Christa Wolf

German novelist and essayist (1929–2011)

Christa Wolf

Wolf in 1963

Born| Christa Ihlenfeld
(1929-03-18)18 March 1929
Landsberg an der Warthe, Germany
Died| 1 December 2011(2011-12-01) (aged 82)
Berlin, Germany
Occupation| Novelist, short story writer, essayist
Spouse| Gerhard Wolf [de] (1928–2023)

Christa Wolf (German: [ˈkʁɪs.ta vɔlf] ⓘ; née Ihlenfeld; 18 March 1929 – 1 December 2011) was a German novelist and essayist. She is considered one of the most important writers to emerge from the former East Germany.[1][2]

## Biography

[edit]

Wolf photographed by Oliver Mark, Berlin 2010

Wolf was born the daughter of Otto and Herta Ihlenfeld, in Landsberg an der Warthe, then in the Province of Brandenburg.[1] (The city is now Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.) After World War II, her family, being Germans, were expelled from their home on what had become Polish territory. They crossed the new Oder-Neisse border in 1945 and settled in Mecklenburg, in what would become the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany.

She studied literature at the University of Jena and the University of Leipzig. After her graduation, she worked for the German Writers' Union and became an editor for a publishing company. While working as an editor for publishing companies Verlag Neues Leben and Mitteldeutscher Verlag and as a literary critic for the journal Neue deutsche Literatur, Wolf was provided contact with antifascists and Communists, many of whom had either returned from exile or from imprisonment in concentration camps. Her writings discuss political, economic, and scientific power, making her an influential spokesperson in East and West Germany during post-World War II for the empowerment of individuals to be active within the industrialized and patriarchal society.[3]

She joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1949 and left it in June 1989, six months before the Communist regime collapsed. She was a candidate member of the Central Committee of the SED from 1963 to 1967. Stasi records found in 1993 showed that she worked as an informant (Inoffizieller Mitarbeiter) during the years 1959–61.[2]

Stasi officers criticized what they called her "reticence", and they lost interest in her cooperation. She was herself then closely monitored for nearly 30 years. During the Cold War, Wolf was openly critical of the leadership of the GDR, but she maintained a loyalty to the values of socialism and opposed German reunification.[4] Her experience of being under Stasi surveliance was reflected in her novella Was bleibt (What Remains).

In 1961, she published Moskauer Novelle (Moscow Novella). Wolf's breakthrough as a writer came in 1963 with the publication of Der geteilte Himmel (Divided Heaven or They Divided the Sky).[5] Her subsequent works included Nachdenken über Christa T. (The Quest for Christa T., 1968), Kindheitsmuster (Patterns of Childhood, 1976), Kein Ort. Nirgends (No Place on Earth, 1979), Kassandra (Cassandra, 1983), Störfall (Accident, 1987), Auf dem Weg nach Tabou (On the Way to Taboo, 1994), Medea (1996), and Stadt der Engel oder The Overcoat of Dr. Freud (City of Angels or The Overcoat of Dr. Freud, 2010).

Christa T. was a work that — while briefly touching on a disconnection from one's family's ancestral home – was primarily concerned with the experiences of a woman feeling overwhelming societal pressure to conform. Kate Webb in The Guardian called the novel Wolf's "most important work" and wrote that it became a "feminist classic".[6]

Kassandra is perhaps Wolf's most important book[citation needed], reinterpreting the Battle of Troy as a war for economic power and a shift from a matriarchal to a patriarchal society. The novella Was bleibt, which described her life under Stasi surveillance, was written in 1979, but not published until 1990. Auf dem Weg nach Tabou gathered essays, speeches, and letters written during the four years following the reunification of Germany. Leibhaftig (2002) describes a woman struggling with life and death in 1980s East-German hospital, while awaiting medicine from the West. Central themes in her work are German fascism, humanity, feminism, and self-discovery. In many of her works, Wolf uses illness as a metaphor. In a speech addressed to the Deutsche Krebsgesellschaft (German Cancer Society) she says, "How we choose to speak or not to speak about illnesses such as cancer mirrors our misgivings about society." In Nachdenken über Christa T., the protagonist dies of leukemia. This work demonstrates the dangers and consequences that happen to an individual when they internalize society's contradictions.

In Accident, the narrator's brother is undergoing surgery to remove a brain tumor a few days after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster had occurred.[7]

In 2004, she edited and published her correspondence with her UK-based near namesake Charlotte Wolff over the years 1983–1986 (Wolf, Christa and Wolff, Charlotte (2004) Ja, unsere Kreise berühren sich: Briefe, Luchterhand Munich).

