* Xeno-canto: Pygoscelis-antarcticus

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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