Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Conservative party in Bavaria, Germany

Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern

Abbreviation| CSU
Leader| Markus Söder
Secretary General| Martin Huber
Founded| 1945; 80 years ago (1945)
Preceded by| Bavarian People's Party
(de facto)
Headquarters| Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Newspaper| Bayernkurier (1950–2019)
Youth wing| Young Union
Membership (2022)|  132,000[1]
Ideology|

* Christian democracy
* Conservatism (German)
* Regionalism

Political position| Centre-right[5]
National affiliation| CDU/CSU
Regional affiliation| German Social Union
(1990–1993)
European affiliation| European People's Party
European Parliament group| European People's Party
International affiliation| International Democracy Union
Colours|  Blue
Bundestag|

43 / 116

(Bavarian seats)
Bundesrat|

4 / 6

(Bavarian seats)
Landtag of Bavaria|

85 / 205

European Parliament|

6 / 96

Heads of State Governments|

1 / 16

Party flag
Website
www.csu.de

* Politics of Germany
* Political parties
* Elections

* Politics of Bavaria

Politics of Bavaria

Constitution

* Constitution

Executive

* Minister-President

Markus Söder
* Cabinet

Legislature

* Landtag

President: Ilse Aigner

Divisions

* Administrative regions
(Regierungsbezirke)
* Landkreise/kreisfreie cities
* Gemeinden (municipalities)

Elections

* Recent elections

* Legislative: 2018
* 2023
* 2028

Foreign policy

* Politics of Bavaria
* Politics of Germany
* European Union politics

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in Germany

Ideologies

* Agrarian
* Christian democracy
* Liberal
* Ordo
* Ritter School
* Monarchism
* Nationalist
* Völkisch
* Neue Rechte
* Paternalistic
* State Socialism
* Prussianism
* Cameralistic
* Socialist
* Revolutionary
* Young
* Romanticism
* Right-Hegelianism
* Historical School

Principles

* Authority
* Christian values
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Gemeinschaft
* Geopolitik
* Germanisation
* Heimat
* Imperialism
* In Treue fest
* Kultur
* Medievalism
* Monarchism
* Organicism
* Patriotism
* Political theology
* Prussian virtues
* Sittlichkeit
* Social market economy
* Sonderweg
* Subsidiarity
* Volk
* Volksgeist

History

* 20 July plot
* Anti-Socialist Laws
* Carlsbad Decrees
* Erklärung 2018
* Freikorps
* German Confederation
* German Reich
* German Empire
* German reunification
* Heidelberg Manifesto
* Historikerstreit
* The Junkers
* Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
* Oster conspiracy
* George-Kreis
* Perceived Weimar decadence
* Leipzig school
* Völkisch movement
* Wandervogel

Intellectuals

* Benedict XVI
* Eichberg
* Freyer
* Gadamer
* von Galen
* Gehlen
* Gogarten
* Görres
* Hamann
* Heidegger
* Herder
* Hielscher
* von Hildebrand
* Jünger (Ernst)
* Jünger (Friedrich)
* Kantorowicz
* Klages
* Kommerell
* Koselleck
* von Lilienfeld
* Lorenz
* Löwith
* Lübbe
* Mann
* Moeller van den Bruck
* Müller
* Nolte
* Novalis
* Pieper
* Plessner
* von Ranke
* Reck-Malleczewen
* Ritter (Gerhard)
* Ritter (Joachim)
* Röpke
* Rüstow
* von Salomon
* Scheler
* Schelsky
* Schlegel
* Schmitt
* Sieferle
* Sloterdijk
* Sombart
* Spaemann
* Spengler
* Steinbuch
* Tönnies
* von Treitschke
* Voegelin
* Weber

Literature

* Addresses to the German Nation (1806)
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
* The National System (1837)
* Degeneration (1892)
* Ressentiment (1912)
* Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918)
* The Decline of the West (1918, 1922)
* Ideology and Utopia (1929)
* Man and Technics (1931)
* The Concept of the Political (1932)
* On the Marble Cliffs (1939)
* Man (1940)
* Diary of a Man in Despair (1947)
* The Questionnaire (1951)
* Fascism in Its Epoch (1963)
* Envy (1966)
* Moral und Hypermoral (1969)
* Rules for the Human Park (1999)
* Germany Abolishes Itself (2010)
* Finis Germania (2017)

