Cinema of Nigeria

No. of screens| 218 (2019)[1]
• Per capita| 0.1 per 100,000 (2011)[2]
Main distributors| FilmOne Distributions 45.0%
Silverbird Film Distribution 20.0%
Blue Pictures 5.0%[3]
Produced feature films (2020)[4]
Total| 2,599
Number of admissions (2019)[5]
Total| 5,432,537
• Per capita| 0.03
Gross box office (2022)[8]
Total| $6.4 billion [6]
National films| ₦6.94 billion (US$16.65 million) [7]
This article is part of a series in

Culture of Nigeria

Society

* Nigerians
* History
* Languages
* Holidays
* Religion

Topics

* Architecture
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* Newspapers
* Television
* Music
* Sports
* Video gaming

Symbols

* Flag
* Coat of arms
* Anthem
* Miss Nigeria
* World Heritage Sites

Religion and folklore

* Islam
* Christianity
* Judaism
* Igbo Jews
* Irreligion
* Secularism
* Folk beliefs

Art

* Arts
* Igbo-Ukwu
* Kingdom of Benin
* Yoruba
* Architecture

Cuisine

* Jollof rice
* Afang
* Abacha
* Amala
* Eba
* Edikang ikong
* Owo
* Pounded yam
* Ukodo
* Egusi
* Puff-puff

Festivals

* Igue
* Ikeji
* Imo Awka
* Golibe
* New Yam Festivals
* Olokun
* Omabe
* Sango
* Umatu
* Oronna

Literature

* Hausa
* Yoruba
* Igbo
* Edo
* Efik
* Onitsha Market
* Third Generation of Nigerian writers

* Nigeria portal

* v
* t
* e

Filming in Lagos

The cinema of Nigeria, often referred to informally as Nollywood, consists of films produced in Nigeria; its history dates back to as early as the late 19th century and into the colonial era in the early 20th century. The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry is sometimes generally classified in four main eras: the Colonial era, Golden Age era, Video film era and the emerging New Nigerian cinema era.[9]

Film as a medium first arrived in Nigeria in the late 19th century, in the form of peephole viewing of motion picture devices.[10] These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos from 12 to 22 August 1903.[9][11] The earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926's Palaver directed by Geoffrey Barkas, which was also the first to feature Nigerian actors in substantial roles.[12][13] As of 1954, mobile cinema vans played to at least 3.5 million people in Nigeria, and films being produced by the Nigerian Film Unit were screened for free at the 44 available cinemas. The first film entirely copyrighted to the Nigerian Film Unit is Fincho (1957) by Sam Zebba; which is also the first Nigerian film to be shot in colour.[14]

After Nigeria's independence from the United Kingdom in 1960, the cinema business rapidly expanded, with new cinema houses being established.[15] As a result, Nigerian films in theatres increased in the late 1960s into the 1970s, especially productions from Western Nigeria, owing to former theatre practitioners such as Hubert Ogunde and Moses Olaiya transitioning into the big screen.[16][17] In 1972, the Indigenization Decree was issued by Yakubu Gowon, which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theatres from their foreign owners to Nigerians, which resulted in more Nigerians playing active roles in the cinema and film.[18] The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 also contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria, as the increased purchasing power in Nigeria made a wide range of citizens to have disposable income to spend on cinema going and on home television sets.[16] After several moderately-performing films, Papa Ajasco (1984) by Wale Adenuga became the first blockbuster, grossing approximately ₦61,000 (approx. ₦21,552,673 in 2015 value) in three days. A year later, Mosebolatan (1985) by Moses Olaiya went ahead to gross ₦107,000 (approx. ₦44,180,499 in 2015 value) in five days.[19]

After the decline of the Golden era, Nigerian film industry experienced a second major boom in the 1990s, supposedly marked by the release of the direct-to-video film Living in Bondage (1992); the industry peaked in the mid-2000s to become the second largest film industry in the world in terms of the number of annual film productions, placing it ahead of the United States and behind only India.[20] It started dominating screens across the African continent, and by extension the Caribbean and the wider diaspora,[21] with the movies significantly influencing cultures[22] and the film actors becoming household names across the continent. The boom also led to backlash against Nigerian films in several countries, bordering on theories such as the "Nigerialization of Africa".[23][24]

Since the mid-2000s, during the decline of the video-film era, the Nigerian cinema has undergone some restructuring to promote quality in output and professionalism in the industry, with The Figurine (2009) widely regarded as marking the major turnaround of contemporary Nigerian cinema. There has since been a resurgence in cinema establishments, and a steady return of the cinema culture in Nigeria.[9][25] As of 2013, Nigerian cinema is rated as the third most valuable film industry in the world based on its worth and revenues generated.[26] with the movies significantly influencing cultures.