Grave of Christa Wolf, with pens left by well-wishers.

Wolf died 1 December 2011, aged 82, in Berlin, where she had lived with her husband, Gerhard Wolf [de].[8] She was buried on 13 December 2011 in Berlin's Dorotheenstadt cemetery.[9] In 2018, the city of Berlin designated her grave as an Ehrengrab.[10]

## Reception

[edit]

Although Wolf's works were widely praised in both Germanys in the 1970s and 1980s, they have sometimes been seen as controversial[clarification needed] since German reunification.[11][12] Nicholas Shakespeare (novelist and biographer) wrote that in East Germany "writers such as Christa Wolf became irrelevant overnight once the Berlin Wall was broached".[13]

Upon publication of Was bleibt, West German critics such as Frank Schirrmacher argued that Wolf failed to criticize the authoritarianism of the East German Communist regime, whilst others called her works "moralistic". Defenders have recognized Wolf's role in establishing a distinctly East German literary voice.[14]

Fausto Cercignani's study of Wolf's earlier novels and essays on her later works have helped promote awareness of her narrative gifts, irrespective of her political and personal ups and downs. The emphasis placed by Cercignani on heroism of women in Christa Wolf's works has opened the way to subsequent studies in this direction.[15]

Wolf received the Heinrich Mann Prize in 1963, the Georg Büchner Prize in 1980, and the Schiller Memorial Prize in 1983, the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis in 1987, as well as other national and international awards. After the German reunification, Wolf received further awards: in 1999 she was awarded the Elisabeth Langgässer Prize and the Nelly Sachs Literature Prize. Wolf became the first recipient of the Deutscher Bücherpreis (German Book Prize) in 2002 for her lifetime achievement. In 2010, Wolf was awarded the Großer Literaturpreis der Bayerischen Akademie der Schönen Künste.

## Bibliography

[edit]

Books

* Moskauer Novelle (1961)
* Der geteilte Himmel (1963). Translated as Divided Heaven by Joan Becker (1965); later as They Divided the Sky by Luise von Flotow (2013).
* Nachdenken über Christa T. (1968). The Quest for Christa T., trans. Christopher Middleton (1970).
* Till Eulenspiegel. Erzählung für den Film. (1972). With Gerhard Wolf.
* Kindheitsmuster (1976), translated as Patterns of Childhood (1980) by Ursule Molinaro and Hedwig Rappolt.
* Kein Ort. Nirgends. (1979). No Place on Earth, trans. Jan van Heurck (1982).
* Neue Lebensansichten eines Katers (1981)
* Kassandra. Vier Vorlesungen. Eine Erzählung. (1983). Cassandra: A Novel and Four Essays, trans. Jan van Heurck (1984).
* Störfall. Nachrichten eines Tages. (1987). Accident: A Day's News, trans. Heike Schwarzbauer and Rick Takvorian (1989).
* Sommerstück (1989)
* Was bleibt (1990). What Remains, trans. Martin Chalmers (1990); as well as What Remains and Other Stories, trans. Heike Schwarzbauer and Rick Takvorian (1993).
* Medea (1996). Trans. John Cullen (1998).
* Leibhaftig (2002). In the Flesh, trans. John Smith Barrett (2005).
* Stadt der Engel oder The Overcoat of Dr. Freud (2010). City of Angels or, The Overcoat of Dr. Freud, trans. Damion Searls (2013).
* August (2012). Trans. Katy Derbyshire (2014).
* Nachruf auf Lebende. Die Flucht. (2014)

Anthologies

* Lesen und Schreiben. Aufsätze und Betrachtungen (1972). The Reader and the Writer, trans. Joan Becker (1977).
* The Fourth Dimension: Interviews with Christa Wolf (1988). Trans. Hilary Pilkington
* The Author's Dimension: Selected Essays (1993). Trans. Jan van Heurck.
* Auf dem Weg nach Tabou. Texte 1990–1994 (1994). Parting from Phantoms, trans. Jan van Heurck (1997).
* Ein Tag im Jahr. 1960–2000 (2003). One Day a Year, trans. Lowell A. Bangerter (2007)

## Further reading

[edit]

