Citrus macroptera

Citrus fruit and plant

"Cabuyao (fruit)" redirects here. For the other citrus species also known as cabuyao or kabuyaw, see Citrus hystrix.

Citrus macroptera

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Plantae
Clade:  | Tracheophytes
Clade:  | Angiosperms
Clade:  | Eudicots
Clade:  | Rosids
Order:  | Sapindales
Family:  | Rutaceae
Genus:  | Citrus
Species:  |

C. macroptera

Binomial name
Citrus macroptera

Montrouz.

Synonyms[1]

* C. aurantium subsp. saponacea Saff.
* C. papuana F.M.Bailey

Citrus macroptera, commonly known as cabuyao,[2] Melanesian papeda,[1] or wild orange,[3] is a semi-wild species of citrus native to the Malesian ecoregion (Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia).[4]

Some authorities consider C. macroptera to be a taxonomic synonym of C. hystrix (kaffir lime),[5] while others consider C. macroptera var. annamensis to be a synonym of C. hystrix, but not C. macroptera var. macroptera.[6]

Citrus macroptera is cultivated widely in the Sylhet region (South Asia) of Bangladesh and the Barak Valley Division of the Indian state of Assam, where it is known as hatkhora (Sylheti: ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠞꠣ, [ɦat̪xɔɾa]).[4]

## Description

[edit]

Citrus macroptera is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the petiole, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.[3] The tree, which has thorns, can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height. Its fruit is about 6–7 cm (2+1⁄2–3 in) in diameter, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish-yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very bitter, and somewhat sour.[3]

## Varieties

[edit]

The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:[6]

* C. macroptera var. macroptera
* C. macroptera var. annamensis Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
* C. macroptera var. combara (Raf.) Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
* C. macroptera var. kerrii Swingle -> C. kerrii (Swingle) Tanaka

## Cultivation

[edit]

Citrus macroptera is cultivated widely in the Sylhet region (South Asia) of Bangladesh and the Barak Valley Division of the Indian state of Assam, where it is known as hatkhora or (Sylheti: ꠢꠣꠔꠇꠞꠣ, [ɦat̪xɔɾa]).[4]

Citrus macroptera is cultivated on a small scale in home gardens in the northeast Indian states of Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya, where its fruit is used for various purposes.[7] A cultivar of C. macroptera var. annamensis is grown in the Sylhet Division of northeastern Bangladesh.[8]

Citrus macroptera is also commercially cultivated in South Africa, Spain, and Tonga. In Spain the plant serves as a rootstock for other Citrus species.[2]

## Uses

[edit]

### Culinary uses

[edit]

In Bangladesh, especially Sylhet, the thick fleshy rind of Citrus macroptera is eaten as a vegetable, while the pulp is usually discarded because of its bitter-sour taste. The thick rind is cut into small pieces and cooked (either green or ripe) in beef, mutton, and fish curries, it is also used in Dal. The rind is often sun-dried for later cooking and consumption. The fruit is also pickled.

### Perfumery

[edit]

The oil of the annamensis cultivar is used in the perfume industry.[8]

## See also

[edit]

* Bangladeshi cuisine
* Beef Hatkora
* Citrus latipes a similar-looking species native to Northeast India

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Citrus macroptera". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
2. ^ a b Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition. Springer. in Google Books
3. ^ a b c Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: Citrus (citrus) and Fortunella (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). pdf
4. ^ a b c Aktar, Koly; Foyzun, Tahira (January 2017). "Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Studies of Citrus macroptera : A Medicinal Plant Review". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2017 (1). doi:10.1155/2017/9789802. PMC 5504973. PMID 28740540.
5. ^ "TPL, treatment of Citrus hystrix DC". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
6. ^ a b Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. [1]
7. ^ S. K. Malik; Susheel Kumar; I. P. Singh; O. P. Dhariwal; Rekha Chaudhury (June 2013). "Socio-economic importance, domestication trends and in situ conservation of wild Citrus species of Northeast India". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 60 (5): 1660. doi:10.1007/s10722-012-9948-x.
8. ^ a b M. N. Miah; Sahina Islam; Syed Hadiuzzaman (2002). "Regeneration of Plantlets Through Somatic Embryogenesis from Nucellus Tissue of Citrus macroptera Mont. var. anammensis ('Sat Kara')" (PDF). Plant Tissue Culture. 12 (2): 167.

## External links

[edit]

* USDA PLANTS profile Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine

* v
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Citrus

True species|

* Australian and Papuan wild limes group
* Citron
* Ichang papeda
* Kaffir lime
* Kumquats group
* Mandarin orange
* Mangshanyegan
* Mountain citron
* Pomelo
* Ryukyu mandarin

Major hybrids|

* Grapefruit
* Lemon
* Lime
* Orange (sweet orange)

