City status in Indonesia

Administrative division of Indonesia

This article is part of a series on

Subdivisions of Indonesia
Level 1

* Provinces (provinsi or daerah istimewa or daerah khusus)

(GDP; GDP per capita; HDI; poverty rate); Island population)
Level 2

* Regencies (kabupaten)
* Cities (kota)
* Metropolitan (metropolitan)

(full list; cities by GDP; regencies by GDP; cities by population; regencies by population)
Level 3

* Districts

(kecamatan, distrik, kapanewon, or kemantren)
Level 4

* Rural or urban villages

(desa or kelurahan)
Others

* Rukun warga
* Rukun tetangga

* v
* t
* e

In Indonesian law, the term "city" (kota) is generally defined as the second-level administrative subdivision of the Republic of Indonesia, an equivalent to regency (kabupaten). The difference between a city and a regency is that a city has non-agricultural economic activities and a dense urban population, while a regency comprises predominantly rural areas and is larger in area than a city.[1] However, Indonesia historically had several classifications of cities.

According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the official dictionary of the Indonesian language, a city (kota) is "a densely populated area with high density and modern facilities and most of the population works outside of agriculture."[2]

Cities are divided into districts (Kecamatan, Distrik in Papua region,[3][4] or Kemantren in Yogyakarta).

## Historical classification

[edit]

Buitenzorg was granted city status (gemeente) by the government of the Dutch East Indies on 1 April 1905 [5]

### Gemeente/municipality

[edit]

During the Dutch East Indies period, a city was governed as gemeente, or municipality, since the decentralisation law in 1903. The gemeente was a third-level subdivision, below residentie (residency) and gouvernement (governorate) or provincie (province).[6]

### Kota besar and kota kecil

[edit]

The terms kota besar (big city), and kota kecil (small city or town), were used since the implementation of the Act Number 22 of 1948. Kota Besar was an urban equivalent of kabupaten (regency), which was the country's second level subdivision, just below province. Kota kecil, used for a small urban area, was the third-level division below regency and province.[7]

### Kotaraya, kotamadya, and kotapraja

[edit]

City classification in Indonesia
during 1965–1974  city type | subdivision level | equivalence

|
|

Kotaraya | First-level | Province
Kotamadya | Second-level | Regency
Kotapraja | Third-level | Districts

According to the Act Number 18 of 1965, cities in Indonesia were classified into three: kotaraya (great city, first-level subdivision), kotamadya (medium city, second-level subdivision), and kotapraja (small city or town, third-level subdivision). Kotaraya is an equivalent of a province, kotamadya is an equivalent of a regency, while kotapraja is an equivalent of kecamatan (districts). Jakarta was the only city granted the kotaraya status, due to its function as the capital of Indonesia.[8]

The terms kotaraya and kotapraja had been abolished since 1974, and kotamadya was used for most of urban areas in Indonesia up to 1999. Jakarta continued to be the only urban area with a province status.[9]

### Kota administratif

[edit]

The term kota administratif (administrative city, not to be confused with kota administrasi) was used after the implementation of Act Number 5 of 1974. Kota administratif status was granted to a town inside the territory of a regency (kabupaten) that were deemed necessary in accordance with the town's growth and development. Kota administratif does not have autonomy and its own legislature, and was responsible to its parent regency.[9] The term kota administratif was abolished with the implementation of Act Number 22 of 1999, and all kota administratif were either granted full kota (city) status or dissolved and merged with its parent regency.[10]

### Kota

[edit]

Further information: List of regencies and cities in Indonesia

The term kota (city) has been implemented to substitute kotamadya since the post-Suharto era in Indonesia.[10] Kota is headed by a mayor (walikota), who is directly elected via elections to serve for a five-year term, which can be renewed for one further five-year term. Each kota is divided further into districts, more commonly known as kecamatan.