Commentators

* Anrich
* Aust
* Broder
* Deschner
* Herman
* Höhler
* Krause Landt
* Kuby
* Löwenthal
* Maschke
* Mann (Golo)
* Maurer
* Nagel
* Nebel
* Noelle-Neumann
* Otte
* Pirinçci
* Röhl
* Safranski
* Sarrazin
* von Schrenck-Notzing
* Schwilk
* Stein
* Strauss (Botho)
* Stürmer
* Tichy
* Weißmann
* Zehrer
* Zitelmann

Politicians

* Adenauer
* Ancillon
* Barschel
* von Bismarck
* von Bose
* Fehrenbach
* Filbinger
* von Gerlach
* Goerdeler
* Held
* von Hindenburg
* Hugenberg
* Jongen
* Jung
* Kapp
* Kohl
* Krah
* von Krosigk
* Lengsfeld
* Maaßen
* von Merkatz
* Merkel
* Merz
* Michaelis
* von Papen
* Petry
* von Radowitz
* Rauschning
* Ritter von Kahr
* von Roon
* Schäffer
* Schäffler
* von Schleicher
* vom und zum Stein
* Stresemann
* vom Stein
* Stoecker
* von Storch
* Strauss
* Wagener
* Weidel
* von Westarp
* Wilhelm II
* Winnig

Jurists

* Böckenförde
* von Gierke
* Möser
* von Savigny
* Schmitt
* Stahl
* Wackenroder
* Wagener

Activists

* Kohlmann
* Kubitschek
* Sabaditsch-Wolff
* Seibt
* von Stauffenberg
* Stürzenberger
* von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)
* von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)

Parties

Active

* Alternative for Germany (AfD)
* Bavaria Party (BP)
* Bündnis Deutschland (BD)
* Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU)
* Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU)
* Centre Party
* Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
* Family Party of Germany
* The Republicans (REP)
* Values Union (WU)

Defunct

* Bavarian People's Party (BVP)
* Conservative Party
* Free Conservative Party (FKP)
* German Conservative Party (DkP)
* German Freedom Party
* German National People's Party (DNVP)
* German Party (DP)
* German People's Party (DVP)

Organizations

* Aufbau Vereinigung
* Bibliothek des Konservatismus
* Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
* Die Deutschen Konservativen
* Forum of German Catholics
* Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
* German Burschenschaft
* Citizens' Movement Pax Europa
* Hanns Seidel Foundation
* Hans Filbinger Foundation
* Identitäre Aktion
* Institut für Staatspolitik
* Konrad Adenauer Foundation
* PEGIDA
* Studienzentrum Weikersheim
* Tradition und Leben

Defunct

* Germany Foundation
* Queen Louise League

Media

* Die Achse des Guten
* Antaios (Defunct)
* Bild
* Cato
* Cicero
* COMPACT
* Deutsche Rundschau
* Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
* Junge Freiheit
* Kreuzzeitung (Defunct)
* Politically Incorrect
* Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung
* Süddeutsche Monatshefte
* Der Türmer
* Verlag Antaios
* Die Welt
* Welt am Sonntag

Related topics

* Bavarian nationalism
* Böckenförde dilemma
* European New Right
* Collective guilt
* Conservatism in Austria
* Conservatism in Switzerland
* Criticism of multiculturalism
* Cultural pessimism
* Freischwebende Intelligenz
* German militarism
* Immigrant criminality
* Liberalism in Germany
* Lügenpresse
* Metapolitics
* Pan-European nationalism
* Pan-Germanism
* Philosophical anthropology
* Remigration
* Stahlhelm-Fraktion
* Theory of generations
* Überfremdung

* Conservatism portal
* Germany portal

* v
* t
* e

The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (German: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayernⓘ, CSU) is a Christian democratic[6][7] and conservative[7][8][9][10] political party in Germany. Having a regionalist identity,[11][12] the CSU operates only in Bavaria while its larger counterpart, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), operates in the other fifteen states of Germany. It differs from the CDU by being somewhat more conservative in social matters, following Catholic social teaching.[13] The CSU is considered the de facto successor of the Weimar-era Catholic Bavarian People's Party.[14]

At the federal level, the CSU forms a common faction in the Bundestag with the CDU which is frequently referred to as the Union Faction (die Unionsfraktion) or simply CDU/CSU. The CSU has had 43 seats in the Bundestag since the 2021 federal election,[15] making it currently the second smallest of the seven parties represented. The CSU is a member of the European People's Party and the International Democracy Union.