Fetz, Gerald; Herminghouse, Patricia, eds. (31 December 2022). What Remains: Responses to the Legacy of Christa Wolf. Berghahn Books. doi:10.1515/9781800734975. ISBN 978-1-80073-497-5.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Christa Wolf obituary, Kate Webb, The Guardian, 1 December 2011
2. ^ a b Christa Wolf obituary, The Telegraph, 2 December 2011.
3. ^ Frederiksen, Elke P.; Ametsbichler, Elizabeth G. (1998). Women Writers in German-Speaking Countries: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Greenwood Press. pp. 485, 486.
4. ^ A writer who spanned Germany's East-West divide dies in Berlin (obituary), Barbara Garde, Deutsche Welle, 1 December 2011
5. ^ Acclaimed Author Christa Wolf Dies at 82 (obituary), Der Spiegel, 1 December 2011.
6. ^ Webb, Kate (1 December 2011). "Christa Wolf obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
7. ^ Costabile-Heming, Carol Anne (1 September 2010). "Illness as Metaphor: Christa Wolf, the GDR, and Beyond". Symposium. 64 (3): 203. doi:10.1080/00397709.2010.502485. S2CID 142994254.
8. ^ "Schriftstellerin Christa Wolf ist tot". Der Tagesspiegel. 1 December 2011.
9. ^ Braun, Volker (15 December 2011). "Ein Schutzengelgeschwader". Die Zeit. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
10. ^ "Ehrengräber für Klaus Schütz und Christa Wolf". Süddeutsche Zeitung. dpa. 14 August 2018. Archived from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
11. ^ Myra N. Love. Christa Wolf and the Conscience of History. Peter Lang, 1991. p. i.
12. ^ Gail Finney. Christa Wolf. Twayne, 1999. p. 9
13. ^ Shakespeare, Nicholas. "Novel explosives of the Cold War". The Spectator. Archived from the original on 26 August 2019.
14. ^ Augustine, Dolores L. (2004). "The Impact of Two Reunification-Era Debates on the East German Sense of Identity". German Studies Review. 27 (3). German Studies Association: 569–571. doi:10.2307/4140983. JSTOR 4140983..
15. ^ Fausto Cercignani, Existenz und Heldentum bei Christa Wolf. "Der geteilte Himmel" und "Kassandra" (Existence and Heroism in Christa Wolf. "Divided Heaven" and "Cassandra"), Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann, 1988. For subsequent essays see http://en.scientificcommons.org/fausto_cercignani.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christa Wolf.

* Christa Wolf: Biography at FemBio – Notable Women International
* The quest for Christa Wolf an interview with Hanns-Bruno Kammertöns and Stephan Lebert about private chats with Honecker, a German society in check mate, the influence of Goethe, the shortcomings of Brecht, and the lasting effects of Utopia at signandsight.com.

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Christa Wolf

Novels|

* Divided Sky (1963)
* The Quest for Christa T. (1968)
* Patterns of Childhood (1976)
* No Place on Earth (1979)
* Cassandra (1983)
* What Remains (1990)

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German-language literature

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* Esther Kinsky
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* Barbara Köhler
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* Clemens Meyer
* Terézia Mora
* Herta Müller
* Sharon Dodua Otoo
* Emine Sevgi Özdamar
* Teresa Präauer
* Julya Rabinowich
* Rafik Schami
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* Yoko Tawada
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* Kleist Prize
* Leipzig Book Fair Prize
* Nelly Sachs Prize

Awards received by Christa Wolf

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Recipients of the Georg Büchner Prize

1923–1950|

* 1923 Adam Karrillon and Arnold Mendelssohn
* 1924 Alfred Bock and Paul Thesing
* 1925 Wilhelm Michel and Rudolf Koch
* 1926 Christian Heinrich Kleukens and Wilhelm Petersen
* 1927 Kasimir Edschmid and Johannes Bischoff
* 1928 Richard Hoelscher and Well Habicht
* 1929 Carl Zuckmayer and Adam Antes
* 1930 Nikolaus Schwarzkopf and Johannes Lippmann
* 1931 Alexander Posch and Hans Simon
* 1932 Albert H. Rausch and Adolf Bode
* 1933–1944 not given
* 1945 Hans Schiebelhuth
* 1946 Fritz Usinger
* 1947 Anna Seghers
* 1948 Hermann Heiss
* 1949 Carl Gunschmann
* 1950 Elisabeth Langgässer