## Jakarta as a city

[edit]

Jakarta City Hall, the seat of the governor of Jakarta

Jakarta, then known as Batavia, was the first city in the archipelago to be developed by the Dutch Empire. On the 4 March 1621, the first city government (stad) was created in Batavia, and on 1 April 1905, it became the very first municipality (gemeente) of the Dutch East Indies.[11] Upon Indonesian independence, it remains as the city within the province of West Java. With the release of the Act Number 1 of 1957, Jakarta became the first provincial-level city in Indonesia.[12] Although Jakarta is now written as a 'province' in Indonesian law products, it is still widely referred to as a city.[13][14][15][16] The United Nations (UN) classifies Jakarta as a 'city' on its statistical database.[17]

The Special Region of Jakarta consists of five 'administrative cities' and one 'administrative regency'. Unlike other actual cities in Indonesia, administrative cities in Jakarta are not self-governing, and were only created for bureaucracy purposes. The administrative cities do not have city councils, and their mayors were exclusively selected by the Governor of Jakarta without any public election. Ryas Rasyid, an Indonesian regional government expert, stated that Jakarta is a "province with a city management".[18] Anies Baswedan, the 17th Governor of Jakarta, asserted that "Jakarta has only an area of 600 square kilometres. It is a city with the province status."[19] Unlike other 37 Indonesian provinces whose governors work in a 'governor office' (Kantor Gubernur), the governor of Jakarta works in a city hall (Balai Kota DKI Jakarta).[20]

## List of cities by date of incorporation

[edit]