Party leader Markus Söder serves as Minister-President of Bavaria, a position that CSU representatives have held from 1946 to 1954 and again since 1957. From 1962 to 2008 and from 2013 to 2018, the CSU had the absolute majority in the Bavarian Landtag.

## History

[edit]

Chairman Franz Josef Strauß in 1976

Franz Josef Strauß (1915–1988) had left behind the strongest legacy as a leader of the party, having led the party from 1961 until his death in 1988. His political career in the federal cabinet was unique in that he had served in four ministerial posts in the years between 1953 and 1969. From 1978 until his death in 1988, Strauß served as the Minister-President of Bavaria. Strauß was the first leader of the CSU to be a candidate for the German chancellery in 1980. In the 1980 federal election, Strauß ran against the incumbent Helmut Schmidt of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) but lost thereafter as the SPD and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) managed to secure an absolute majority together, forming a social-liberal coalition.

The CSU has led the Bavarian state government since it came into existence in 1946, save from 1954 to 1957 when the SPD formed a state government in coalition with the Bavaria Party and the state branches of the GB/BHE and FDP.

Initially, the separatist Bavaria Party (BP) successfully competed for the same electorate as the CSU, as both parties saw and presented themselves as successors to the BVP. The CSU was ultimately able to win this power struggle for itself. Among other things, the BP was involved in the "casino affair" under dubious circumstances by the CSU at the end of the 1950s and lost considerable prestige and votes. In the 1966 state election, the BP finally left the state parliament.

Before the 2008 elections in Bavaria, the CSU perennially achieved absolute majorities at the state level by itself. This level of dominance is unique among Germany's 16 states. Edmund Stoiber took over the CSU leadership in 1999. He ran for Chancellor of Germany in 2002, but his preferred CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lost against the SPD candidate Gerhard Schröder's SPD–Green alliance.

In the 2003 Bavarian state election, the CSU won 60.7% of the vote and 124 of 180 seats in the state parliament. This was the first time any party had won a two-thirds majority in a German state parliament.[16] The Economist later suggested that this exceptional result was due to a backlash against Schröder's government in Berlin.[17] The CSU's popularity declined in subsequent years. Stoiber stepped down from the posts of Minister-President and CSU chairman in September 2007. A year later, the CSU lost its majority in the 2008 Bavarian state election, with its vote share dropping from 60.7% to 43.4%. The CSU remained in power by forming a coalition with the FDP. In the 2009 general election, the CSU received only 42.5% of the vote in Bavaria in the 2009 election, which by then constituted its weakest showing in the party's history.

The CSU made gains in the 2013 Bavarian state election and the 2013 federal election, which were held a week apart in September 2013. The CSU regained their majority in the Bavarian Landtag and remained in government in Berlin. They had three ministers in the Fourth Merkel cabinet, namely Horst Seehofer (Minister of the Interior, Building and Community), Andreas Scheuer (Minister of Transport and Digital Infrastructure) and Gerd Müller (Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development).

The 2018 Bavarian state election yielded the worst result for the CSU in the state elections (top candidate Markus Söder) since 1950 with 37.2% of votes, a decline of over ten percentage points compared to the last result in 2013. After that, the CSU had to form a new coalition government with the minor partner Free Voters of Bavaria.

The 2021 German federal election saw the worst election result ever for the Union.[18] The CSU also had a weak showing with 5.2% of votes nationally and 31.7% of the total in Bavaria.

## Relationship with the CDU

[edit]

See also: 2018 German government crisis

The CSU is the sister party of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).[19] Together, they are called the Union.[19] The CSU operates only within Bavaria, and the CDU operates in all states other than Bavaria. While virtually independent,[20] at the federal level the parties form a common CDU/CSU faction. No Chancellor has ever come from the CSU, although Strauß and Edmund Stoiber were CDU/CSU candidates for Chancellor in the 1980 federal election and the 2002 federal election, respectively, which were both won by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Below the federal level, the parties are entirely independent.[21]

Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU.[8][example needed] CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Grundgesetz of the Federal Republic of Germany as they could not agree with the division of Germany into two states after World War II. Although Bavaria like all German states has a separate police and justice system (distinctive and non-federal), the CSU has actively participated in all political affairs of the German Parliament, the German government, the German Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia.

