Christian nationalism

Christianity-affiliated religious nationalism

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Organizations

List of nationalist organizations

Related concepts

* Anationalism
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Christian nationalism is a form of religious nationalism that focuses on promoting the Christian views of its followers, in order to achieve prominence or dominance in political and social life.[1][2]

## Ideology

[edit]

Some branches of Christian nationalism seek to establish an exclusivist version of Christianity as the dominant moral and cultural order.[3]

Christian nationalism overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy, with it being more populist in character.[4]: xxi

In countries with a state church, Christian nationalists seek to preserve the status of a Christian state.[5][6]

## By country

[edit]

### Brazil

[edit]

In Brazil, Christian nationalism, a result of a Catholic-Evangelical coalition, has a goal of curbing the influence of "moral relativism, social liberalism, alleged neo-Marxism in its various forms, and LBGTQ rights."[7]

### Canada

[edit]

The COVID-19 pandemic saw a rise in Christian nationalist activity with many groups using anti-lockdown sentiments to expand their reach to more people.[8] The group Liberty Coalition Canada has garnered support from many elected politicians across Canada.[9] In their founding documents they argue that "it is only in Christianized nations that religious freedom has ever flourished."[10] Their rallies have attracted the support of Alex Jones and Canada First, a spin-off of Nick Fuentes' group America First.[11] Many of Liberty Coalition Canada's leaders are pastors who have racked up millions in potential fines for violating COVID protocols and in many cases express ultra-conservative views.[12]

### Finland

[edit]

The far-right and pro-Russian Power Belongs to the People (VKK) party has been described as Christian nationalist by Helsingin Sanomat.[13] Sanan- ja uskonnonvapaus ry (Freedom of Speech and Religion Association), associated with MP Päivi Räsänen of the Christian Democrats, has also supported openly fascist candidates of Blue-and-Black Movement that seek to ban the LGBT movement and "non-native religions". The association also supports VKK and Freedom Alliance.[14] The Blue-and-Black movement itself is also inspired by the Christian fascist Patriotic People's Movement.[15] Aforementioned local far-right pro-Russian parties have recruited combatants for the Russian side in Ukraine, who have then after gone to the Russian Imperial Movement's training camps in St. Petersburg and become fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[16][17][13][18][19][20][21]

### Ghana

[edit]

In Ghana, Christian nationalists seek to uphold what they see as "traditional markers of Ghanaian identity including, Christianity, social conservatism, and antagonism to 'progressive' 'Western' ideas, such as LGBTQ+ equality."[22]

### Hungary

[edit]

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in Hungary

Ideologies

* Authoritarian conservatism
* Horthyism
* Liberal conservatism
* National liberalism
* Monarchism
* National conservatism
* Neo-nationalism
* Orbánism
* Political Christianity
* Christian democracy
* Christian nationalism
* Christian right
* Postliberalism
* Illiberalism

Principles

* Anti-communism
* Anti-LGBT
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-LGBT laws
* Anti-Masonry
* Aristocracy
* Hungarian nobility
* Euroscepticism
* Huxit
* Familialism
* Family policies
* Natalism
* Hungarian culture
* Hungarian irredentism
* Trianon syndrome
* Székely autonomy movement
* Illiberal democracy
* Nativism
* Anti-immigration
* Hungarian border barrier
* Religion
* Catholicism
* Calvinism

History

* Austria-Hungary
* White Terror
* Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* End of communism in Hungary
* Antall Government

Intellectuals

* Apponyi
* Furedi
* Habsburg-Lothringen
* Kolnai
* Lezsák
* Mannheim
* Mindszenty
* Molnar
* Pappin
* Tisza
* Wass

Politicians

* Andrássy
* Antall
* Apponyi
* Bethlen
* Csurka
* Friedrich
* Gömbös
* Horthy
* Huszár
* Istóczy
* Lezsák
* Márki-Zay
* Orbán
* Slachta
* Teleki
* Tildy
* Tisza
* Toroczkai
* Volner
* Vona
* Zichy

Parties

Active

* Christian Democratic People's Party
* Civic Response
* Everybody's Hungary People's Party
* Fidesz
* National Self-Government of Germans
in Hungary
* New Start
* Our Homeland Movement
* Jobbik

Defunct

* Catholic People's Party
* Christian National Union Party
* Conservative Party
* Freedom Party
* Hungarian Democratic Forum
* Hungarian Independence Party
* Hungarian Justice and Life Party
* Independent Smallholders Party
* Unity Party

Organisations

* Danube Institute
* Fidelitas
* Fidesz–KDNP

Media

* Central European Press and Media Foundation
* Bors
* Figyelő
* Hír TV
* Magyar Nemzet
* Mandiner
* Nemzeti Sport
* Origo
* Szabad Föld
* Világgazdaság
* Echo TV
* Hetek
* Heti Válasz
* Magyar Demokrata
* Magyar Hírlap
* The European Conservative