## History

[edit]

The history of cinema in Nigeria dates back to as early as the history of film itself; notably in the late 19th century, with the use of peephole viewing of motion picture devices.[10] These were soon replaced in early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices; the first set of films shown in Nigerian theatres were Western films, with the first film screened at Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos from 12 to 22 August 1903.[9][27] In that year, Herbert Macaulay had invited to Nigeria, the Balboa and Company, Spain to organize an exhibition tour of silent films in Nigeria.[27][28]

Although Mr Balboa later closed his exhibition in Lagos, while he continued showing films in other West African countries, the success of his exhibition led to a European merchant, Stanley Jones, to begin showing films in the same Glover Memorial Hall, starting from November 1903. This brought about the influx of more European film exhibitors to Nigeria.[27][28] The first film hit in this early period came on 3 August 1904, when the documentary on the visit of the Alake of Abeokuta to England was screened.[29]

### Colonial era (late 19th century - early 1960s)

[edit]

Main article: Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria

Colonial filmmakers started producing films for local audiences within Nigeria since the 1920s, mostly employing the mobile cinema as a means of exhibition;[30] the earliest feature film made in Nigeria is 1926's Palaver produced by Geoffrey Barkas. The film was also the first film ever to feature Nigerian actors in a speaking role.[12][13] Nigerian film actors featured in Palaver include Dawiya and Yilkuba. The film was shot amongst the Sura and Angas people of the present day Bauchi and Plateau States in Northern Nigeria, and narrates the rivalry between a British District Officer and a tin miner which leads to a war.[12][13] Also in this era there were several films set in Nigeria, one of the most notable being 1935's Sanders of the River by Zoltán Korda, featuring Nigerian actor Orlando Martins. Martins also featured in other notable films including The Man from Morocco (1945), Men of Two Worlds (1946) and so on, and this established Martins as one of the recognized Nigerian actors of his time.[9][31] As of 1921, there were four other halls showing films twice a week in Lagos Mainland and one hall each in Ebute Metta and Oshodi. By this time, cinema had become popular in Lagos with crowds of young and old people usually waiting at the doors of theatre halls. Religion also aided in the expansion of cinema culture as the Christian missionaries used cinemas for religious propaganda.[27]

As cinemas became a common feature of the social life in the then emerging city of Lagos, the late 1930s through 1940s marked the beginning of the establishment of big commercial cinema houses with branches in strategic parts of the country. One of the earliest cinema operators in Lagos was the "West African Pictures Company" owned by Mr. S. Khalil, a member of the Syrian community in Lagos.[citation needed] He established the Rex Cinema in Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema and Royal Cinema. Other popular cinema chains include: Capitol Cinema, Casino Cinema, Kings Cinema, Central Cinema, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Road House Cinema, Ikeja Arms Cinema and Glover Hall. In 1937, the colonial government set up a Board of Censorship to handle matters relating to the establishment and operations of cinema houses in the colony.[27] Nigerian content in films made and shown in Nigerian cinemas during this period were however virtually non-existent as the production and distribution were controlled by foreigners. Motion picture entertainment was as a result complemented by the Yoruba travel theatre groups, which emerged in the 1930s through 1940s; One of the most prominent were the Agbegijo and Alarinjo theatre groups, which featured theatre actors such as Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, amongst others.[16][18]

In 1949 through 1950, the state of affairs changed a bit, with more Nigerian contents being exhibited in cinemas;[16] with a purported drive to "Africanize" film production,[30] the Nigerian Film Unit was established in order to decentralize colonial film production. The Colonial Film Unit, throughout the decade, exhibited health and educational films to local audiences through its mobile cinema vans. It also produced newsreels and short documentaries, depicting celebrations and colonial achievements to domestic and overseas audiences.[30]

### Golden Age (late 1950s - late 1980s)

[edit]

Main article: Golden Age of Nigerian cinema

After Nigeria's independence from Britain in 1960, the cinema business rapidly expanded, with new cinema houses being established.[32] However, there came a significant influx of American, Indian, Chinese and Japanese films; posters of films from these countries were all over theatre halls and actors from these industries became very popular in Nigeria. Towards the late 1960s and into the 1970s Nigerian productions in movie houses increased gradually, especially productions from Western Nigeria, owing to former theatre practitioners such as Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu and Sadiq Balewa amongst others, transitioning into the big screen.[16][17] The first fully commercial Nigerian films, shot on celluloid, were also made by these filmmakers in the 1960s.[33]

In 1972, concerned about the influx of foreign culture into Nigeria, the Indigenization Decree was issued by the then head of state Yakubu Gowon; which demands the transfer of ownership of about a total of 300 film theatres in the country from their foreign owners to Nigerians. Also, more Nigerians started playing active roles in cinema establishment as a result of this policy. This transfer also resulted in the emergence of Nigerian playwrights, screenwriters and film producers; popular literature and theatre works were adapted into motion pictures.[18] The oil boom of 1973 through 1978 contributed immensely to the spontaneous boost of the cinema culture in Nigeria. The presence of foreign investments led to the erection of several cinema complexes. In 1976, The 5000-capacity National Arts Theatre, Iganmu was constructed in Lagos. The theatre was incorporated with two cinemas, each having a capacity of over 700 people.[34] At this time cinema business had become a notable employer of many people and also served as an important social function, as Nigerians visited cinemas for relaxation and entertainment purposes.[35] The increased purchasing power in Nigeria also made a wide range of citizens to have disposable income to spend on cinema-going and on home television sets.[16]

