Church of Cyprus

Christian Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction in Cyprus

Church of Cyprus

Εκκλησία της Κύπρου

Coat of arms of the Church of Cyprus.

Type| Autocephaly
Classification| Christian
Orientation| Greek Orthodox
Theology| Eastern Orthodox theology
Polity| Episcopal
Primate| George III
Monasteries| 67
Language| Koine Greek
Headquarters| Nicosia, Cyprus
Territory| Cyprus
Founder| Barnabas the Apostle
Origin| Roman Cyprus
Independence| AD 431 or earlier
Recognition| AD 431 (Council of Ephesus), AD 478 (Roman Empire)
Members| 838,897[1]
Official website| www.churchofcyprus.org.cy
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Eastern Orthodox Church

Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia

Overview

* Structure
* Theology (History of theology)
* Liturgy
* Church history
* Holy Mysteries
* View of Salvation
* View of Mary
* View of icons

Background

* Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension
of Jesus

* Christianity
* Christian Church
* Apostolic succession
* Four Marks of the Church
* Orthodoxy

Organization

* Autonomy
* Autocephaly
* Patriarchate
* Ecumenical Patriarch
* Episcopal polity
* Canon law
* Clergy
* Bishops
* Priests
* Deacons
* Monasticism
* Degrees
* Bratstvo

Autocephalous jurisdictions

Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

* Constantinople
* Alexandria
* Antioch
* Jerusalem
* Russia
* Serbia
* Romania
* Bulgaria
* Georgia
* Cyprus
* Greece
* Poland
* Albania
* Czech Lands and Slovakia

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

* America
* North Macedonia

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

* Ukraine (OCU)

Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church:

* Ukraine (UOC)

Autonomous jurisdictions

* Sinai (JP)
* Finland (EP)
* Estonia (EP)
* Japan (MP)
* China (MP)
* Americas (RP)
* Bessarabia (RP)
* Moldova (MP)

Semi-Autonomous:

* Crete (EP)
* Estonia (MP)
* ROCOR (MP)

Episcopal assemblies

* Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania
* Austria
* Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg
* Canada
* France
* Germany
* Great Britain and Ireland
* Italy and Malta
* Latin America
* Scandinavia
* Spain and Portugal
* Switzerland and Liechtenstein
* United States of America

Noncanonical jurisdictions

* Old Believers
* Spiritual Christianity
* True Orthodoxy
* Catacomb Church
* Old Calendarists
* American Orthodox Catholic Church
* American World Patriarchs

* National churches:

*     * Abkhazia
* Belarus
* Italy
* Latvia
* Montenegro
* Turkey
* UOC–KP

* Evangelical Orthodox

Ecumenical councils

* First Seven Ecumenical Councils:

* Nicaea I
* Constantinople I
* Ephesus
* Chalcedon
* Constantinople II
* Constantinople III
* Nicaea II

* Other possible ecumenical councils:

* Constantinople IV
* Constantinople V

* Other important councils:

* Quinisext Council
* Jassy
* Moscow
* Jerusalem
* Constantinople (1872)

History

* Church Fathers
* Pentarchy
* Byzantine Empire
* Christianization of Georgia
* Christianization of Bulgaria
* Christianization of Kievan Rus'
* Great Schism
* Russia
* Ottoman Empire
* North America
* Moscow–Constantinople schism
* 15th–16th c.
* 1996
* 2018

Theology

* History of Eastern Orthodox theology
* (20th century (Neo-Palamism))

* Apophaticism
* Chrismation
* Contemplative prayer
* Essence vs. Energies
* Hesychasm
* Holy Trinity
* Hypostatic union
* Icons
* Metousiosis
* Mystical theology
* Nicene Creed
* Nepsis
* Oikonomia vs Akribeia
* Ousia
* Palamism
* Philokalia
* Phronema
* Sin
* Theosis
* Theotokos

* Differences from the Catholic Church
* Opposition to the Filioque
* Opposition to papal supremacy

Liturgy and worship

* Divine Liturgy
* Divine Services

* Akathist
* Apolytikion
* Artos
* Ectenia
* Euchologion
* Holy Water
* Iconostasis
* Jesus Prayer
* Aprakos
* Kontakion
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* Memory Eternal
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* Paschal troparion
* Prayer rope
* Prosphora
* Russian bell ringing
* Semantron
* Sign of the cross
* Sticheron
* Troparion
* Vestments
* Use of incense

Liturgical calendar

* Paschal cycle
* 12 Great Feasts
* Other feasts:

* Feast of Orthodoxy
* Intercession of the Theotokos

* The four fasting periods:

* Nativity Fast
* Great Lent
* Apostles' Fast
* Dormition Fast

Major figures

Saints (Russian (until 15th century), Russian (post-15th century), Serbian, American)