Related topics

* Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary
* Diet of Hungary
* Szeged Idea
* The War Against the West (1928)

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The Kingdom of Hungary under the leadership of Miklós Horthy is often seen by many historians as Christian nationalist in nature. Historian István Deák described the Horthy regime in the following way:

> Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.[23]

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has often advocated for Christian nationalism, both within Hungary and as a kind of international movement including Other European and American Christian nationalists.[24]

### Russia

[edit]

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in Russia

Ideologies

* Eurasianism
* Duginism
* Monarchism
* Tsarism
* Populism
* Putinism
* Russian nationalism
* All-Russian
* Christian
* Ultra
* Slavophilia
* Pochvennichestvo
* Traditionalist conservatism

Principles

* Autocracy
* Bureaucracy
* Byzantinism
* Duty
* Economic interventionism
* Family values
* Imperialism
* Irredentism
* Law and order
* Orthodox values
* Nuclear Orthodoxy
* Moscow, third Rome
* Patriotism
* Reactionism
* Russian culture
* Russification
* Sobornost
* Social hierarchy
* Social order
* Sovereign democracy
* Statism

History

* Black Hundreds
* Great Russia
* Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
* Russian Empire
* White Army
* White émigré
* White movement
* Zemstvo

Intellectuals

* Aksakov
* Chudinova
* Dostoevsky
* Dugin
* Frank
* Ilyin
* Karamzin
* Katkov
* Khomyakov
* Leontiev
* Obolensky
* Pobedonostsev
* Prokhanov
* Rozanov
* Semyonov
* Shafarevich
* Shcherbatov
* Solovyov
* Solzhenitsyn
* Sorokin
* Strakhov
* Surkov
* Tikhomirov
* Tikhon
* Trubetskoy
* Uvarov
* Vikulov
* Wrangel
* Yuryev
* Zhukovsky

Literature

* St Petersburg Dialogues (1821)
* Sociology of Revolution 1925
* The Gulag Archipelago (1973)
* Foundations of Geopolitics (1997)
* The Notre Dame de Paris Mosque (2005)
* The Fourth Political Theory (2009)

Politicians

* Alexander I
* Alexander III
* Butina
* Dubrovin
* Durnovo
* Gryzlov
* Kolchak
* Kornilov
* Luzhkov
* Malyshkin
* Mizulina
* Nicholas I
* Nicholas II
* Pikhno
* Pobedonostsev
* Putin
* Rodzianko
* Rogozin
* Rostopchin
* Sadovnichiy
* Shulgin
* Slutsky
* Surkov
* Tolstoy
* von Ungern
* Uvarov
* Vladimir
* Volodin
* Yuryev
* Zhirinovsky

Parties

Active

* Eurasia Party
* Great Russia
* Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
* Rodina
* Russian All-People's Union
* Union of Right Forces
* United Russia

Defunct

* For Truth
* Liberal Democratic Party of the Soviet Union
* People's Union
* Pamyat Society
* Union of the Russian People

Organisations

* All-Russia People's Front
* Izborsky Club
* Krepostniki
* Union of the Russian People

Media

* Elementy (Defunct)
* Kievlyanin
* Kozma Minin
* Nash Sovremennik
* Russkoye Znamya
* Zavtra
* Znamya

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President of Russia Vladimir Putin has been described as a global leader of the Christian nationalist and Christian right movements.[25] As President, Putin has increased the power of the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed his staunch belief in Eastern Orthodoxy,[26] as well as maintaining close contacts with Patriarchs of Moscow and all Rus' Alexy II and Kirill.

The Russian Imperial Movement is a prominent neo-Nazi Christian nationalist group that trains militants all over Europe and has recruited thousands of fighters for its paramilitary group, the Imperial Legion, which is participating in the invasion of Ukraine. The group also works with the Atomwaffen Division in order to network with and recruit extremists from the United States.[27][28]

### Scotland

[edit]

In Scotland, the Scottish Family Party has been described as Christian nationalist. The party was formed as a push-back movement, based on a rejection of LGBT+ topics being taught in schools, with the political party claiming it to be an overly sexualized topic and ideology. They believe it to be an attack on traditional Christian family values, promoted by the Scottish National Party.[citation needed]

### South Africa

[edit]

The future leader of the National Party and Apartheid Prime Minister of South Africa, B. J. Vorster in 1942 declared: "We stand for Christian Nationalism which is an ally of National Socialism. You can call this anti-democratic principle dictatorship if you wish. In Italy, it is called Fascism; in Germany, National Socialism and in South Africa, Christian Nationalism."[29]