Television broadcasting in Nigeria began in the 1960s and received much government support in its early years. By the mid-1980s every state had its own broadcasting station. Law limited foreign content on television, so producers in Lagos began televising local popular theatre productions. Many of these were circulated on video as well, and a small-scale informal video movie trade developed.[16] As of late 1980s, the cinema culture was beginning to face a major decline, and most Nigerian film producers had transitioned to television productions. The gradual decline of the Golden era of Nigerian cinema has been attributed to several factors, including the reduction in the value of Naira, lack of finance and marketing support, lack of standard film studios and production equipment, frequent Government structural adjustment programmes due to military dictatorships, as well as inexperience on the part of practitioners. The drastic decline in cinema culture resulted in some of the existing cinema houses being acquired by religious bodies and turned to churches; others were simply just closed down. In the early 1990s, only a few of the once vibrant cinema houses were still in operation, and all had collapsed before 1999.[35][36]

### Home Video Boom (late 1980s - mid 2010s)

[edit]

Main article: Video film era

The emergence of the video film market in Nigeria is traced back to the 1980s when television productions thrived. Jimi Odumosu's Evil Encounter, a 1983 horror film released directly on television, was the first production to be a pointer to how lucrative making film directly on video could be. The film was extensively promoted before being aired on television, and as a result, had streets flooded in the following morning with video copies of the recorded broadcast. It was reported that the film became an instant hit at Alaba market, a commercial district which later became the hub of video distribution in this period and also eventually became the hub of piracy in Nigeria. Since Evil Encounter, it became common, especially in Southern Nigerian cities, to see video copies of recorded television programmes traded on the streets.[16]

This method was adopted and built on by producers and distributors at Alaba Market to reinvent the film industry, since the Nigerian cinema culture was facing a major decline. The first film produced on video in Nigeria was 1988's Soso Meji, produced by Ade Ajiboye. The film was also screened at the few available theatres at the time. Subsequently, Alade Aromire produced Ekun (1989) on video, which was screened at the National Theatre, Iganmu.[9][37] However, the boom experienced in this era is generally believed to have been kickstarted by Kenneth Nnebue's Living in Bondage (1992). Nnebue had an excess number of imported video cassettes which he then used to shoot his first film on a Video camera.[38] Although Living in Bondage is often touted in the media as the "first commercial video film", several historians have argued that the video film industry was already booming before Living in Bondage.[39]

As of 2004, at least four to five films were produced every day in Nigeria. Nigerian movies had also already dominated television screens across the African continent and by extension, the diaspora.[21] The film actors also became household names across the continent, and the movies significantly influenced cultures in many African nations; from ways of dressing to speech and usage of Nigerian slangs.[22] This was attributed to the fact that Nigerian films told "relatable" stories, which made foreign films to "gather dust" on the shelves of video stores, even though they cost much less.[40]

According to the Filmmakers Cooperative of Nigeria, every film in Nigeria had a potential audience of 15 million people in Nigeria and about 5 million outside Nigeria. In no time, the industry became the third largest producer of films in the world.[41] However, this didn't translate to an overtly commercial film industry when compared to other major film hubs across the world; the worth of the industry was approximated at just about US$250 million, since most of the films produced were cheaply made. The film industry regardless became a major employer in Nigeria. As of 2007, with a total number of 6,841 registered video parlours and an estimated 500,000 unregistered ones, the estimated revenue generated by sales and rentals of movies in Lagos State alone was estimated to be ₦804 million (US$5 million) per week, which adds up to an estimated ₦33.5 billion (US$209 million) revenue for Lagos State per annum. Approximately 700,000 discs were sold in Alaba market per day, with the total sales revenue generated by the film industry in Nigeria estimated at ₦522 billion (US$3 billion) per annum, with broadcast content valued at ₦250 billion (US$1.6 billion).[9][18][21][42]

At the peak of the video era at around 2008, the industry had become the second largest producer of films,[43] releasing approximately 200 video films monthly. However at this point, the Nigerian film industry had practically degenerated into a "visionless" industry, with the invasion of several people who did not know a thing about filmmaking, and piracy was at its peak.[44][45] Dealing with the menace of piracy, amongst other problems, became a hard nut to crack; as a result of this, most investors of the "Alaba cartel", who control almost 90 percent stakes in the video industry, began to channel their money into other business ventures instead. The decline of the home video era has been attributed to several factors, such as the refusal of the Government to provide support and funding, the lack of a formal and effective indigenous film distribution infrastructure and the increase in the cost of production in Nigeria.[46]

### New Nigerian Cinema (mid 2000s - present)

[edit]

Main article: New Nigerian Cinema

Silverbird Galleria Cinemas, in Lagos

This is an emerging phase in Nigerian cinema, in which there became a major shift in the method of film production, from the video format, back to the cinema method, which constituted the films produced in the Golden era. A few years into the 21st century, Nigeria began to experience the growth of cinemas, which was initially structured for the middle and upper classes. The Silverbird Group is the first company to launch a series of modern cinema houses across major cities in Nigeria, mostly situated in affluent areas and districts.[16][36] It launched its cinema chains in 2004, starting with the Silverbird Galleria in Victoria Island, Lagos. The Silverbird Galleria is a large shopping mall, with an upscale cinema facility and various outlets where mercantile activities take place. This provides more reasons to visit the place beyond just watching films, but more of a social activity and a modified sort of entertainment beyond film watching. This trend has given another probable explanation as to the demise of the Nigerian cinema culture in the 1980s, which might have been as a result of the unfashionable appearance of most cinemas of the Golden era.[36]