True and hybrid
cultivars|

* Alemow
* Amanatsu
* Assam lemon
* Bergamot orange
* Bizzarria
* Bitter orange
* Blood lime
* Blood orange
* Byeonggyul
* Biasong
* Cam sành
* Cara Cara navel orange
* Citrange
* Citrumelo
* Citrus taiwanica
* Clementine
* Coorg orange
* Daidai
* Dekopon
* Encore
* Fairchild tangerine
* Florentine citron
* Forbidden fruit
* Ginger lime
* Haruka
* Hassaku
* Hebesu
* Heen naran
* Hyuganatsu
* Imperial lemon
* Indian wild orange
* Iyokan
* Jabara
* Jaffa orange
* Jamaican tangelo
* Kabbad
* Kabosu
* Kaji Nemu
* Kakadu lime
* Kalpi
* Kanpei
* Kawachi bankan
* Key lime
* Khasi papeda
* Kinkoji unshiu
* Kinnow
* Kishu mikan
* Kiyomi
* Kobayashi mikan
* Koji
* Komikan
* Laraha
* Lemonade fruit
* Limón de Pica
* Lumia
* Mandelo
* Mandora
* Melanesian papeda
* Melogold
* Meyer lemon
* Micrantha
* Midknight Valencia Orange
* Murcott
* Myrtle-leaved orange tree
* Nagpur orange
* Nasnaran
* New Zealand grapefruit
* Ōgonkan
* Orangelo/Chironja
* Oroblanco
* Palestinian sweet lime
* Persian lime
* Pixie mandarin
* Pompia
* Ponderosa lemon
* Ponkan
* Rangpur
* Reikou
* Rhobs el Arsa
* Rough lemon
* Samuyao
* Sanbokan
* Satsuma mandarin
* Setoka
* Shangjuan
* Shonan Gold
* Smith Red Valencia
* Sudachi
* Suruga yuko
* Sweet lemon
* Sweet limetta
* Tangelo
* Tangerine
* Tangor
* Tsunonozomi
* Valencia orange
* Variegated pink lemon
* Volkamer lemon
* Winged lime
* Xã Đoài orange
* Yūkō
* Yuzu

Citrons|

* Balady citron
* Corsican citron
* Diamante citron
* Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
* Greek citron
* Moroccan citron
* Yemenite citron

Mandarin oranges|

* Cleopatra mandarin
* Shīkwāsā
* Nanfengmiju
* Tachibana
* Willowleaf orange

Papedas|

* Celebes papeda
* Mountain "citron"
* Ichang papeda

Pomelos|

* Banpeiyu
* Dangyuja

Kumquats group|

| Kumquat species|

* Hong Kong kumquat
* Meiwa kumquat
* Oval kumquat
* Round kumquat
* Jiangsu kumquat
* Malayan kumquat

|

Kumquat hybrids
(× Citrofortunella)|

* Calamansi
* Citrangequat
* Limequat
* Mandarinquat
* Procimequat
* Sunquat
* Yuzuquat

Australian
and Papuan
wild limes group|

| Eromocitrus
(former genera)|

* Desert lime

|

Microcitrus
(former genera)|

* New Guinea wild lime
* Australian round lime
* Russell River lime
* Maiden's wild lime
* Mount White lime
* Australian finger lime
* Brown River finger lime

Clymenia
(former genera)|

* Clymenia platypoda
* Clymenia polyandra

Oxanthera
(former genera)|

* Orange-flowered oxanthera
* Large-leaf oxanthera
* Wavy-leaf oxanthera
* Oxanthera brevipes

Related genera
(perhaps
properly Citrus)|

* Poncirus/Trifoliate orange

Drinks|

* Calamansi juice
* Chūhai
* Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
* Grapefruit juice
* Lemon liqueur
* Cedratine
* Curaçao
* Limoncello
* Lemonade
* Mint lemonade
* Swiss lemonade
* Lime cordial
* Limeade
* Orange juice
* Triple sec
* Yuja-hwachae
* Yuja tea

Products|

* Calcium citrate
* Citric acid
* Chenpi
* Dried lime
* Lemonene
* Limonene
* Marmalade
* Neroli
* Oleo saccharum
* Orange flower water
* Orange oil
* Orange oil tires
* Orangeat
* Pickled lime
* Chanh muối
* Preserved lemon
* Succade
* Zest
* Twist

Diseases|

* Black spot
* Canker
* CTV/Tristeza
* Exocortis
* Greening
* Mal secco
* Phytophthora
* citricola

Citrus botanists|

* Clara H. Hasse
* Robert Willard Hodgson
* Lena B. Smithers Hughes
* David Mabberley
* Clément Rodier
* Robert Soost
* Walter Tennyson Swingle
* Chōzaburō Tanaka
* Ikuro Takahashi
* Johann Christoph Volkamer
* Herbert John Webber

Citrus production|

* Citrus rootstock
* Kumquat production in China
* Lemon Capital of the World
* Lime production in Mexico
* Orange production in Brazil

Related topics|

* The Citrus Industry
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cold-hardy citrus
* Hesperidium
* Japanese citrus
* List of citrus fruits
* Mother Orange Tree
* Orangery
* University of California Citrus Experiment Station
* University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection

* Category
* Production
* Commons

Taxon identifiers

Citrus macroptera|

* Wikidata: Q5122910
* BOLD: 437783
* CoL: VML3
* EPPO: CIDMP
* GBIF: 3831430
* GRIN: 10739
* IPNI: 771970-1
* ITIS: 825205
* NCBI: 341932
* Open Tree of Life: 719983
* PLANTS: CIMA10
* POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771970-1
* Tropicos: 50268011
* WFO: wfo-0000608122

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