Classes of United States senators

Cohorts of Senate seats whose holders will be elected in a given year

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The 100 seats in the United States Senate are divided into three classes for the purpose of determining which seats will be up for election in any two-year cycle, with only one class being up for election at a time. With senators being elected to fixed terms of six years, the classes allow about a third of the seats to be up for election in any presidential or midterm election year instead of having all 100 be up for election at the same time every six years. The seats are also divided in such a way that any given state's two senators are in different classes so that each seat's term ends in different years. Class 1 and class 2 consist of 33 seats each, while class 3 consists of 34 seats. Elections for class 1 seats took place in 2024, and elections for classes 2 and 3 will take place in 2026 and 2028, respectively.

The three classes were established by Article I, Section 3, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The actual division was originally performed by the Senate of the 1st Congress in May 1789 by lot.[1] Whenever a new state subsequently joined the union, its two Senate seats were assigned to two different classes by a random draw, while keeping the three classes as close to the same number as possible.[2]

The classes only apply to the regular fixed-term elections of the Senate. A special election to fill a vacancy, usually either due to the incumbent resigning or dying while in office, may happen in any given year regardless of the seat's class.[3]

A senator's description as junior or senior senator is also not related to their class. Rather, a state's senior U.S. senator is the one with the greater seniority in the Senate, which is mostly based on length of service.

## History

[edit]

### Constitutional footing

[edit]

The U.S. Constitution sets the fixed term of senators to six years and staggers their elections into three cycles, so that a third of the Senate was up for election every two years. This allows at least some Senate elections to be held during any presidential or midterm election year, as the U.S. President is elected to a fixed term of four years and members of the U.S. House of Representatives are elected to fixed terms of two years. The objective is to promote stability in the Senate, and encourage senators to deliberate measures over time, rather than risk a rapid turnover of the entire chamber every six years. At the same time, it provided for more frequent elections as opposed to waiting every six years, to prevent senators from permanently combining for "sinister purposes".[1]

The three classes of the Senate are specified by Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution:

> Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year.

The allocation took place in May 1789, several weeks after the first Senate assembled. Only twenty senators from ten states were present; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution, and New York, because of its late ratification, had not yet selected its senators.[4] To decide on how to implement the division into classes, on May 11 the Senate appointed a committee consisting of Senators Ellsworth, Carroll, and Few.[5] In accordance with their recommendation, on May 14 the Senate divided the members into three classes:[6]

> Thursday, May 14, 1789. The committee appointed to consider and report a mode of carrying into effect the provision in the second clause of the third section of the first article of the Constitution, reported:

> Whereupon, Resolved, That the Senators be divided into three classes:

>   * The first to consist of Mr. Langdon [of New Hampshire], Mr. Johnson [Connecticut], Mr. Morris [Pennsylvania], Mr. Henry [Maryland], Mr. Izard [South Carolina], and Mr. Gunn [Georgia];
>   * The second of Mr. Wingate [of New Hampshire], Mr. Strong [Massachusetts], Mr. Paterson [New Jersey], Mr. Bassett [Delaware], Mr. Lee [Virginia], Mr. Butler [South Carolina], and Mr. Few [Georgia];
>   * And the third of Mr. Dalton [of Massachusetts], Mr. Ellsworth [Connecticut], Mr. Elmer [New Jersey], Mr. Maclay [Pennsylvania], Mr. Read [Delaware], Mr. Carroll [Maryland], and Mr. Grayson [Virginia].

> That three papers of equal size, numbered 1, 2, and 3, be, by the Secretary, rolled up and put into a box, and drawn by Mr. Langdon, Mr. Wingate, and Mr. Dalton, in behalf of the respective classes in which each of them are placed; and that the classes shall vacate their seats in the Senate according to the order of numbers drawn for them, beginning with number one: And that, when Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet appointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in the foregoing classes, but in such manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be in numbers.

On the next day, May 15, the term expiration of each class was determined by drawing lots.[6] Lot 1 was drawn by Dalton, 2 by Wingate, and 3 by Langdon.

Upon the expiration of a senator's term of any length, someone starts a new six-year term as senator (based on election by the state legislatures until the Seventeenth Amendment required direct popular election of senators).

### Addition of new states to the Union

[edit]

When a new state is admitted to the Union, its two senators are placed into separate classes. Which two classes are determined by a scheme that keeps the three classes as close to the same size as possible, so that the largest class never differs by more than one senator from the smallest class.[2] A random draw determined which new senator enters which of the classes selected to be expanded.[2] This means at least one of any new state's first pair of senators had a term of more than 2 and up to 6 years and the other had a term that was 2 or 4 years shorter.

New York, which held its first Senate elections in July 1789, was the first state to undergo this process after the original May 1789 draw by the Senate of the 1st Congress. Among the new senators, Philip Schuyler drew the lot for class 1 (whose term would end in 1791) while Rufus King drew class 3 (whose term would end in 1795).[7] This made class 1 have 8 senators while classes 2 and 3 had 7 senators each. North Carolina was then assigned classes 2 and 3 after holding its first Senate elections in November 1789, making all three classes have 8 seats each.