Like the CDU, the CSU is pro-European, although some Eurosceptic tendencies were shown in the past.[22]

## Leaders

[edit]

### Party chairmen

[edit]

Chairman  | From  | To

|
|

1st  | Josef Müller | 17 December 1945  | 28 May 1949
2nd  | Hans Ehard | 28 May 1949  | 22 January 1955
3rd  | Hanns Seidel | 22 January 1955  | 16 February 1961
4th  | Franz Josef Strauß | 18 March 1961  | 3 October 1988
5th  | Theodor Waigel | 16 November 1988  | 16 January 1999
6th  | Edmund Stoiber | 16 January 1999  | 29 September 2007
7th  | Erwin Huber | 29 September 2007  | 25 October 2008
8th  | Horst Seehofer | 25 October 2008  | 19 January 2019
9th  | Markus Söder | 19 January 2019  | Present day

### Ministers-president

[edit]

The CSU has contributed eleven of the twelve Ministers-President of Bavaria since 1945, with only Wilhelm Hoegner (1945–1946, 1954–1957) of the SPD also holding the office.

Minister-President  | From  | To

|
|

Fritz Schäffer | 28 May 1945  | 28 September 1945
Hans Ehard (first time)  | 21 December 1946  | 14 December 1954
Hanns Seidel | 16 October 1957  | 22 January 1960
Hans Ehard (second time)  | 26 January 1960  | 11 December 1962
Alfons Goppel | 11 December 1962  | 6 November 1978
Franz Josef Strauss | 6 November 1978  | 3 October 1988
Max Streibl | 19 October 1988  | 27 May 1993
Edmund Stoiber | 28 May 1993  | 30 September 2007
Günther Beckstein | 9 October 2007  | 27 October 2008
Horst Seehofer | 27 October 2008  | 13 March 2018
Markus Söder | 16 March 2018  | Present day

## Election results

[edit]

### Federal parliament (Bundestag)

[edit]

Election  | Constituency  | Party list  | Seats  | +/–  | Status

|
|
|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
1949 |  | 1,380,448  | 5.8 (#4)  |

24 / 402

|  | CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953 | 2,450,286  | 8.9 (#4)  | 2,427,387  | 8.8 (#4)  |

52 / 509

|  28  | CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957 | 3,186,150  | 10.6 (#3)  | 3,133,060  | 10.5 (#3)  |

55 / 519

|  3  | CDU/CSU–DP
1961 | 3,104,742  | 9.7 (#4)  | 3,014,471  | 9.6 (#4)  |

50 / 521

|  5  | CDU/CSU–FDP
1965 | 3,204,648  | 9.9 (#3)  | 3,136,506  | 9.6 (#3)  |

49 / 518

|  1  | CDU/CSU–SPD
1969 | 3,094,176  | 9.5 (#3)  | 3,115,652  | 9.5 (#3)  |

49 / 518

|  0  | Opposition
1972 | 3,620,625  | 9.7 (#3)  | 3,615,183  | 9.7 (#3)  |

48 / 518

|  1  | Opposition
1976 | 4,008,514  | 10.6 (#3)  | 4,027,499  | 10.6 (#3)  |

53 / 518

|  5  | Opposition
1980 | 3,941,365  | 10.4 (#3)  | 3,908,459  | 10.3 (#4)  |

52 / 519

|  1  | Opposition (1980–82)
CDU/CSU–FDP (1982–83)
1983 | 4,318,800  | 11.1 (#3)  | 4,140,865  | 10.6 (#3)  |

53 / 520

|  1  | CDU/CSU–FDP
1987 | 3,859,244  | 10.2 (#3)  | 3,715,827  | 9.8 (#3)  |

49 / 519

|  4  | CDU/CSU–FDP
1990 | 3,423,904  | 7.4 (#4)  | 3,302,980  | 7.1 (#4)  |

51 / 662

|  2  | CDU/CSU–FDP
1994 | 3,657,627  | 6.5 (#3)  | 3,427,196  | 7.3 (#3)  |

50 / 672

|  1  | CDU/CSU–FDP
1998 | 3,602,472  | 7.3 (#3)  | 3,324,480  | 6.8 (#3)  |

47 / 669

|  3  | Opposition
2002 | 4,311,178  | 9.0 (#3)  | 4,315,080  | 9.0 (#3)  |

58 / 603

|  11  | Opposition
2005 | 3,889,990  | 8.2 (#3)  | 3,494,309  | 7.4 (#6)  |

46 / 614

|  12  | CDU/CSU–SPD
2009 | 3,191,000  | 7.4 (#6)  | 2,830,238  | 6.5 (#6)  |

45 / 622

|  1  | CDU/CSU–FDP
2013 | 3,544,079  | 8.1 (#4)  | 3,243,569  | 7.4 (#5)  |

56 / 631

|  11  | CDU/CSU–SPD
2017 | 3,255,604  | 7.0 (#6)  | 2,869,744  | 6.2 (#7)  |

46 / 709

|  10  | CDU/CSU–SPD
2021 | 2,787,904  | 6.0 (#6)  | 2,402,826  | 5.2 (#6)  |

45 / 735

|  1  | Opposition

### European Parliament

[edit]