City | Date incorporated | First city status | Present-day province

|
|
|

Jakarta[a] | 4 March 1621[11] | Stad | Special Region of Jakarta
Bogor[b] | 1 April 1905[5] | Gemeente | West Java
Bandung | 1 April 1906[21] | Gemeente | West Java
Blitar | 1 April 1906[22] | Gemeente | East Java
Cirebon | 1 April 1906[23] | Gemeente | West Java
Kediri | 1 April 1906[24] | Gemeente | East Java
Makassar | 1 April 1906[25] | Gemeente | South Sulawesi
Magelang | 1 April 1906[26] | Gemeente | Central Java
Padang | 1 April 1906[27] | Gemeente | West Sumatra
Palembang | 1 April 1906[28] | Gemeente | South Sumatra
Pekalongan | 1 April 1906[29] | Gemeente | Central Java
Semarang | 1 April 1906[30] | Gemeente | Central Java
Surabaya | 1 April 1906[31] | Gemeente | East Java
Tegal | 1 April 1906[32] | Gemeente | Central Java
Medan | 1 April 1909[33] | Gemeente | North Sumatra
Malang | 1 April 1914[34] | Gemeente | East Java
Sukabumi | 1 April 1914[35] | Gemeente | West Java
Binjai | 1 July 1917[36] | Gemeente | North Sumatra
Pematang Siantar | 1 July 1917[36][37] | Gemeente | North Sumatra
Tanjung Balai | 1 July 1917[36] | Gemeente | North Sumatra
Tebing Tinggi | 1 July 1917[36] | Gemeente | North Sumatra
Salatiga | 1 July 1917[38] | Gemeente | Central Java
Madiun | 20 June 1918[39][37] | Gemeente | East Java
Mojokerto | 20 June 1918[40][37] | Gemeente | East Java
Pasuruan | 20 June 1918[41][37] | Gemeente | East Java
Bukittinggi[c] | 1 July 1918[37] | Gemeente | West Sumatra
Probolinggo | 1 July 1918[42][37] | Gemeente | East Java
Sawahlunto | 1 July 1918[43][37] | Gemeente | West Sumatra
Banjarmasin | 1 July 1919[44] | Gemeente | South Kalimantan
Manado | 1 July 1919[45][37] | Gemeente | North Sulawesi
Banda Aceh[d] | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Aceh
Bengkulu | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Bengkulu
Jambi | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Jambi
Pangkal Pinang | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Bangka Belitung Islands
Pekanbaru | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Riau
Sibolga | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | North Sumatra
Bandar Lampung[e] | 17 May 1946[46] | Kota otonom B | Lampung
Pontianak | 14 August 1946[47] | Landschaps-gemeente | West Kalimantan
Surakarta | 5 June 1947[48] | Haminte Kota | Central Java
Yogyakarta | 8 June 1947[49] | Haminte Kota | Special Region of Yogyakarta
Padang Panjang | 23 March 1956[50] | Kota Kecil | West Sumatra
Payakumbuh | 23 March 1956[50] | Kota Kecil | West Sumatra
Solok | 23 March 1956[50] | Kota Kecil | West Sumatra
Balikpapan | 4 July 1959[47] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | East Kalimantan
Palangka Raya | 17 July 1957[51] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | Central Kalimantan
Gorontalo | 4 July 1959[52] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | Gorontalo
Ambon | 31 July 1958[53] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | Maluku
Parepare | 4 July 1959[52] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | South Sulawesi
Samarinda | 4 July 1959[47] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | East Kalimantan
Sabang | 14 June 1965[54] | Kotapraja (2nd-level) | Aceh
Batam | 7 December 1983[55] | Kotamadya | Riau Islands
Bitung | 15 August 1990[56] | Kotamadya | North Sulawesi
Denpasar | 15 January 1992[57] | Kotamadya | Bali
Tangerang | 27 February 1993[58] | Kotamadya | Banten
Mataram | 26 July 1993[59] | Kotamadya | West Nusa Tenggara
Jayapura | 2 August 1993[60] | Kotamadya | Papua
Palu | 22 July 1994[61] | Kotamadya | Central Sulawesi
Kendari | 3 August 1995[62] | Kotamadya | Southeast Sulawesi
Kupang | 11 April 1996[63] | Kotamadya | East Nusa Tenggara
Bekasi | 16 December 1996[64] | Kotamadya | West Java
Tarakan | 8 October 1997[65] | Kotamadya | North Kalimantan
Banjarbaru | 20 April 1999[66] | Kotamadya | South Kalimantan
Cilegon | 20 April 1999[67] | Kotamadya | Banten
Depok | 20 April 1999[67] | Kotamadya | West Java
Dumai | 20 April 1999[68] | Kotamadya | Riau
Metro | 20 April 1999[69] | Kotamadya | Lampung
Ternate | 20 April 1999[70] | Kotamadya | North Maluku
Bontang | 4 October 1999[71] | Kota | East Kalimantan
Sorong | 4 October 1999[72] | Kota | West Papua
Batu | 21 June 2001[73] | Kota | East Java
Baubau | 21 June 2001[74] | Kota | Southeast Sulawesi
Cimahi | 21 June 2001[75] | Kota | West Java
Langsa | 21 June 2001[76] | Kota | Aceh
Lhokseumawe | 21 June 2001[77] | Kota | Aceh
Lubuklinggau | 21 June 2001[78] | Kota | South Sumatra
Padang Sidempuan | 21 June 2001[79] | Kota | North Sumatra
Pagar Alam | 21 June 2001[80] | Kota | South Sumatra
Prabumulih | 21 June 2001[81] | Kota | South Sumatra
Singkawang | 21 June 2001[82] | Kota | West Kalimantan
Tanjung Pinang | 21 June 2001[83] | Kota | Riau Islands
Tasikmalaya | 21 June 2001[84] | Kota | West Java
Banjar | 11 December 2002[85] | Kota | West Java
Bima | 10 April 2002[86] | Kota | West Nusa Tenggara
Palopo | 10 April 2002[87] | Kota | South Sulawesi
Pariaman | 10 April 2002[88] | Kota | West Sumatra
Tidore | 25 February 2003[89] | Kota | North Maluku
Tomohon | 25 February 2003[90] | Kota | North Sulawesi
Kotamobagu | 2 January 2007[91] | Kota | North Sulawesi
Subulussalam | 2 January 2007[92] | Kota | Aceh
Serang | 10 August 2007[93] | Kota | Banten
Tual | 10 August 2007[94] | Kota | Maluku
Sungai Penuh | 21 July 2008[95] | Kota | Jambi
Gunungsitoli | 26 November 2008[96] | Kota | North Sumatra
South Tangerang | 26 November 2008[97] | Kota | Banten

Notes

* ^[a] Incorporated as Batavia
* ^[b] Incorporated as Buitenzorg
* ^[c] Incorporated as Fort de Kock
* ^[d] Incorporated as Kutaraja
* ^[e] Incorporated as Tanjungkarang–Telukbetung

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cities in Indonesia.