While the National Party was primarily concerned about the nationalist interest of Afrikaners, there was a strong adherence to Calvinist interpretations of Christianity as the bedrock of the state. Moreover, by advancing ideas of Christian Nationalism, the National Party could incorporate other "nations" in their programme of racial hierarchies and segregation.[30] The Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa provided much of the theological[31] and moral justification for Apartheid and the basis for racial hierarchy.[32]

### United States

[edit]

Further information: Accommodationism in the United States, American civil religion, Project 2025, Christian right, Radical right (United States) § Trumpism, and Trumpism § Christian Trumpism

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism
in the United States

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Principles

* American exceptionalism
* American nationalism
* Anti-communism
* Christian nationalism
* Civil religion
* Classical liberalism
* Communitarianism
* Constitutionalism
* Culture of life
* Pro-life
* Familialism
* Family values
* Federalism
* States' rights
* Gender essentialism
* Complementarianism
* Judeo-Christian values
* Individualism
* Law and order
* Limited government
* Meritocracy
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Intellectuals

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Politicians

* Adams (John)
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Jurists

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* Scalia
* Sessions
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* Taft (William)
* Thomas (Clarence)
* Vermeule
* Whittaker

Commentators

* Ahmari
* Beck
* Bongino
* Breitbart
* Buchanan (Pat)
* Buckley
* Caldwell
* Carlson
* Cass
* Chodorov
* Coulter
* D'Souza
* Derbyshire
* DiLorenzo
* Douthat
* Dreher
* Elder
* Fleming
* Goldberg
* Grant
* Griffin
* Van den Haag
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* Hart
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* Mac Donald
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* Pool
* Portnoy
* Prager
* Robertson
* Shapiro
* Shlaes
* Sullivan
* Walsh
* Watters
* Whittle
* Will
* Wintrich
* Woods

Activists

* Abramoff
* Agostinelli
* Ahmanson
* Andreessen
* Atwater
* Bannon
* Bennett
* Bezmenov
* Bozell
* Cohn
* Coors
* Dans
* Dobson
* Dolan
* Drudge
* Falwell
* Feulner
* Gabriel
* Horowitz
* Krikorian
* Kirk
* Kristol
* LaHaye (Beverly)
* LaHaye (Tim)
* Lindbergh
* Leo
* McEntee
* Mercer (Rebekah)
* Mercer (Robert)
* Miller
* Murdoch
* Musk
* O'Keefe
* Park
* Phillips
* Prager
* Reed
* Regnery
* Roberts
* Rove
* Rufo
* Rusher
* Scaife
* Schlafly (Andrew)
* Schlafly (Phyllis)
* Stone
* Starbuck
* Thiel
* Viguerie
* Thomas (Ginni)
* Washington
* Weyrich
* Wood
* Yenor

Literature

* The Federalist Papers (1788)
* Democracy in America (1835–1840)
* Democracy and Leadership (1924)
* Notes on Democracy (1926)
* I'll Take My Stand (1930)
* Our Enemy, the State (1935)
* The Managerial Revolution (1941)
* Ideas Have Consequences (1948)
* God and Man at Yale (1951)
* The Conservative Mind (1953)
* The Conscience of a Conservative (1960)
* A Choice Not an Echo (1964)
* Losing Ground (1984)
* A Conflict of Visions (1987)
* The Closing of the American Mind (1987)
* The Bell Curve (1994)
* The Revolt of the Elites (1995)
* The Death of the West (2001)
* The Blank Slate (2002)
* Black Rednecks and White Liberals (2005)
* Hillbilly Elegy (2017)
* The Benedict Option (2017)
* Why Liberalism Failed (2018)

Concerns

* Abortion
* Cancel Culture
* Culture war
* Multiculturalism
* "Disparate impact" controversy
* CRT controversy
* DEI controversy
* Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
* Higher ed. bubble
* Go woke, go broke
* ESG
* "Woke capitalism"
* Homeschooling
* Immigration reduction
* Illegal immigration
* Immigration and crime
* Border crisis
* Intelligence and public policy
* Constitutional interpretations
* Originalism
* Textualism
* Managerial state
* Mudsill theory
* Second Amendment
* Sub-replacement fertility
* Unitary executive

Parties

Active

* American Party
* American Independent Party
* Conservative Party of New York State
* Constitution Party
* Republican Party

Defunct

* Anti-Masonic Party
* Constitutional Union Party
* Democratic Party (historically, factions)
* Boll weevils
* Conservative Democrats
* Dixiecrats
* Reagan Democrats
* Southern Democrats
* Rhode Island Suffrage Party
* Federalist Party
* National Republican Party
* Native American Party
* Whig Party