Election  | Votes  | %  | Seats  | +/–

|
|
|
|

1979 | 2,817,120  | 10.1 (#3)  |

8 / 81

1984 | 2,109,130  | 8.5 (#3)  |

7 / 81

|  1
1989 | 2,326,277  | 8.2 (#4)  |

7 / 81

|  0
1994 | 2,393,374  | 6.8 (#4)  |

8 / 99

|  1
1999 | 2,540,007  | 9.4 (#4)  |

10 / 99

|  2
2004 | 2,063,900  | 8.0 (#4)  |

9 / 99

|  1
2009 | 1,896,762  | 7.2 (#6)  |

8 / 99

|  1
2014 | 1,567,258  | 5.3 (#6)  |

5 / 96

|  3
2019 | 2,354,816  | 6.3 (#5)  |

6 / 96

|  1
2024 | 2,513,300  | 6.3 (#5)  |

6 / 96

|  0

### Landtag of Bavaria

[edit]

Election  | Constituency  | Party list  | Seats  | +/–  | Status

|
|
|
|
|

Votes  | %  | Votes  | %
1946 |  | 1,593,908  | 52.2 (#1)  |

104 / 180

|  | CSU–SPD
1950 | 1,264,993  | 26.8 (#1)  | 1,262,377  | 27.4 (#1)  |

64 / 204

|  40  | CSU–SPD
1954 | 1,855,995  | 37.6 (#1)  | 1,835,959  | 37.9 (#1)  |

83 / 204

|  19  | Opposition
1958 | 2,101,645  | 44.8 (#1)  | 2,091,259  | 45.5 (#1)  |

101 / 204

|  18  | CSU–FDP–BHE
1962 | 2,343,169  | 47.1 (#1)  | 2,320,359  | 47.5 (#1)  |

108 / 204

|  7  | CSU–BP
1966 | 2,549,610  | 47.7 (#1)  | 2,524,732  | 48.1 (#1)  |

110 / 204

|  2  | CSU majority
1970 | 3,205,170  | 56.2 (#1)  | 3,139,429  | 56.4 (#1)  |

124 / 204

|  14  | CSU majority
1974 | 3,520,065  | 61.7 (#1)  | 3,481,486  | 62.0 (#1)  |

132 / 204

|  8  | CSU majority
1978 | 3,394,096  | 58.5 (#1)  | 3,387,995  | 59.1 (#1)  |

129 / 204

|  3  | CSU majority
1982 | 3,557,068  | 57.9 (#1)  | 3,534,375  | 58.2 (#1)  |

133 / 204

|  4  | CSU majority
1986 | 3,142,094  | 54.9 (#1)  | 3,191,640  | 55.7 (#1)  |

128 / 204

|  5  | CSU majority
1990 | 3,007,566  | 52.6 (#1)  | 3,085,948  | 54.9 (#1)  |

127 / 204

|  1  | CSU majority
1994 | 3,063,635  | 52.2 (#1)  | 3,100,253  | 52.8 (#1)  |

120 / 204

|  7  | CSU majority
1998 | 3,168,996  | 51.7 (#1)  | 3,278,768  | 52.9 (#1)  |

123 / 204

|  3  | CSU majority
2003 | 3,050,456  | 59.3 (#1)  | 3,167,408  | 60.6 (#1)  |

124 / 180

|  1  | CSU majority
2008 | 2,267,521  | 42.5 (#1)  | 2,336,439  | 43.4 (#1)  |

92 / 187

|  32  | CSU–FDP
2013 | 2,754,256  | 46.5 (#1)  | 2,882,169  | 47.7 (#1)  |

101 / 180

|  9  | CSU majority
2018 | 2,495,186  | 36.7 (#1)  | 2,551,046  | 37.2 (#1)  |

85 / 205

|  16  | CSU–FW
2023 | 2,527,580  | 37.0 (#1)  | 2,531,562  | 37.1 (#1)  |

85 / 203

|  | CSU-FW

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism portal
* Germany portal
* Politics portal