Silverbird cinemas upon establishment started screening Nigerian films with high production quality, as a result discouraging poor film production. The first New wave film to be shown at a cinema was the Yoruba-language film Irapada (2006) by Kunle Afolayan, which was screened at the Silverbird Galleria in Lagos. The Silverbird experiment became very successful, and as a result, the group launched a few more cinema branches in Lagos and other cities in the country. Not long after the establishment of Silverbird cinemas, Genesis Deluxe Cinemas and Ozone Cinemas were also launched creating a competition in the cinema business. Much later, in the 2010s, Filmhouse Cinemas also came into the picture, leading to the availability of more cinemas in the country, especially outside the affluent neighbourhoods.[47]

Several grants have been launched by the Nigerian Government, in order to support quality content in Nigerian films. In 2006, "Project Nollywood" was launched by the Nigerian Government, in conjunction with Ecobank. The project provided ₦100 million (US$781,000) to Nigerian filmmakers to produce high quality films and to fund a multimillion Naira distribution network across the country during this period.[42] In 2010, the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan launched a ₦30 billion (US$200 million) "Creative and Entertainment Industry" Intervention Fund, financed by Bank of Industry (BOI), in conjunction with Nigerian Export and Import (NEXIM) Bank. This grant, although dubbed as a spin-off of "Project Nollywood", was for the entire Nigerian Creative Arts and Entertainment sector. The vision of the grant for the film industry however is to help more Nigerian filmmakers in training, funding, and also help in creating necessary infrastructure for the industry.[48][49] In 2013, a smaller new grant of ₦3 billion (US$20 million) was awarded once again solely for Nollywood, and specifically for the production of high quality films, and to sponsor filmmakers for formal training in film schools.[50][51] Also in 2015, Bank of Industry launched another "NollyFund" program for the purpose of giving financial support in form of loans to film producers.[52][53]

The popular 2009 thriller film The Figurine is generally considered the game changer, which heightened the media attention towards the "New Nigerian Cinema" revolution. The film was a critical and commercial success in Nigeria, and it was also screened in international film festivals[44] The 2010 film Ijé by Chineze Anyaene, overtook The Figurine to become the highest grossing Nigerian film; a record it held for four years, until it was overtaken in 2014 by Half of a Yellow Sun (2013).[25][54] By 2016, this record was held by The Wedding Party, a film by Kemi Adetiba.

By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$11 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion) making it the third most valuable film industry in the world, behind the United States and India. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods.[55][56]

Unlike the home video era, films in the new wave are generally of much improved quality, with considerably bigger budgets;[57] averaging between ₦40 million (US$250,000) and ₦120 million ($750,000). These films' production periods take months and even span into years, a far cry from the films in video format which are usually shot in a matter of days or weeks. Other notable improvements in the New Nollywood include: more subtle performances from actors; different from the overt melodrama which constituted the video era, more practical, more logical and generally better stories.[58][59] Themes explored in these films are often characterized by consciously cosmopolitan themes, as most of the filmmakers are relatively young.[60] A proper copyright and distribution system still remains one of the major challenges in the New Nigerian Cinema.[45][61][62]

In the 2023 Sundance Film Festival, the Nigerian film "Mami Wata" won the Special Jury Award for Cinematography.[63][64]

The animated short film "Morèmi" by Lagosian Shof Coker[65] was included in the anthology "Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire" by Disney+ in 2023.[66] "Morèmi" follows the ghost boy Luo, who is trapped in the realm of the gods and haunted by giants. When he is rescued by a scientist from future Nigeria, Luo connects with his lost memories and learns of the sacrifice once made to save his people.[66]

"Battle on Buka Street" from 2022 takes a humorous yet dramatic approach to the rivalry between two not-so-young sisters who vie for the distinction of being the best outdoor chef and hawker in their (fictional) street when it comes to culinary delights.[67] The comedy has since surpassed Wedding Party I and II, is (as of August 2023) the highest-grossing Nigerian film of all time, and has received critical acclaim.[68] This is the first Nigerian non-arthouse film to screen in US box offices. According to Film One Entertainment, the lead film studio, "Battle" is the first ever film of its kind in the US. Its controlled release in 11 Regal theatres with reduced screenings resulted in sold-out screenings nationwide. Film One adds that it is the first ever indigenous Nollywood release in the United States.[69] "Buka" are (in Yoruba and Hausa) gastronomic street vendors.