* Justin Martyr
* Athanasius of Alexandria
* Ephraim the Syrian
* Basil of Caesarea
* Cyril of Jerusalem
* Gregory of Nazianzus
* Gregory of Nyssa
* John Chrysostom
* Cyril of Alexandria
* John Climacus
* Maximus the Confessor
* John of Damascus
* Theodore the Studite
* Kassia
* Cyril and Methodius
* Photius I of Constantinople
* Vladimir the Great
* Sava I of Serbia
* Gregory Palamas
* Innocent of Alaska

Other topics

* Architecture
* Folk
* Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
* Cross
* Saint titles
* Statistics by country

* v
* t
* e

St. John's Cathedral, Nicosia

The Church of Cyprus (Greek: Ἐκκλησία τῆς Κύπρου, romanized: Ekklisia tis Kyprou) is one of the autocephalous Greek Orthodox churches that together with other Eastern Orthodox churches form the communion of the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is one of the oldest Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches; it claims to have always been independent, although it may have been subject to the Church of Antioch before its autocephaly was recognized in 431 at the Council of Ephesus. The bishop of the ancient capital, Salamis (renamed Constantia by Emperor Constantius II) was constituted metropolitan by Emperor Zeno, with the title archbishop.

## History

[edit]

### Roman era

[edit]

According to the Acts of the Apostles, Paul of Tarsus converted the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus, (Acts 13:6–12), making him the first Christian ruler, and thus Cyprus became the first country ruled by a Christian leader.[2][3][4]

A few of the bishops who helped spread Christianity on the island were Lazarus, the Bishop of Kition, Herakleidios the Bishop of Tamasos, Avxivios the Bishop of Soloi, and Theodotos the Bishop of Kyrenia.

Towards the end of the fourth century, Christianity had spread throughout the island. During this time St. Epiphanius was Archbishop. His seat was in Salamis, which was renamed Constantia.

### Byzantine era

[edit]

This section needs expansion with: Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus#From prison to Cyprus. You can help by adding to it. (April 2025)

|

This independent (autocephalous) position by ancient custom was recognized against the claims of the Patriarch of Antioch, at the Council of Ephesus (431); it is unclear if the Church of Cyprus has always been independent or if it was once part of the Church of Antioch. When the Patriarch of Antioch claimed the Church of Cyprus was under its jurisdiction, the Cypriot clergy denounced this before the Council of Ephesus. The Council ratified the autocephaly of the Church of Cyprus by a resolution which conditionally states: "If, as it is asserted in memorials and orally by the religious men who have come before the Council - it has not been a continuous ancient custom for the bishop of Antioch to hold ordinations in Cyprus, - the prelates of Cyprus shall enjoy, free from molestation and violence, their right to perform by themselves the ordination of bishops [for their island]". After the Council of Ephesus, the Church of Antioch never claimed that Cyprus was under its jurisdiction.[5] This independence was also recognized by an edict of Emperor Zeno.

In 478, Archbishop Anthemios of Cyprus claimed that following a vision he had found the grave of Barnabas and his relics. On the saint's chest rested a copy of the Gospel of Matthew. The church was thus able to send a cogent argument on its own behalf to the Emperor: the discovery of the relics of its reputed founder, Barnabas. Zeno confirmed the status of the Church of Cyprus and granted its Archbishop the "three privileges": namely to sign his name in an ink made vermilion by the addition of cinnabar; to wear tyrian purple instead of black robes under his vestments; and to hold an imperial sceptre (i.e. a gilt staff of silver, topped by a gold globus cruciger) instead of the regular episcopal crosier.

Cyprus suffered greatly from Arab invasions in the following centuries, and during the reign of Justinian II the cities of Constantia, Kourion and Paphos were sacked. At the advice of the Emperor, the Archbishop fled to the Dardanelles along with the survivors, and established the city of Nova Justiniana (Greek: Νέα Ιουστινιανή, Néa Iustinianē), named after the Emperor, at Erdek near the city of Cyzicus. In 692 the Quinisext Council reconfirmed the status and privileges of the exiled Archbishop and in 698, when the Arabs were driven out of Cyprus, the Archbishop returned but retained the title of "Archbishop of Nova Justiniana and All Cyprus": a custom that, along with the "three privileges", continues to this day.

### Crusader era

[edit]

Ayia Napa Monastery

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus, the Catholic kings gradually reduced the number of Orthodox bishops from 14 to 4 and forced those away from their towns. The archbishop was moved from Nicosia to the region of Solia, near Morphou, the bishop of Larnaca was moved to the village of Lefkara etc. Each Orthodox bishop was under the Catholic bishop of the area. The Catholic Church tried on occasion to coax the Orthodox bishops to make concessions on the differences in doctrine and practices between the two churches, sometimes with threats and sometimes using violence and torture, as in the case of the 13 monks at Kantara monastery.[citation needed] Moreover, the properties of many monasteries were confiscated. The persecutions, especially during the Frankish period, did not succeed in uprooting the faith of the Greek Cypriots.