* List of Christian Social Union of Bavaria politicians
* Politics of Germany

## Notes and references

[edit]

1. ^ "Bavaria's parties lose members". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 8 February 2023. Archived from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
2. ^ Boswell, Christina; Hough, Dan (2009). "Politicizing migration : opportunity or liability for the centre-right in Germany?". Immigration and integration policy in Europe : why politics -- and the centre-right -- matter. By Bale, Tim. Journal of European Public Policy Series. London: Routledge. pp. 18, 21. ISBN 9780415468343. OCLC 461254258.
3. ^ Klaus Detterbeck (2012). Multi-Level Party Politics in Western Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 105.
4. ^ Hornsteiner, Margaret; Saalfeld, Thomas (2014). "Parties and the Party System". Developments in German Politics. By Padgett, Stephen; Paterson, William E.; Zohlnhöfer, Reimut. Vol. 4\. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80\. ISBN 9781137301635. OCLC 885477730.
5. ^ [2][3][4]
6. ^ Hans Slomp (2011). Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 364\. ISBN 978-0-313-39181-1.
7. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Germany". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
8. ^ a b Budge, Ian; Robertson, David; Hearl, Derek (1987). Ideology, Strategy, and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-war Election Programmes in 19 Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 296\. ISBN 9780521306485.
9. ^ Paul Statham; Hans-Jörg Trenz (2012). The Politicization of Europe: Contesting the Constitution in the Mass Media. Routledge. p. 120\. ISBN 978-0-415-58466-1.
10. ^ Antje Ellermann (2009). States Against Migrants: Deportation in Germany and the United States. Cambridge University Press. p. 58\. ISBN 978-0-521-51568-9.
11. ^ Eve Hepburn (2016). "Cohesion Policy and Regional Mobilisation". In Simona Piattoni; Laura Polverari (eds.). Handbook on Cohesion Policy in the EU. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 210\. ISBN 978-1-78471-567-0.
12. ^ Ford, Graham (August 2007). "Constructing a Regional Identity: The Christian Social Union and Bavaria's Common Heritage, 1949–1962" (PDF). Contemporary European History. 16 (3). Cambridge University Press: 277–297\. doi:10.1017/S0960777307003943 (inactive 22 December 2024). JSTOR 20081363. S2CID 146439508. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2022.277-297&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146439508#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20081363#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S0960777307003943&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https://research.tees.ac.uk/ws/files/6456514/Publisher_s_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Christian+Social+Union+in+Bavaria" class="Z3988">`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (link)
13. ^ "Streit in der CSU über Sozialpolitik entbrannt". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
14. ^ Biesinger, Joseph A. (2006). Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. p. 310\. ISBN 9780816074716.
15. ^ "Results – The Federal Returning Officer". bundeswahlleiter.de (in German). The Federal Returning Officer. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
16. ^ Clayton Clemens. "Stoiber – Dominant But Not Omnipotent". Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. Retrieved 7 June 2008.
17. ^ "The Economist: Old soldiers march into the unknown" Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
18. ^ "Germany election: worst ever result momentarily silences CDU". the Guardian. 26 September 2021. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
19. ^ a b "A Quick Guide to Germany's Political Parties". Der Spiegel. 25 September 2009. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
20. ^ The Economist (1983). Political Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 16\. ISBN 978-0-521-27793-8.
21. ^ Solsten, Eric (1999). Germany: A Country Study. Quezon: DANE Publishing. p. 375\. ISBN 978-0-521-27793-8.
22. ^ Vitzthum, Thomas (21 December 2018). "Plötzlich entdeckt die CSU ihre Zuneigung zur EU wieder". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Alf Mintzel (1975). Die CSU. Anatomie einer konservativen Partei 1945–1972 (in German). Opladen. ISBN 9783531112787.