## Influx of Ghanaian actors

[edit]

Around year 2006 through 2007, Nigerian filmmaker Frank Rajah Arase signed a contract with a Ghanaian production company, Venus Films, which involved helping to introduce Ghanaian actors into mainstream Nollywood. This collaboration eventually led to extreme popularity of certain Ghanaian actors, such as Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari and Yvonne Okoro, arguably as much as their Nigerian counterparts. Furthermore, over the years; due to the high cost of film production in Nigeria, Nigerian filmmakers have been forced to make films outside Lagos in order to cut costs, mirroring the exodus of filmmaking in Hollywood from Los Angeles to cities like Toronto and Albuquerque, a process known as "Runaway production". Several other producers as a result started shooting in cities like Accra, Ghana, channeling the savings into investing in better equipment, many of them trying to get their films onto the big screen.[21]

In 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today revealed that Ghanaian actors had 60 percent of the total market share in the year. A survey carried out by the Newspaper showed that out of 184 films featured on Nollytuned.com, a Nigerian streaming website, between April and August 2013, Ghanaian actors played lead roles in at least 93 of them. It was also reported that there are high demands for Ghanaian acts in video stores.[70] At the first edition of Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) in 2013, Ghana's Jackie Appiah was awarded Best Actress in a Lead Role. Same year, Appiah again was awarded 'Best Actress' at the Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA).[70] Ghanaian actors like Majid Michel have also been awarded at several Nollywood award ceremonies.

Sam Onanuga, a Nigerian script writer blames the trend on the reluctance of the established Nigerian acts to partake in more films on Video.[70] With the emergence of New Nigerian Cinema, more Nigerian acts wanted roles on the big screen in order to boost their resume, refusing to star in video films; Ghanaian actors as a result took advantage of this, as they become more prominent on Nigerian video films which were already taking a down turn at this time, but still very popular.[46][70]

This development sparked media attention; mostly concerns that Ghanaians were taking over jobs meant for Nigerians.[71] While some industry stakeholders such as Bob Manuel were unwelcoming towards the development, others like Mercy Aigbe, Belinda Effah, and Yvonne Jegede saw it as a welcome development; noting that the industry is big enough for everyone, and that other major film hubs across the world also have presence of other nationalities. Theresa Edem commented: "A united Africa sells any day, anytime. It's been a great partnership so far. They've added colour to Nollywood and they've brought about healthy competition.[71] Emem Isong, a Nigerian producer comments: "It fosters unity and integration and that's not a bad thing".[70]

Some Ghanaian media on the other hand described the trend as "Brain drain" from Ghana.[72] However, Ghanaian director Frank Fiifi Gharbin, expressed satisfaction with the development, saying: "there shouldn't be much fuss about Ghanaian actors in Nollywood. For us it is a good development. It shows that our actors are beginning to gain prominence and are being accepted worldwide".[70]

## Influence

[edit]

The increased collaboration between Nigeria and Ghana from the mid-2000s led to the resurgence of Ghana's film industry. However, many Ghanaian productions are copyrighted to Nollywood and distributed by Nigerian marketers due to Nigeria's bigger market. Nigerian filmmakers usually feature Ghanaian actors in Nigerian movies as well and that has led to the popularity of Ghanaian actors almost like their Nigerian counterparts. Nigerian actors have also starred in some Ghanaian productions, in order for the film to capture wider audience.[73][74][75] Van Vicker, a popular Ghanaian actor, has starred in many Nigerian movies. As a result of these collaborations, Western viewers often confuse Ghanaian movies with Nigerian films and count their sales as one; however, they are two independent industries that sometimes share the colloquial "Nollywood".

## Popularity and appeal

[edit]

In 2009, Unesco rated Nollywood as the second-biggest film industry in the world after Indian cinema in terms of output.[76]

### Africa

[edit]

The overwhelming popularity of Nollywood productions has also led to backlash against Nigerian films in several countries. For instance, there have been reported cases of shops selling Nigerian films being raided by the police in Ghana; according to them, "they are struggling not to be colonized by Nigerian movies".[22][23] Several other governments have also introduced protectionist measures, some of which include introducing spurious taxes for production houses who want to shoot films in their countries. In July 2010, Ghana started demanding US$1,000 from visiting Nigerian actors and US$5,000 from producers and directors.[21][24] The Democratic Republic of Congo had also tried to ban Nigerian films. Jean Rouch, a champion of indigenous art in Niger, compared Nollywood to AIDS. He stated that there seems to be a "Nigerianization" of Africa, worrying that the whole continent has come to "snap its fingers the Nigerian way".[21]

### Europe

[edit]

The Nigerian film industry has a strong following in the African diaspora community in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom.[77][78]

## Organizations and events

[edit]

### Organizations

[edit]

* Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): is a union, which regulates and represents the affairs of film actors in Nigeria and abroad. It is headed by an elected president.[79]
* Creative Designers Guild of Nigeria (CDGN)
* Directors Guild of Nigeria (DGN)
* Edo Artistes Association of Nigeria (EAAN)
* Nigerian Film Corporation
* Screenwriters Guild of Nigeria

### Events

[edit]

* Africa International Film Festival (AFRIFF)
* Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards
* Cinema Movie's Academy Awards (CIMA): is an award event in Nigeria.
* Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA): is an award event in Nigeria, which rewards excellent filmmaking in the African film industry. It was created in 2005 and has been considered to be the most prestigious award in Nollywood and on the African continent. It is also the most hungered after award and event in African movie world.[79]
* Best of Nollywood Awards
* Nollywood Movies Awards

## See also

[edit]