Think tanks

* Acton Institute
* AdTI
* AEI
* CSP
* Center for the National Interest
* Claremont Institute
* CEI
* CSPC
* EPPC
* FRI
* Gatestone Institute
* Heartland Institute
* The Heritage Foundation
* Heritage Action
* Mandate for Leadership
* Project 2025
* Hoover Institution
* Hudson Institute
* ISI
* James Madison Program
* Leadership Institute
* Manhattan Institute
* Mises Institute
* PRI
* Project for the New American Century (Defunct)
* Ripon Society
* R Street Institute
* Rockford Institute
* SPN
* Sutherland Institute
* Tax Foundation
* Witherspoon Institute

Media

Newspapers

* Chicago Tribune
* Dallas Morning News
* The Epoch Times
* New Hampshire Union Leader
* The Jewish Voice
* The New York Observer
* New York Post
* The Remnant
* The Wall Street Journal (editorial board)
* The Washington Times

Journals

* American Affairs
* The American Conservative
* The American Spectator
* American Thinker
* City Journal
* Claremont Review of Books
* Commentary
* Compact
* Chronicles
* The Dispatch
* First Things
* The Imaginative Conservative
* Jewish World Review
* Modern Age
* National Affairs
* The National Interest
* National Review
* The New American
* The New Atlantis
* The New Criterion
* Policy Review (defunct)
* Public Discourse
* Southern Partisan
* Spectator USA
* Tablet
* Taki's Magazine
* Telos
* Washington Examiner
* The Weekly Standard (defunct)

TV channels

* CBN
* Fox Business
* Fox News
* Newsmax TV
* One America News Network
* VOZ

Websites

* Babylon Bee
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* The Bulwark
* Campus Reform
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* Discover the Networks
* The Federalist
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* Hot Air
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* InfoWars
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* PJ Media
* Rare
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* Twitchy
* Washington Examiner
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* The Western Journal
* WorldNetDaily

Other

* Blaze Media
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* The First
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* The Political Cesspool
* Passage Publishing
* PragerU
* RealClearPolitics
* Red Scare
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* RSBN
* The Rubin Report
* Sinclair Broadcast Group

Other organizations

Economics

* ATR
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* FreedomWorks (defunct)
* NFIB
* NTU
* Tea Party Patriots
* USCC

Gun rights

* GOA
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* NRA
* Second Amendment Caucus

Identity politics

* ACT!
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* GAG
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* Moms for Liberty

Nativist

* CIS
* FAIR
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* Oath Keepers
* Three Percenters

Religion

* ADF
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* Christian Voice
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* The Fellowship
* FFC
* Focus on the Family
* Foundation for Moral Law
* Liberty Counsel
* Moral Majority (defunct)
* NOM
* NRLC
* PTMC
* Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America
* Thomas More Law Center

Watchdog groups

* AIM
* Econ Journal Watch
* Franklin News Foundation
* JW
* MRC
* O'Keefe Media Group
* Project Veritas (defunct)

Youth/student groups

* NJC
* TPUSA
* Young Americans for Freedom
* Young America's Foundation
* YAL

Miscellaneous

* The 85 Fund
* AHI
* ACU
* Bradley Foundation
* TCC
* CNP
* CPAC
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* Hillsdale College
* IFF
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* John M. Olin Foundation
* Liberty Fund
* LU
* NAS
* Philadelphia Society
* Regent University
* RSC
* Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal
* TPPF

Other

* AFL
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* Republican Main Street Partnership
* The Right Stuff
* SACR
* YRNF
* Ziklag

Movements

* Asian and Pacific Islander
* Black
* Christian right
* Reconstructionism
* Classical education movement
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* Hispanic and Latino
* LGBT
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* Mormon
* White Horse Prophecy
* Theodemocracy
* Parental rights movement
* Fathers' rights
* Patriot movement
* Christian
* Radical right
* Reactionary feminism
* Right-libertarianism
* Paleolibertarianism
* Secessionism
* Neo-Confederates
* in Texas
* Trumpism
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Related

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#### American ideology

[edit]

Christian nationalism asserts that the United States is a country founded by and for Christians.[33] Christian nationalists in the United States advocate "a fusion of identitarian Christian identity and cultural conservatism with American civic belonging."[1]: 3–4 It has been noted to bear overlap with Christian fundamentalism, white supremacy,[34] the Seven Mountain Mandate movement, and dominionism.[1]: 5 Most researchers have described Christian nationalism as "authoritarian" and "boundary-enforcing" but recent research has focused on how libertarian, small-government ideology and neoliberal political economics have become part of the American Christian political identity.[1]: 3–4 Christian nationalism also overlaps with but is distinct from theonomy, with it being more populist in character. Theocratic Christians seek to have the Bible inform national laws and have religious leaders in positions of government; while in America, Christian nationalists view the country's founding documents as "divinely inspired" and supernaturally revealed to Christian men to preference Christianity, and are willing to elect impious heads of state if they support right-wing causes.[4]: xxi