## External links

[edit]

* Christlich-Soziale Union – official website (English page)
* Christian-Social Union (Bavaria, Germany)
* Christian-Social Union of Bavaria (CSU)

* v
* t
* e

Christian Social Union

Chairmen|

* Josef Müller
* Hans Ehard
* Hanns Seidel
* Franz Josef Strauss
* Theo Waigel
* Edmund Stoiber
* Erwin Huber
* Horst Seehofer
* Markus Söder

General Secretaries|

* Franz Josef Strauss
* Josef Brunner
* Heinz Lechmann
* Friedrich Zimmermann
* Anton Jaumann
* Max Streibl
* Gerold Tandler
* Edmund Stoiber
* Otto Wiesheu
* Gerold Tandler
* Erwin Huber
* Bernd Protzner
* Thomas Goppel
* Markus Söder
* Christine Haderthauer
* Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg
* Alexander Dobrindt
* Andreas Scheuer
* Markus Blume

Governments|

* Adenauer (I
* II
* III
* IV
* V)
* Erhard (I
* II)
* Kiesinger
* Kohl (I
* II
* III
* IV
* V)
* Merkel (I
* II
* III
* IV)

Affiliated organisations|

* Hanns Seidel Foundation
* Young Union
* Association of Christian Democratic Students
* Bayernkurier
* Banz Abbey
* Christian Democratic Employees' Association
* Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU
* Economic Council Germany
* Centrist Democrat International
* International Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* European People's Party group

Related articles|

* Grand coalition
* Jamaica coalition
* Kenya coalition

Category

* v
* t
* e

European People's Party

Parliamentary group

National parties|

| Member parties (EU)|

* ÖVP
* CD&V
* GERB/ГЕРБ
* DSB/ДСБ
* BCM
* SDS/СДС
* HDZ
* HDS
* DISY/ΔΗ.ΣΥ.
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* D
* MA
* Slovensko
* NSi
* SDS
* SLS
* PP
* KD
* M

|

Associated parties (non-EU)|

* PD
* XD
* VMRO - DPMNE/ВМРО - ДПМНЕ
* H
* SNS/СНС
* VMSZ/SVM
* DM-LC-AdC

Observer parties|

* HHK/ՀՀԿ
* Heritage/Ժառանգություն
* BCD/БХД
* AHP/АГП
* За Свабоду
* HDZ BiH
* PDP
* SDA
* HDZ 1990
* ENM/ენმ
* EG/ევსა
* LDK
* PLDM
* PAS
* PPDA
* BS
* KrF
* PDCS
* Batkivshchyna/Батьківщина
* YeS
* UDAR/УДАР
* Об'єднання «Самопоміч»/Ob'yednannya «Samopomich»

Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (President)
* Thanasis Bakolas (Secretary General)
* Mariya Gabriel (Vice-President)
* Olgierd Geblewicz (Vice-President)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-President)
* Johannes Hahn (Vice-President)
* Andrzej Halicki (Vice-President)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-President)
* David McAllister (Vice-President)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-President)
* Petteri Orpo (Vice-President)
* Dubravka Šuica (Vice-President)
* Antonio Tajani (Vice-President)
* Paulo Rangel (Treasurer)
* Ursula von der Leyen (ex officio Vice-President)

European Parliament
Group Presidents|

* Manfred Weber (Chair)
* Arnaud Danjean (Vice-Chair)
* Esteban González Pons (Vice-Chair)
* Sandra Kalniete (Vice-Chair)
* Andrey Kovatchev (Vice-Chair)
* Esther de Lange (Vice-Chair)
* Vangelis Meimarakis (Vice-Chair)
* Siegfried Mureșan (Vice-Chair)
* Jan Olbrycht (Vice-Chair)
* Paulo Rangel (Vice-Chair)
* see European Parliament

European Commissioners (2024–2029)|

* Ursula von der Leyen (President)
* Maria Luís Albuquerque (Financial Services and the Savings and Investments Union)
* Magnus Brunner (Internal Affairs and Migration)
* Valdis Dombrovskis (Economy and Productivity, Implementation and Simplification)
* Christophe Hansen (Agriculture and Food)
* Wopke Hoekstra (Net-Zero and Clean Growth)
* Andrius Kubilius (Defence and Space)
* Jessika Roswall (Environment, Water Resilience, and a Competitive Circular Economy)
* Piotr Serafin (Budget, Anti_Fraud and Public Administration)
* Dubravka Šuica (Mediterranean)
* Apostolos Tzitzikostas (Sustainable Transport and Tourism)
* Henna Virkkunen (Executive Vice-President for Digital and Frontier Technologies)
* Ekaterina Zaharieva (Startups, Research and Innovation
* see von der Leyen Commission II