* Nollywood
* List of Nigerian films
* List of highest-grossing Nigerian films
* List of Nigerian actors
* List of Nigerian film producers
* Media in Nigeria
* Cinema of Africa
* Cinema of Egypt
* List of Nigerian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Nigeria Box Office Year Book, 2019". books.filmhouseng.com. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
2. ^ "Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
3. ^ "Table 6: Share of Top 3 distributors (Excel)". UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
4. ^ "Nigerian Movies Production Data". National Bureau of Statistics. May 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
5. ^ "Nigeria Box Office Year Book, 2019". books.filmhouseng.com. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
6. ^ "Nollywood Ranks Second Fastest Growing Movie Industry Globally". Lagos,Nigeria: ARISENEWS. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
7. ^ "Nigeria's box office generates 6.94bn revenue in 2022". Lagos, Nigeria: Business Day. 12 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
8. ^ Okedara, Solomon (12 September 2013). "Before the 'oil festival' ends". Lagos, Nigeria: National Mirror. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
9. ^ a b c d e f g Emeagwali, Gloria (Spring 2004). "Editorial: Nigerian Film Industry". Central Connecticut State University. Africa Update Vol. XI, Issue 2. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
10. ^ a b "X-raying Nigerian Entertainment Industry At 49". Modern Ghana. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
11. ^ Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.
12. ^ a b c Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (21 May 2014). "Recognizing Nigeria's Earliest Movie Stars - Dawiya, King of the Sura and Yilkuba, the Witch Doctor". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
13. ^ a b c "PALAVER: A ROMANCE OF NORTHERN NIGERIA". Colonial Film. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
14. ^ "Lights, Camera, Africa!!!". Goethe Institute. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
15. ^ Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.
16. ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Nollywood". Nificon. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
17. ^ a b Adegbola, Tunde (2011). "Coming of Age in Nigerian Moviemaking". African Film Festival Inc. New York. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
18. ^ a b c d Obiaya, Ikechukwu. "The Blossoming of the Nigerian Video Film Industry". Academia. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
19. ^ Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.
20. ^ "Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer – UN". United Nations. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
21. ^ a b c d e f "Nollywood: Lights, camera, Africa". The Economist. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
22. ^ a b c Onikeku, Qudus. "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". Academia. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
23. ^ a b Onuzulike, Uchenna (2007). "Nollywood: The Influence of the Nigerian Movie Industry on African Culture". Nollywood Journal. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
24. ^ a b ""Nollywood": What's in a Name?". Nigeria Village Square. 3 July 2005. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
25. ^ a b "Nigerian films try to move upmarket: Nollywood's new scoreboard". The Economist. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
26. ^ Brown, Funke Osae (24 December 2013). "Nollywood improves quality, leaps to N1.72trn revenue in 2013". Business Day Newspaper. Business Day Online. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
27. ^ a b c d e Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2224-3178.
28. ^ a b Nnabuko, J.O.; Anatsui, Tina C. (June 2012). "NOLLYWOOD MOVIES AND NIGERIAN YOUTHS-AN EVALUATION" (PDF). Jorind 10. 10 (2). ISSN 1596-8308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
29. ^ Morosetti, Tiziana, ed. (2018). Africa on the Contemporary London Stage. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94508-8. ISBN 978-3-319-94507-1.
30. ^ a b c "Nigerian Film Unit". Colonial Film. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
31. ^ Soyingbe, Anthonia (30 September 2009). "Nigeria: X-Raying The Country's Entertainment Industry at 49". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
32. ^ Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.
33. ^ New Nigerian Cinema: An Interview with Akin Adesokan (2006). Retrieved from www.Indiana.edu on May 27, 2008. Archived 16 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
34. ^ Olubomehin, Oladipo O. (2012). "CINEMA BUSINESS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA SINCE 1903". Historical Research Letter. 3. ISSN 2225-0964.
35. ^ a b Abdulkadir, Shuaib (27 February 2014). "Extinction of Cinemas". National Pilot Newspaper. National Pilot. Retrieved 20 February 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
36. ^ a b c Adelakun, Abimbola (19 February 2009). "Gradually, the cinemas return in Nigeria". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
37. ^ Ayengho, Alex (23 June 2012). "INSIDE NOLLYWOOD: What is Nollywood?". E24-7 Magazine. NovoMag. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
38. ^ "Nigeria's film industry, The Economist". Economist.com. 27 July 2006. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
39. ^ Nnabuko, J.O.; Anatsui, Tina C. (June 2012). "NOLLYWOOD MOVIES AND NIGERIAN YOUTHS-AN EVALUATION" (PDF). Jorind 10. 10 (2). ISSN 1596-8308. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
40. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (16 September 2002). "Step Aside, L.A. and Bombay, for Nollywood". New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
41. ^ "About Nollywood". ThisIsNollywood.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
42. ^ a b Okonkwo, Kasie (27 October 2013). "Ecobank: Brand Positioning Through Funding of Nollywood". This Day Live. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