Christian nationalism supports the presence of Christian symbols in the public square, and state patronage for the practice and display of religion, such as Christmas as a national holiday, school prayer, singing God Bless America, the exhibition of nativity scenes during Christmastide, and the Christian Cross on Good Friday.[35][4]: 7–10 [33] Christian nationalism draws political support from the broader Christian right, but not exclusively, given the broad support for observing Christmas as a national holiday in many countries.[36] During the Cold War, church attendance reached a highpoint in the 1950s, which was also when the United States added phrases like 'Under God' in the Pledge of Allegiance and on currency, described at the time as a 'civil religion' that was motivated in part to show distance from communism.[37][38][39][40][41] Christian nationalism also influenced the constitution of the Confederacy, which mentioned God overtly in contrast with the US Constitution.[42][43]

Christian nationalism has been linked to prejudice towards minority groups.[4]: 4 Christian nationalism has been loosely defined as a belief that "celebrate[s] and privilege[s] the sacred history, liberty, and rightful rule of white conservatives."[44]: 770 Christian nationalism prioritizes an ethno-cultural, ethno-religious, and ethno-nationalist framing around fear of "the other", those being immigrants, racial, and sexual minorities. Studies have associated Christian nationalism with xenophobia, homophobia, misogyny, political tolerance of racists, opposition to interracial unions, support for gun rights, pronatalism, and restricting the civil rights of those who fail to conform to traditional ideals of whiteness, citizenship, and Protestantism.[45]: 6 The Christian nationalist belief system includes elements of patriarchy, white supremacy, nativism, and heteronormativity.[45]: 7 It has been associated with a "conquest narrative", premillennial apocalypticism, and of frequent "rhetoric of blood, specifically, of blood sacrifice to an angry God."[45]: 16

American Christian nationalism is based on a worldview that America is superior to other countries, and that such superiority is divinely established. It posits that only Christians are "true Americans." Christian nationalism also bears overlap with the American militia movement. The 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff and the 1993 Waco siege served as a catalyst for the growth of militia activity among Christian nationalists.[34] Christian nationalists believe that the US is meant to be a Christian nation, and that it was founded as a Christian nation, and want to "take back" the US for God.[46][47]

Christian nationalists feel that their values and religion are threatened and marginalized, and fear their freedom to preach their moral values will be no longer dominant at best or outlawed at worst.[4]: 5 Experimental research found that support of Christian nationalism increased when Christian Americans were told of their demographic decline.[48] Studies have shown Christian nationalists to exhibit higher levels of anger, depression, anxiety, and emotional distress. It has been theorized that Christian nationalists fear that they are "not living up to" God's expectations, and "fear the wrath and punishment" of not creating the country desired by God.[45]: 19–20

#### Attitudes towards science

[edit]

Adherence to Christian nationalism has been associated with high levels of distrust of science, especially parts that are perceived as challenging biblical authority.[3] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Christian nationalists frequently opposed measures including lockdowns, restrictions on social gatherings and mask-wearing.[1]: 5 In a 2020 study, it was found that "even after accounting for sociodemographic, religious, and political characteristics", Christian nationalism was a "leading predictor" that individuals "prioritize the economy and deprioritize the vulnerable" due to a "pervasive ideology that blends Christian identity with conceptions of economic prosperity and individual liberty."[1]: 16 Christian nationalism has also been associated with belief in conspiracy theories.[49]

Analysis of Christian nationalists in America found that "Christian nationalism is the strongest predictor that Americans fail to affirm factually correct answers." When asked about Christianity's place in American founding documents, policies, and court decisions, those that embraced Christian nationalism had more confident incorrect answers while those that rejected it had more confident correct answers. A 2021 research article theorized that like conservative Christians that incorrectly answer science questions that are "religiously contested", Christian nationalism inclines individuals to "affirm factually incorrect views about religion in American political history, likely through their exposure to certain disseminators of such misinformation, but also through their allegiance to a particular political-cultural narrative they wish to privilege."[50]

#### Support for political violence

[edit]

Christian nationalism has been linked towards support for political violence. Such support is conditioned by support for conspiratorial information sources, white identity, perceived victimhood, and support for the QAnon movement. A 2021 survey of 1100 U.S. adults found that respondents who combined Christian nationalism with these factors exhibited increased support for political violence.[51]

On October 12, 2024, during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur, tens of thousands of people attended a rally at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. It was sponsored by Jennifer Donnelly, a marketing professional, and Lou Engle and other Dominist pro-Trump members of the New Apostolic Reformation movement. Engle is described by the Southern Poverty Law Center as "an anti-LGBTQ+ extremist". A newsletter mentioned "the Lord's authority over the election process and our nation's leadership", and flyers promoted a meeting by Turning Point USA Faith.[52]

#### History

[edit]