Heads of government
at the European Council|

* Karl Nehammer (Austria)
* Andrej Plenković (Croatia)
* Petteri Orpo (Finland)
* Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Greece)
* Simon Harris (Ireland)
* Evika Siliņa (Latvia)
* Luc Frieden (Luxembourg)
* Donald Tusk (Poland)
* Klaus Iohannis (Romania)
* Ulf Kristersson (Sweden)
* see European Council

European political foundation: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies

* v
* t
* e

International Democracy Union

* Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
* Asia Pacific Democrat Union
* Caribbean Democrat Union
* Democrat Union of Africa
* European Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* International Women's Democrat Union
* International Young Democrat Union
* Union of Latin American Parties

Member parties

|  |

* Democratic Party
* Palmavon Webster
* Liberal Party
* Austrian People's Party
* National Independence Party
* United Democratic Party
* Social Democrat Movement
* Party of Democratic Action
* Democrats
* Union of Democratic Forces
* Conservative Party
* Independent Democratic Union
* National Renewal
* Kuomintang
* Conservative Party
* Democratic Union
* Democratic Rally
* Civic Democratic Party
* Dominica Freedom Party
* National Progressive Force

* Social Christian Party
* Nationalist Republican Alliance
* Isamaa
* National Coalition Party
* United National Movement
* Christian Democratic Union
* Christian Social Union in Bavaria
* New Patriotic Party
* New Democracy
* New National Party
* Unionist Party
* National Party
* Fidesz
* Independence Party
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Jamaica Labour Party
* Maldivian Democratic Party
* Liberal Democratic Party
* Democratic Party
* National Party

* Conservative Party
* VMRO–DPMNE
* Conservative Party
* Christian People's Party
* CDS–PP
* People's Action Movement
* United Workers Party
* New Democratic Party
* Democratic Party of Serbia
* Slovenian Democratic Party
* People Power Party
* People's Party
* United National Party
* People's Democratic Movement
* Moderate Party
* Forum for Democratic Change
* Conservative Party
* Republican Party
* Project Venezuela

|
|
|

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in Germany

Represented in the Bundestag
(733 seats)|

* SPD (206)
* CDU (153)
* The Greens (117)
* FDP (90)
* AfD (77)
* CSU (43)
* The Left (28)
* BSW (10)
* SSW (1)
* BD (1)

Represented in the
European Parliament
(96 seats for Germany)|

| Major parties|

* CDU (23)
* AfD (15)
* SPD (14)
* The Greens (12)
* CSU (6)
* BSW (6)
* FDP (5)
* The Left (3)
* FW (3)

|

Minor parties|

* Volt (3)
* Die PARTEI (2)
* PMUT (1)
* ÖDP (1)
* Family Party (1)
* Party of Progress (1)

Represented in the
16 state parliaments
(1,893 seats)|

| Major parties|

* SPD (458, 16/16)
* CDU (523, 15/16, not in Bavaria)
* AfD (275, 14/16)
* The Greens (291, 13/16)
* FDP (80, 9/16)
* The Left (66, 7/16)
* BSW (47, 6/16)
* FW (43, 3/16)

|

Regional parties|

* CSU (85; only in Bavaria)
* SSW (4; only in Schleswig-Holstein)

Minor parties|

* BD (7; in Bremen)
* Values Union (1; in Lower Saxony)

Minor parties
(without representation
at the state level or above)|

* Alliance C
* Animal Protection Alliance
* APPD
* Basic Income Alliance
* Bavaria Party
* Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei
* BüSo
* BVB/Free Voters
* Centre Party
* DAVA
* Democracy in Motion
* dieBasis
* Feminist Party
* Free Saxony
* German Communist Party
* DSU
* Wir Bürger
* Marxist–Leninist Party
* Verjüngungsforschung
* Party of Reason
* The Homeland
* The Humanists
* The Third Path
* The Republicans
* The Urbans
* Socialist Equality Party
* Statt Party
* V-Partei3

Notes:

* CDU: does not participate in state elections in Bavaria; instead, an associated party CSU participates here.

* AfD: is currently not in the state parliaments of Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein.

* The Greens: are currently not in the state parliaments of Brandenburg, Saarland and Thuringia.

* FDP: is currently not in state parliaments of Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Lower Saxony, Saarland, Saxony and Thuringia.

* The Left: is currently not in the state parliaments of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein.

* BSW: is currently only in the state parliaments of Berlin, Brandenburg, Hamburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saxony, and Thuringia.

* Free Voters (FW): are currently only in the state parliaments of Bavaria, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony.

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