43. ^ Vourlias, Christopher (14 December 2014). "Hooray for Nollywood: Nigerian film industry raises the artistic bar". Aljazeera. Aljazeera America. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
44. ^ a b Thorburn, Jane. "NOLLYWOOD 2 Doing It Right". Retrieved 18 February 2015.
45. ^ a b Rice, Andrew (26 February 2012). "A Scorsese in Lagos: The Making of Nigeria's Film Industry". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
46. ^ a b Ekeanyanwu, Nnamdi Tobechukwu. "Nollywood, New Communication Technologies and Indigenous Cultures in a Globalized World: The Nigerian Dilemma". Covenant University. Department of Mass Communication, College of Human Development. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
47. ^ Leu, Bic (14 January 2011). "Nollywood goes for new models to curb piracy". The Guardian Newspaper. Finding Nollywood. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
48. ^ "Concerning Project Nollywood". This Day Live. 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
49. ^ "Editorial: Concerning Project Nollywood". Huhu Online. 12 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
50. ^ "Half of a Yellow Sun". Manufacturing Today. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
51. ^ Ekenyerengozi, Michael Chima (7 January 2015). "Project Nollywood Administrators Should Invest in Keeping Nigerian Filmmakers in Nigeria, Instead of Sending Them Overseas". IndieWire. Shadow and Act. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
52. ^ Showemimo, Dayo (28 April 2015). "Bank of Industry introduces 'Nollyfund' for film makers". Nigerian Entertainment Today. The NET NG. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
53. ^ Abimboye, Micheal (24 April 2015). "Nigeria Launches N1 Billion Special Fund for Nollywood". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
54. ^ Akande, Victor (14 September 2014). "Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood". The Nation Newspaper. The Nation Online. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
55. ^ Liston, Enjoli (10 April 2014). "Hello Nollywood: how Nigeria became Africa's biggest economy overnight". The Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
56. ^ Hazlewood, Phil (7 April 2014). "Nollywood helps Nigeria kick South Africa's economic butt". Sowetan Live. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
57. ^ "$2m-budget movie: Afolayan hits location". The Nation NG. 10 August 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
58. ^ Djansi, Leila (11 August 2012). "Leila Djansi: Rush of thoughts on the 'New Nollywood'". Retrieved 20 March 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
59. ^ Levine, Sydney (12 January 2011). "The Myth of Nollywood and the Rise of Nigerian Cinema". Indie Wire. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
60. ^ Connor, Ryan (May 2013). "A Return to the Cinemas: New Nollywood's Prospects and Constraints". Research Gate. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
61. ^ Husseini, Shaibu. "A YEAR OF MIXED FORTUNES FOR NOLLYWOOD". Ehizoya Films. Ehizoya Golden Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
62. ^ Akande, Victor (14 November 2014). "AFRIFF 2014: Participants raise concerns at film workshop". The Nation. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
63. ^ Grobar, Matt (27 January 2023). "Sundance Awards: 'The Persian Version', 'Kokomo City' Among Repeat Winners As 'A Thousand And One', 'Going To Mars' Claim U.S. Grand Jury Prizes". Deadline. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
64. ^ Page, Thomas (13 February 2023). "With Sundance winner 'Mami Wata,' CJ 'Fiery' Obasi is redefining what it means to be a Nigerian filmmaker". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
65. ^ "Shof Coker". Shof Coker. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
66. ^ a b Flo Cornall (27 June 2023). "African animation talent on show in Kizazi Moto: Generation Fire on Disney+". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
67. ^ Akindele, Funke; Makinde, Tobi (16 December 2022), Battle on Buka Street (Comedy), Pat Adams, Bimbo Ademoye, Victor Adesokan, FAAN, retrieved 20 August 2023
68. ^ "Top 10 highest-grossing Nollywood films of all time". Pulse Nigeria. 21 February 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
69. ^ Emmanuel, Solution (4 January 2023). "Funke Akindele's 'Battle on Buka Street' makes history in U.S. cinemas". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
70. ^ a b c d e f Enengedi, Victor (23 September 2013). "NET SPECIAL FEATURE: Ghanaian actresses take over Nollywood". Nigerian Entertainment Today. The NET NG. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
71. ^ a b Ebirim, Juliet (22 March 2014). "Are the Ghanaian actors taking over Nollywood?". Vanguard Newspaper. The Vanguard. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
72. ^ "Brain Drain In Ghana Movie Industry?". Spy Ghana. 27 March 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
73. ^ Ghana News (27 March 2014). "Brain Drain In Ghana Movie Industry?". Spy Ghana. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
74. ^ Angelo, Mike. "Ghanaian Actor, Majid Michel Salutes Nollywood, Berates Ghollywood". Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
75. ^ Korkus, Stella (29 July 2013). "Ghanaian Actors Have Become Household Names In Nollywood". Retrieved 29 March 2014.
76. ^ Clayton, Jonathan (3 April 2010). "Nollywood success puts Nigeria's film industry in regional spotlight". The Times. Retrieved 3 April 2010.[dead link‍]
77. ^ "Nollywood Film Industry and the African Diaspora in the UK". Open University. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
78. ^ Ozolua, Uhakheme (1 August 2007). "Nigerian Film Industry Needs No Recognition – Oni". Open University. THE NOLLYWOOD FILM INDUSTRY AND THE AFRICAN DIASPORA IN THE UK. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
79. ^ a b "Facts About Nigerian Movies and History". Total Facts about Nigeria. Retrieved 22 October 2014.