The Christian Liberty Party and the American Redoubt movement—both organized and inspired by members of the Constitution Party—are early 21st-century examples of political tendencies rooted in Christian nationalism, with the latter advocating a degree of separatism.[53][54] The New Columbia Movement is an organization in the United States that identifies as being aligned with Christian nationalism.[55][56] Another group is the New Apostolic Reformation, which includes Christian nationalist themes in its goal to bring about dominionism.[57]

In the 1980s and 1990s, the religious right in America featured religious traditionalists who advocated for religious liberty, racial equality, democratic values and the separation of church and state while also working to maintain white Protestant dominance. By the mid-1990s and especially following the 9/11 attacks, religious traditionalists gave way to Christian nationalists who sought explicit state favor and the exclusion of national and racial minorities. Islamophobia soon spread to include Latinos, Asians, and other immigrants as threats to Christian democracy, and Christian nationalists embraced ethonationalist white nativism and racism. The ethno-nationalist developments saw a majority of white conservative Christians support the presidency of Donald Trump, the QAnon movement and the January 6 United States Capitol attack.[44]: 774–776

Author Bradley Onishi, a vocal critic of Christian nationalism, has described this theologically infused political ideology as a "national renewal project that envisions a pure American body that is heterosexual, white, native-born, that speaks English as a first language, and that is thoroughly patriarchal."[54] Commentators say that Christian-associated support for right-wing politicians and social policies, such as legislation which is related to immigration, gun control and poverty is best understood as Christian nationalism, rather than evangelicalism per se.[46][58] Some studies of white evangelicals show that, among people who self-identify as evangelical Christians, the more they attend church, the more they pray, and the more they read the Bible, the less support they have for nationalist (though not socially conservative) policies.[58] Non-nationalistic evangelicals ideologically agree with Christian nationalists in areas such as gender roles, and sexuality.[58]

A study which was conducted in May 2022 showed that the strongest base of support for Christian nationalism comes from Republicans who identify as Evangelical or born again Christians.[59][60] Of this demographic group, 78% are in favor of formally declaring that the United States should be a Christian nation, versus only 48% of Republicans overall. Age is also a factor, with over 70% of Republicans from the Baby Boomer and Silent Generations supporting the United States officially becoming a Christian nation. According to Politico, the polling also found that sentiments of white grievance are highly correlated with Christian nationalism: "White respondents who say that members of their race have faced more discrimination than others are most likely to embrace a Christian America. Roughly 59% of all Americans who say white people have been discriminated against ... favor declaring the U.S. a Christian nation, compared to 38% of all Americans."[59][61]

Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene has referred to herself as a Christian nationalist. Fellow congresswoman Lauren Boebert also expressed support for Christian nationalism.[62] Politician Doug Mastriano is a prominent figure in the fundamentalist Christian nationalist movement, and has called the separation of church and state a myth.[63][64]

Andrew Torba, the CEO of the alt-tech platform Gab, supported Mastriano's failed 2022 bid for office,[65] in order to build a grass-roots Christian nationalist political movement to help "take back" government power for "the glory of God"; he has argued that "unapologetic Christian Nationalism is what will save the United States of America".[66][67] Torba is also a proponent of the great replacement conspiracy theory, and he has said that "The best way to stop White genocide and White replacement, both of which are demonstrably and undeniably happening, is to get married to a White woman and have a lot of White babies".[66] White nationalist Nick Fuentes has also expressed support for Christian nationalism.[68][69]

Author Katherine Stewart has called the combined ideology and political movement of Christian nationalism "an organized quest for power" and she says that Florida governor Ron DeSantis has identified with and promoted this system of values in order to gain votes in his bid for political advancement.[70] According to the Tampa Bay Times, DeSantis has also promoted a civics course for educators, which emphasized the belief that "the nation's founders did not desire a strict separation of state and church"; the teacher training program also "pushed a judicial theory, favored by legal conservatives like DeSantis, that requires people to interpret the Constitution as the framers intended it, not as a living, evolving document".[71][72][73][60]

Some Christian nationalists also engage in spiritual warfare and militarized forms of prayers in order to defend and advance their beliefs and political agenda.[74] According to American Studies professor S. Jonathon O'Donnell: "A key idea in spiritual warfare is that demons don't only attack people, as in depictions of demonic possession, but also take control of places and institutions, such as journalism, academia, and both municipal and federal bureaucracies. By doing so, demons are framed as advancing social projects that spiritual warriors see as opposing God's plans. These include advances in reproductive and LGBTQ rights and tolerance for non-Christian religions (especially Islam)."[75]

#### January 6 US Capitol attack and election certification

[edit]

In the wake of the January 6 attack on the Capitol, the term "Christian nationalism" has become synonymous with white Christian identity politics, a belief system that asserts itself as an integral part of American identity overall.[66][76] The New York Times notes that historically, "Christian nationalism in America has ... encompassed extremist ideologies".[66][77] Critics have argued that Christian nationalism promotes racist tendencies, male violence, anti-democratic sentiment, and revisionist history.[78][79] Christian nationalism in the United States is also linked to political opposition to gun control laws and strong cultural support for interpretations of the Second Amendment that protect the right of individuals to keep and bear arms.[80]