* City status
* List of Indonesian cities by population
* List of Indonesian cities by GDP
* Kreisfreie Stadt, a similar administrative division found in Germany

## References

[edit]

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79. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Padang Sidempuan (Law 4) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
80. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Pagar Alam (Law 8) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
81. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 6 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Prabumulih (Law 6) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
82. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Singkawang (Law 12) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
83. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 5 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tanjung Pinang (Law 5) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 7 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine
84. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2001 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tasikmalaya (Law 10) (in Indonesian). 2001. Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
85. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 27 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Banjar Di Provinsi Jawa Barat (Law 27) (in Indonesian). 2002. Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
86. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 13 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Bima Di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (Law 13) (in Indonesian). 2002. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
87. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 11 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Mamasa Dan Kota Palopo Di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan (Law 11) (in Indonesian). 2002. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
88. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 12 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kota Pariaman Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat (Law 12) (in Indonesian). 2002. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
89. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 1 tahun 2003 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Halmahera Utara, Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan, Kabupaten Sula, Kabupaten Halmahera Timur, dan Kabu-paten Kota Tidore Kepulauan di Provinsi Maluku Utara (Law 1) (in Indonesian). 2003. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
90. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2002 tentang Pembentukan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan dan Kota Tomohon di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara (Law 10) (in Indonesian). 2002. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
91. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 4 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Kotamobagu di Provinsi Sulawesi utara (Law 4) (in Indonesian). 2007. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
92. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 8 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Subulussalam di Provinsi Naggroe Aceh Darussalam (Law 8) (in Indonesian). 2007. Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
93. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 32 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Serang Di Provinsi Banten (Law 32) (in Indonesian). 2007. Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
94. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 31 tahun 2007 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tual di Provinsi Maluku (Law 31) (in Indonesian). 2007. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
95. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Sungai Penuh Di Provinsi Jambi (Law 25) (in Indonesian). 2008. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
96. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 47 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Gunungsitoli Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara (Law 47) (in Indonesian). 2008. Archived 4 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine
97. ^ Undang-undang Nomor 51 tahun 2008 tentang Pembentukan Kota Tangerang Selatan Di Provinsi Banten (Law 51) (in Indonesian). 2008. Archived 2 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine

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Indonesian cities with a 200,000+ population

2,000,000 and above|

* Jakarta
* Surabaya
* Bekasi
* Bandung
* Medan
* Depok

1,000,000–1,999,999|

* Tangerang
* Palembang
* Semarang
* Makassar
* South Tangerang
* Batam
* Bandar Lampung
* Bogor

500,000–999,999|

* Pekanbaru
* Padang
* Malang
* Samarinda
* Denpasar
* Tasikmalaya
* Serang
* Balikpapan
* Pontianak
* Banjarmasin
* Jambi
* Cimahi
* Surakarta
* Nusantara

300,000–499,999|

* Manado
* Kupang
* Cilegon
* Mataram
* Jayapura
* Bengkulu
* Yogyakarta
* Palu
* Ambon
* Sukabumi
* Kendari
* Cirebon
* Dumai
* Pekalongan

200,000–299,999|

* Palangka Raya
* Binjai
* Kediri
* Sorong
* Tegal
* Pematang Siantar
* Banjarbaru
* Banda Aceh
* Tarakan
* Probolinggo
* Singkawang
* Lubuklinggau
* Tanjungpinang
* Bitung
* Padangsidempuan
* Pangkal Pinang
* Batu
* Madiun
* Pasuruan
* Ternate
* Banjar

Note: Bold indicates provincial capital

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Provincial capitals in Indonesia

Sumatra|

* Banda Aceh
* Bandar Lampung
* Bengkulu
* Jambi
* Medan
* Padang
* Palembang
* Pangkalpinang
* Pekanbaru
* Tanjungpinang

Java|

* Bandung
* Jakarta
* Semarang
* Serang
* Surabaya
* Yogyakarta

Kalimantan|

* Banjarbaru
* Palangka Raya
* Pontianak
* Samarinda
* Tanjung Selor

Lesser Sunda|

* Denpasar
* Kupang
* Mataram

Sulawesi|

* Gorontalo
* Kendari
* Makassar
* Mamuju
* Manado
* Palu

Maluku|

* Ambon
* Sofifi

Papua|

* Jayapura
* Manokwari
* Salor
* Wanggar
* Sorong
* Jayawijaya

Former provincial capitals|

* Banjarmasin
* Dili
* Singaraja
* Ternate

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