## External links

[edit]

* Nigerian Film Corporation
* National Film & Video Censors Board
* Nollywood : Nigeria's Prolific Film Industry : The Hollywood of Africa
* The Tragic Rise of Nollywood Documentary

* v
* t
* e

Cinema of Nigeria

History|

* Colonial era
* Golden Age
* Video film era
* New Nigerian cinema

Films|

* A–Z of films
* By year
* By director
* LGBTQ-related

By genre|

* Action
* Adventure
* Biographical
* Comedy
* Crime
* Dance
* Documentary
* Drama
* Epic
* Fantasy
* Horror
* Musical
* Children
* Road
* Supernatural
* Romance
* Thriller

Personnel|

* Actors
* Cinematographers
* Directors
* Producers
* Screenwriters

Awards|

* Africa Movie Academy Awards
* Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards
* Best of Nollywood Awards
* Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards
* Nigeria Entertainment Awards
* Nollywood Movies Awards
* Nollywood and African Film Critics Awards

Festivals and events|

* Africa International Film Festival

Miscellaneous|

* Box Office
* Cinema chains
* Film Studios

* v
* t
* e

Nigeria articles

History|

* Kingdoms
* Empires

* Aro
* Benin
* Kanem-Bornu
* Nri
* Oyo
* Hausa kingdoms
* Kano
* Daura
* Katsina
* Zazzau
* Gobir
* Biram
* Rano
* Sokoto
* Kebbi
* Kwararafa

|

* Timeline
* Early history
* before 1500
* 1500-1800
* Colonial Nigeria
* Northern Nigeria
* Southern Nigeria
* First Republic
* Military dictatorship
* Civil War
* Second Republic
* Third Republic
* Fourth Republic

Geography|

* Adamawa Plateau
* Borders
* Cities
* Climate change
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Islands
* Jos Plateau
* Mountains
* National parks
* Niger Delta
* Rivers
* Niger
* Benue
* Wildlife
* Wildlife conservation

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Villages
* Cabinet
* Constitution
* Elections
* Federal Executive Council
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* LGBT rights
* Human trafficking
* Law enforcement
* Military
* National Assembly
* House of Representatives
* Senate
* Political parties
* PDP
* APC
* President
* Vice-President
* Supreme Court

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Brain Drain
* Central Bank
* Corruption
* Economic history
* Energy
* Mining
* Naira (currency)
* Petroleum
* Stock Exchange
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport

Society|

* Abortion
* Censorship
* Baby factories
* Capital punishment
* Child labour (Girl child labour)
* Child marriage
* Child sexual abuse
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Diaspora
* Domestic violence
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* MASSOB
* MOSOP
* Oodua Peoples Congress
* Female genital mutilation
* Gender inequality
* Health
* Languages
* Polygamy
* Poverty
* Prostitution
* Protests
* Refugees
* Social class
* Slavery
* Sustainable Development Goals
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Youth

* Conflicts

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria (Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria)
* Islamist insurgency
* Niger Delta conflicts
* 2016 conflict

|

Culture|

* Anthem
* Cinema
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine
* Flag
* List of Nigerians
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Public holidays
* Religion (Sharia)
* Smoking
* Video gaming

* Outline
* Index

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Cinema of Africa

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

* Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Mayotte / Réunion (France)
* Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

* v
* t
* e

World cinema

* National cinema

Africa|

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Egypt
* Libya
* Morocco
* Tunisia

|

Eastern|

* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Somalia
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Ghana
* Liberia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* Togo

Central|

* Angola
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Congo DR
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Southern|

* Botswana
* Namibia
* South Africa

Asia|

| Eastern|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Japan
* Korea
* North
* South
* Mongolia
* Taiwan

|

Southern|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* India
* Assamese
* Bengali
* Bhojpuri
* Chhattisgarhi
* Deccani
* Dogri
* Gujarati
* Haryanvi
* Hindi
* Kannada
* Kashmiri
* Khasi
* Konkani
* Malayalam
* Meitei
* Marathi
* Oriya
* Punjabi
* Rajasthani
* Sanskrit
* Tamil
* Telugu
* Tulu
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Lollywood
* Sri Lanka

Southeastern|

* Burma
* Cambodia
* Indonesia
* Laos
* Malaysia
* Philippines
* Singapore
* Thailand
* Vietnam

Central|

* Afghanistan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

Western|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Georgia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jewish
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Northern|

* Russia
* Russian Empire
* Soviet Union

Europe|

| Eastern|

* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Hungary
* Moldova
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia
* Russian Empire
* Soviet Union
* Slovakia
* Ukraine

|

Northern|

* Denmark
* Estonia
* Faroe Islands
* Finland
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Norway
* Sweden
* United Kingdom
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales

Southern|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Greece
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Malta
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Portugal
* Serbia
* Yugoslavia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Catalonia
* Galicia

Western|

* Austria
* Belgium
* France
* Germany
* German Turks
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Switzerland

Americas|

| North|

* Canada
* Quebec
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* United States
* Puerto Rico

|

South|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru (Iquitos)
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Samoa

Intercontinental
& transnational|

* Arab World
* Balochi cinema
* Middle East
* Kurdish cinema
* Latin America
* Soviet Union

* Film portal
* World portal

*[No.]: Number
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template