Political analyst Jared Yates Sexton has said: "Republicans recognize that QAnon and Christian nationalism are invaluable tools" and that these belief systems "legitimize antidemocratic actions, political violence, and widespread oppression", which he calls an "incredible threat" that extends beyond Trumpism.[81]

The Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty and the Freedom From Religion Foundation (FFRF) released a 66-page report on February 9, 2022, titled "Christian Nationalism and the January 6, 2021 Insurrection."[82] It chronicled the use of Christian imagery and language by protestors on January 6, detailed the "various nonprofit groups, lawmakers and clergy who worked together to adorn Jan. 6 and Donald Trump's effort to overturn his electoral loss with theological fervor," and discussed the important role that race had to play.[83] The Congressional Freethought Caucus hosted a virtual briefing of the report on March 17, 2022, called "God is On Our Side: White Christian Nationalism and the Capitol Insurrection." Speakers included Amanda Tyler, executive director, Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty; Dr. Samuel L. Perry, Professor of Sociology, University of Oklahoma; Dr. Jemar Tisby, speaker, historian, and author of The Color of Compromise: The Truth about the American Church's Complicity in Racism; and Andrew Seidel, Vice President of Strategic Communications at Americans United for the Separation of Church and State. On March 18, 2022, Seidel delivered written testimony to the Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol, and opened by quoting a statement he originally made on September 19, 2019, at the Religion News Association conference in Las Vegas: "Christian Nationalism is the biggest threat to America today. An existential threat to a government of the people, for the people, and by the people."[84]

The Washington Post reported that God & Country, a documentary film produced by Rob Reiner, was released in early 2024 to "wake up churchgoing American Christians" to the "threat of anti-democratic religious extremism in the United States".[85]

#### Academic debate

[edit]

Responding to media analysis about the effects of Trumpism and Christian nationalism following the 2020 presidential election, Professor Daniel Strand, writing for The American Conservative, said that there was a "superficially Christian presence at the January 6 protest" and he criticized claims that Christian nationalism played a central role in the attack on the Capitol. He cited a University of Chicago study which found that "those arrested on January 6 were motivated by the belief that the election was stolen and [influenced by] what they call 'the great replacement' " theory. Strand says the study failed to mention "any explicit religious motivation, let alone theological beliefs about America being a Christian nation".[86][87]

Whether or not someone should be labeled a Christian nationalist can be contentious, with some scholars arguing that the term is applied to people who do not follow Christian principles or who simply call their political rivals demons.[2] The ambiguity in what the term means can lead to confusion as to where to draw the line, with researcher Paul Djupe creating the Christian Nationalism Scale to measure how many Christian nationalist beliefs a person had.[88] Matthew D. Taylor prefers to use the term Christian supremacy to Christian nationalism citing the anti-democratic tendencies within the movement.[88] Professor Whitney Phillips thinks the label is too often applied to a faction who should be referred to as "demonologists" due to the focus on claiming that liberals are satanic and inhabited by demons, which he finds too radical and dangerous to be considered Christian.[49] Brian Kaylor believes that some of the rhetoric, such as around comparing Trump to Jesus, would historically be considered blasphemous by many Christians.[49]

#### Statistics

[edit]

The Public Religion Research Institute found that in 2023, 10% of Americans identified as "adherents" of Christian nationalism, while 20% identified as "sympathizers". In the red states traditionally aligned with the Republican Party these numbers rose to 14% and 24% respectively, while among Trump supporters they further rose to 21% "adherents" and 34% "sympathizers".[89]

## See also

[edit]

* Christianity portal
* Conservatism portal

* Antidisestablishmentarian
* Antisemitism in Christianity
* Christian democracy
* Christian fascism
* Christian fundamentalism
* Christian Identity
* Christian reconstructionism
* Christian right
* Christian supremacy
* Christian terrorism
* Christian theology
* Christianity and violence
* Dominion theology
* The Handmaid's Tale
* Hindutva
* Integralism
* Islam and nationalism
* Kahanism
* Neopatriarchy
* Theocracy
* Theonomy

## References

[edit]