Since 1951|

* 1951 Gottfried Benn
* 1952 not given
* 1953 Ernst Kreuder
* 1954 Martin Kessel
* 1955 Marie Luise Kaschnitz
* 1956 Karl Krolow
* 1957 Erich Kästner
* 1958 Max Frisch
* 1959 Günter Eich
* 1960 Paul Celan
* 1961 Hans Erich Nossack
* 1962 Wolfgang Koeppen
* 1963 Hans Magnus Enzensberger
* 1964 Ingeborg Bachmann
* 1965 Günter Grass
* 1966 Wolfgang Hildesheimer
* 1967 Heinrich Böll
* 1968 Golo Mann
* 1969 Helmut Heißenbüttel
* 1970 Thomas Bernhard
* 1971 Uwe Johnson
* 1972 Elias Canetti
* 1973 Peter Handke
* 1974 Hermann Kesten
* 1975 Manès Sperber
* 1976 Heinz Piontek
* 1977 Reiner Kunze
* 1978 Hermann Lenz
* 1979 Ernst Meister
* 1980 Christa Wolf
* 1981 Martin Walser
* 1982 Peter Weiss
* 1983 Wolfdietrich Schnurre
* 1984 Ernst Jandl
* 1985 Heiner Müller
* 1986 Friedrich Dürrenmatt
* 1987 Erich Fried
* 1988 Albert Drach
* 1989 Botho Strauß
* 1990 Tankred Dorst
* 1991 Wolf Biermann
* 1992 George Tabori
* 1993 Peter Rühmkorf
* 1994 Adolf Muschg
* 1995 Durs Grünbein
* 1996 Sarah Kirsch
* 1997 H. C. Artmann
* 1998 Elfriede Jelinek
* 1999 Arnold Stadler
* 2000 Volker Braun
* 2001 Friederike Mayröcker
* 2002 Wolfgang Hilbig
* 2003 Alexander Kluge
* 2004 Wilhelm Genazino
* 2005 Brigitte Kronauer
* 2006 Oskar Pastior
* 2007 Martin Mosebach
* 2008 Josef Winkler
* 2009 Walter Kappacher
* 2010 Reinhard Jirgl
* 2011 Friedrich Christian Delius
* 2012 Felicitas Hoppe
* 2013 Sibylle Lewitscharoff
* 2014 Jürgen Becker
* 2015 Rainald Goetz
* 2016 Marcel Beyer
* 2017 Jan Wagner
* 2018 Terézia Mora
* 2019 Lukas Bärfuss
* 2020 Elke Erb
* 2021 Clemens J. Setz
* 2022 Emine Sevgi Özdamar
* 2023 Lutz Seiler
* 2024 Oswald Egger

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Recipients of the Austrian State Prize for European Literature

* Zbigniew Herbert (1965)
* W. H. Auden (1966)
* Vasko Popa (1967)
* Václav Havel (1968)
* Not given (1969)
* Eugène Ionesco (1970)
* Peter Huchel (1971)
* Sławomir Mrożek (1972)
* Harold Pinter (1973)
* Sándor Weöres (1974)
* Miroslav Krleža (1975)
* Italo Calvino (1976)
* Pavel Kohout (1977)
* Simone de Beauvoir (1978)
* Fulvio Tomizza (1979)
* Sarah Kirsch (1980)
* Doris Lessing (1981)
* Tadeusz Różewicz (1982)
* Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1983)
* Christa Wolf (1984)
* Stanisław Lem (1985)
* Giorgio Manganelli (1986)
* Milan Kundera (1987)
* Andrzej Szczypiorski (1988)
* Marguerite Duras (1989)
* Helmut Heissenbüttel (1990)
* Péter Nádas (1991)
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* Mircea Cărtărescu (2015)
* Andrzej Stasiuk (2016)
* Karl Ove Knausgård (2017)
* Zadie Smith (2018)
* Michel Houellebecq (2019)
* Drago Jančar (2020)
* László Krasznahorkai (2021)
* Ali Smith (2022)
* Marie NDiaye (2023)

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* 1955: Rudolf Kassner
* 1957: Rudolf Pannwitz
* 1959: Wilhelm Lehmann
* 1962: Werner Bergengruen
* 1962: Heinar Kipphardt
* 1965: Max Frisch
* 1968: Günter Eich
* 1971: Gerhard Storz
* 1974: Ernst Jünger
* 1977: Golo Mann
* 1980: Martin Walser
* 1983: Christa Wolf
* 1986: Friedrich Dürrenmatt
* 1989: Käte Hamburger
* 1992: Volker Braun
* 1995: Peter Handke
* 1998: Hans Joachim Schädlich
* 2001: Alexander Kluge
* 2004: Christoph Hein
* 2007: Botho Strauß
* 2010: Tankred Dorst
* 2013: Rainald Goetz
* 2016: Ror Wolf
* 2019: Nino Haratischwili

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