Despite initial frictions, the two churches gradually managed to coexist side by side peacefully. The local Orthodox Christians shared some of the benefits of the economic development of Cyprus and especially Famagusta at the time. The Orthodox cathedral of St George (known as Saint George of the Greeks – today in ruins) is almost as high and monumental as the nearby Catholic cathedral of St Nicholas (a mosque since 1571), and is also an example of an interesting fusion of gothic and Byzantine architecture.

The Franks were succeeded by the Venetians in 1489 without any significant change to the status of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

### Cypriot independence

[edit]

In 1950, Makarios III was elected Archbishop. While still Bishop of Kition he had demonstrated strong intellectual and national activity. In 1949 he founded the Apostle Varnavas Seminary, and in 1950 he organised the referendum on the Union (Enosis) between Cyprus and Greece. While archbishop he was the political leader of the EOKA liberation struggle in the years 1955–1959. The British exiled him to the Seychelles because of his activities.

In 1960, Archbishop Makarios III was elected President of the newly established republic of Cyprus. Disagreements of the other three bishops with Makarios led to the 1972–73 Cypriot ecclesiastical coup attempt. Following the dethronement of the Bishops of Paphos, Kitium and Kyrenia for conspiring against Makarios, two new Bishoprics were created: the Bishopric of Limassol which was detached from the Bishopric of Kition, and the Bishopric of Morfou which was detached from the Bishopric of Kyrenia. The coup d'état of 15 July 1974 forced Archbishop Makarios III to leave the island. He returned in December 1974.

### Turkish invasion

[edit]

See also: Aydın Dikmen

The coup d'état was followed by the Turkish invasion of 20 July 1974 which significantly affected the church and its flock: as 35% of Cyprus' territory came under Turkish occupation, hundreds of thousands of Orthodox Christians were displaced and those that could not or did not want to leave (20,000 initially) faced oppression. As of May 2001 figures only 421 Greek Orthodox Cypriots and 155 Maronites remain in North Cyprus.

The destruction of Christian monuments was another important consequence.[6] Churches containing Byzantine icons, frescoes and mosaics have been pillaged by antiquities dealers and sold on the black market. One of the most prominent cases of pillage was of the mosaics of Panagia of Kanakaria of the 6th century AD, which were finally returned to the Church of Cyprus, following rulings by federal courts in Indianapolis and Chicago.[7] In Northern Cyprus, there are 514 churches, chapels and monasteries, many of which were converted to mosques, museums or abandoned.[8]

### Recent events

[edit]

On 3 August 1977, Makarios III died and was succeeded by Archbishop Chrysostomos I. In 1979, the new Statutory Charter of the Church of Cyprus was drawn up and approved replacing the old one of 1914.

In old age, Archbishop Chrysostomos suffered from Alzheimer's disease and was unable to carry out his duties for a number of years. In May 2006, Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I chaired a broader meeting of church elders which called for Chrysostomos' "honorary removal".

Metropolitan Chrysostomos of Paphos, 65, was elected the new archbishop on 5 November 2006, after a long-running election campaign, becoming Archbishop Chrysostomos II, Archbishop of Nea Justiniana and All Cyprus.

After the death of Chrysostomos II, the 2022 Cypriot archiepiscopal election was called to choose his successor.[9][10]

## Administration and Holy Synod

[edit]

Archbishop's Palace, Nicosia

The Holy Synod of the Church of Cyprus is the highest church authority in Cyprus. Its task is to examine and provide solutions on all issues concerning the Church of Cyprus. Head of the Holy Synod and of the Church of Cyprus is Georgios III Papachrysostomou, Archbishop of New Justiniana and All Cyprus. The Holy Synod regularly convenes on the first week after Easter and in the first fortnight of every February and September. It holds ad hoc sessions whenever deemed necessary, or when two of its members put forward a request.

### Metropolises and Metropolitans

[edit]

* Metropolis of Paphos and Exarchate of Arsinoe and Romaeon: Tychikos (2023-2025)[11]
* Metropolis of Kition and Exarchate of Larnaca and Pano Lefkara: Nectarios Spirou (2019–)
* Metropolis of Kyrenia and Exarchate of Lapithos and Karavas: Chrysostomos Kykkotis (2011–)[12]
* Metropolis of Limassol, Amathus and Kourion: Athanasios Nikolaou (1999–)
* Metropolis of Morphou and Soloi: Neophytos (Omiros) Masouras (1998–)
* Metropolis of Constantia and Ammochostos: Vasileios Karayiannis (2007–)
* Metropolis of Kykkos and Tillyria: Nikiphoros Kykkotis (2007–)
* Metropolis of Tamassos and Oreini: Isaias Kykkotis (2007–)
* Metropolis of Trimithous: Varnavas Stavrovouniotis (2007–)