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71. ^ Ceballos, Ana; Brugal, Summer (June 28, 2022). "Some teachers alarmed by Florida civics training approach on religion, slavery". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2022. "A review of more than 200 pages of the state's presentations show that the founding fathers' intent and the 'misconceptions' about their thinking were a main theme of the training ... Several presentation slides emphasized that it was a 'misconception' that the 'Founders desired strict separation of church and state and the Founders only wanted to protect Freedom of worship.'"
72. ^ Rozsa, Lori (July 2, 2022). "In trainings, Florida tells teachers that religion belongs in public life". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
73. ^ "Florida training program: "Misconception" that founders wanted separation of church and state". Axios. July 2, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
74. ^ McAlister, Elizabeth (January 2, 2016). "The militarization of prayer in America: White and Native American spiritual warfare". Journal of Religious and Political Practice. 2 (1): 114–130. doi:10.1080/20566093.2016.1085239. ISSN 2056-6093. S2CID 155833194.
75. ^ Kilgore, Ed (September 18, 2022). "Mixing Christianity With Nationalism Is a Recipe for Fascism". Intelligencer (blog). New York. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
76. ^ Dalsheim, Joyce; Starrett, Gregory (September 6, 2022). "Christian nationalism is getting written out of the story of January 6". The Conversation. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
77. ^ Perry, Samuel (August 5, 2022). "After Trump, Christian nationalist ideas are going mainstream—despite a history of violence". The Conversation. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
78. ^ Jones, Sarah (June 4, 2022). "White Christian Nationalism 'Is a Fundamental Threat to Democracy'". Intelligencer. Retrieved August 22, 2022. "Combining research with data analysis, Gorski and Perry argue that white Christian nationalists share a set of common anti-democratic beliefs and principles. 'These are beliefs that ... reflect a desire to restore and privilege the myths, values, identity, and authority of a particular ethnocultural tribe,' they write. 'These beliefs add up to a political vision that privileges the tribe. And they seek to put other tribes in their proper place'."
79. ^ Blake, John (July 24, 2022). "An 'imposter Christianity' is threatening American democracy". CNN. Retrieved August 22, 2022. "That ends-justify-the means approach is a key part of White Christian nationalism", says Du Mez. It's why so many rallied behind former President Trump on January 6 ... But with few exceptions, White Christian nationalists do not accept this 'militant masculinity' when exhibited by Black, Middle Eastern and Latino men ... Aggression by people of color 'is seen as a threat to the stability of home and nation,' she writes."
80. ^ Perry, Samuel L. (May 25, 2022). "School Shootings Confirm That Guns Are the Religion of the Right". Time. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
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85. ^ Boorstein, Michelle (January 12, 2024). "'God & Country' film spotlights Christian nationalism's threat to democracy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
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88. ^ a b Smietana, Bob (May 17, 2023). "What is Christian nationalism, anyway?". Religion News Service. Retrieved October 11, 2024. "Green's comments captured an essential element of Christian nationalism: The idea that America belongs to and exists for the benefit of Christians."
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Revd Rob Schenck (October 2024). "Confessions of a (Former) Christian Nationalist" in Mother Jones
* Taylor, Matthew D. (October 2024). The Violent Take It by Force: The Christian Movement That Is Threatening Our Democracy. Broadleaf Books.
* Onishi, Bradley B. (2023). Preparing for War: The Extremist History of White Christian Nationalism—and What Comes Next. Minneapolis: Broadleaf Books. ISBN 9781506482163. OCLC 1332780792.
* Shortle, Allyson F.; McDaniel, Eric L.; Nooruddin, Irfan (2022). The Everyday Crusade: Christian Nationalism in American Politics. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009029445. ISBN 978-1-009-02944-5.
* Whitehead, Andrew; Samuel Perry (2020). Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0190057886.
* O'Donnell, Jonathon (2020). Stausberg, Michael; Engler, Steven (eds.). "The Deliverance of the Administrative State: Deep State Conspiracism, Charismatic Demonology, and the Post-truth Politics of American Christian Nationalism". Religion. 50 (4). Taylor & Francis: 696–719. doi:10.1080/0048721X.2020.1810817. ISSN 1096-1151. S2CID 222094116.
* Seidel, Andrew (2019). The Founding Myth: Why Christian Nationalism Is Un-American. New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4549-3327-4. OCLC 1100422366.
* Oltman, Adele (2012). Sacred Mission, Worldly Ambition: Black Christian Nationalism in the Age of Jim Crow. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4126-2.
* Backhouse, Stephen (2011). Kierkegaard's Critique of Christian Nationalism. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960472-2.
* McDonald, Marci (2010). The Armageddon Factor: The Rise of Christian Nationalism in Canada. Random House of Canada. ISBN 978-0-307-36788-4.
* Goldberg, Michelle (2007). Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism. W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32976-6.
* Bloomberg, Charles (1989). Christian Nationalism and the Rise of the Afrikaner Broederbond in South Africa, 1918-48. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-10694-3.

## External links

[edit]

* The Genesis of Christian Nationalism (October 26, 2024) by ProPublica
* Brooke Gladstone interview of Matthew D. Taylor (18:23)—On the Media, WNYC August 21, 2024
* "Michael Flynn's Holy War". Frontline. PBS. October 18, 2022.

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