### Dioceses and Bishops

[edit]

* Diocese of Karpasia: Christophoros Tsiakas (2007–)
* Diocese of Arsinoe: Nektarios Spyrou (2008–)
* Diocese of Amathus: Nikolaos Xiouri (2007–)

### Titular Dioceses and Bishops

[edit]

* Diocese of Ledra: Epiphanios Mahairiotis (2007–)
* Diocese of Kytros: Leontios Englistriotis (2007–)
* Diocese of Neapolis: Porphyrios Mahairiotis (2007–)
* Diocese of Mesaoria: Grigorios Hatziouraniou (2008–)

See also: List of archbishops of Cyprus

## Religious sites in Cyprus

[edit]

* Nine Byzantine churches in the Troödos mountains are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage sites, pictured here.
* Kykkos Monastery, guardians of the holy Kykkotissa Icon, an unusual representation of the infant Jesus kicking with joy on his mother's lap.
* Icons smuggled from the Bishopric of the Holy Metropolis of Kyrenia and Church of Panaghia Asinou in the northern Turkish-occupied part of the island were repatriated by a collector in the United States of America in 2007.
* Icons from Kalopanayiotis village stolen even earlier, before the division of the island, have also been returned to the Church's custody.
* Some estimate that since 1974 looters have stripped an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 icons; several dozen major frescoes and mosaics dating from the sixth to the fifteenth century; and thousands of chalices, wooden carvings, crucifixes, and Bibles. Efforts by the Autocephalous Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus to return some of these objects are described in a 1998 issue of Archeology magazine but the majority remain lost.
* Churches in capital Nicosia such as Chrysaliniotissa Our Lady of the Golden Flax, Panayia Chrysospiliotissa Our Lady of the Gold Cave and the Archangel Michael Trypiotis Church, along with the Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Foundation, listed for interested visitors
* Monasteries listed separately.

## See also

[edit]

* Christianity portal

* Greek Orthodox Church
* Omega TV Cyprus

## References

[edit]

1. ^ CNEWA - Orthodox Church of Cyprus
2. ^ "Cyprus: An Island Rich in Christian Tradition". CNEWA. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
3. ^ "History of Church of Paphos". www.impaphou.org. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
4. ^ Burkiewicz, Ł. "The beginnings of Christianity in Cyprus. Religious and cultural aspects".
5. ^ Downey, Glanville (1958). "The Claim of Antioch to Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction over Cyprus". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 102 (3): 224–228\. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 985575.
6. ^ Bachman, Carolyn (2003). "An Introduction to the Issue of Preserving Cultural Heritage". Brown Classical Journal. 15. Archived from the original on 2006-09-11. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
7. ^ Bourloyannis, Christiane; Virginia Morris (January 1992). "Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc". The American Journal of International Law. 86 (1): 128–133\. doi:10.2307/2203143. JSTOR 2203143. S2CID 147162639.
8. ^ Morris, Chris (2002-01-18). "Shame of Cyprus' looted churches". BBC. Retrieved 2007-01-29.
9. ^ "Στις 18 Δεκεμβρίου 2022 οι Αρχιεπισκοπικές εκλογές, για πρώτη φορά ψηφοδέλτιο". AlphaNews.Live (in Greek). 14 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
10. ^ "Archbishop elections on December 18 (Update 3) | Cyprus Mail". Cyprus Mail. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
11. ^ [1]
12. ^ Cyprus News Agency: News in English, 11-11-20

## Sources

[edit]

* Coureas, Nicholas (2019). "The Syrian Melkites of the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1474)". Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand. 40: 75–94\. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
* Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
* Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881410563.
* Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
* Roudometof, Victor (2010). "The Transformation of Greek Orthodox Ecclesiastical Institutions in Cyprus, 1878–1931". Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand. 22: 7–23.

## External links

[edit]

* Official website (in Greek)
* Official Cypriot Government (about the Church of Cyprus)
* Background on events curtailing religious freedoms and reports of signs of hope, such as the November 30, 1994 celebration of the Eucharist at St. Andrew monastery on the Karpas peninsula, the first event in the north in 20 years, from the CNEWA (Catholic Near East Welfare Association).
* Article on the Church of Cyprus by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA website
* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cyprus, Church of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 701–702.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of Cyprus.

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1. ^ The ROC severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the primates of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.
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Philosophy|

* Natural law
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Other
features|

| Culture|

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|

Movements|

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Cooperation|

* Christendom
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Related|

* ... and Islam
* ... and other religions
* ... and violence
* ... as an ethnicity
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* Christianity portal
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Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

35°10′06″N 33°20′10″E﻿ / ﻿35.1683°N 33.3362°E﻿ / 35.1683; 33.3362
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