When the newest state, Hawaii, was admitted in 1959, its first Senate elections had candidates run either for "seat A" or "B". The new senators, Hiram Fong and Oren E. Long, in a process managed by the Secretary of the Senate, drew lots to determine which of the two would join class 1 (whose term would end in five-and-a-half years), and which would join class 3 (whose term would end in three-and-a-half years).[4][8][9] If a 51st state is admitted, it will receive senators in classes 1 and 2, at which point all three classes would have 34 senators.[2]

Because each state is represented by 2 senators, regardless of population, each class varies in electorate and populace. Since the early 19th century, it so happens class 2 senators cumulatively co-represent 50–60% of the population; senators from each of the other 2 classes: 70–75% of the U.S. population. [10] Because each state has 2 senators, the sum of these figures is 200%, not 100%. Several of the most populous states, such as California, Florida, New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, have their senators in classes 1 and 3, provoking this imbalance.

The only times when both of a state's Senate seats are up for election in the same year are either when a new state joins the union (as mentioned above), or when there is a special election to fill a vacant seat. Special elections have no bearing on when the term for that seat ends, and a senator elected in a special election will serve the remainder of the term, until the next regularly scheduled election, not affecting which class that seat falls within.[3]

## Class 1

[edit]

Map shows the classes in each U.S. state:

Classes 1 and 2

Classes 1 and 3

Classes 2 and 3

Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded cyan

Class 1 consists of the 33 Senate seats whose next election will be in November 2030 and whose terms end January 3, 2031.

This includes earlier senators with terms that ended in 1791, 1797, 1803, 1809, 1815, 1821, 1827, 1833, 1839, 1845, 1851, 1857, 1863, 1869, 1875, 1881, 1887, 1893, 1899, 1905, 1911, 1917, 1923, 1929, 1935, 1941, 1947, 1953, 1959, 1965, 1971, 1977, 1983, 1989, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2013, 2019, and 2025.

States with a Class 1 senator: Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

## Class 2

[edit]

Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded pink

Class 2 consists of the 33 Senate seats whose next election will be in November 2026 and whose terms end January 3, 2027.

This includes earlier senators whose terms ended in 1793, 1799, 1805, 1811, 1817, 1823, 1829, 1835, 1841, 1847, 1853, 1859, 1865, 1871, 1877, 1883, 1889, 1895, 1901, 1907, 1913, 1919, 1925, 1931, 1937, 1943, 1949, 1955, 1961, 1967, 1973, 1979, 1985, 1991, 1997, 2003, 2009, 2015, and 2021.

States with a class 2 senator: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

## Class 3

[edit]

Applies to those states, in the figured map, which are not shaded green

Class 3 consists of the 34 Senate seats whose next election will be in November 2028 and whose terms end January 3, 2029.

This includes earlier senators whose terms ended in 1795, 1801, 1807, 1813, 1819, 1825, 1831, 1837, 1843, 1849, 1855, 1861, 1867, 1873, 1879, 1885, 1891, 1897, 1903, 1909, 1915, 1921, 1927, 1933, 1939, 1945, 1951, 1957, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1981, 1987, 1993, 1999, 2005, 2011, 2017, and 2023.

States with a class 3 senator: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.

## Election cycle years

[edit]

This table is re-sorted every two years so that the next scheduled election year appears at the top.

Class  | Most recent
election year  | Next scheduled
election year

|
|

Class 1  | 2024 | 2030
Class 2  | 2020 | 2026
Class 3  | 2022 | 2028

### Comparison with other United States general elections

[edit]

See also: List of elections in the United States

Basic rotation of U.S. general elections (fixed terms only[1])  Year  | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028

|
|
|
|
|

Type  | Presidential | Off-year | Midterm | Off-year  | Presidential
President | Yes | No  | Yes
Senate | Class I (33 seats) | No  | Class II (33 seats) | No  | Class III (34 seats)
House  | All 435 seats[3] | No  | All 435 seats[2] | No  | All 435 seats[3]
Gubernatorial | 11 states, 2 territories
DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR | 2 states
NJ, VA | 36 states, DC, & 3 territories[4]
AL, AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, WI, WY, DC (Mayor), GU, MP, VI | 3 states
KY, LA, MS | 11 states, 2 territories
DE, IN, MO, MT, NH, NC, ND, UT, VT, WA, WV, AS, PR
Lieutenant gubernatorial[5] | 5 states, 1 territory
DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS | 1 state
VA | 10 states[6]
AL, AR, CA, GA, ID, NV, OK, RI, TX, VT | 2 states
LA, MS | 5 states, 1 territory
DE, MO, NC, VT, WA, AS
Secretary of state | 7 states
MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV | None  | 26 states
AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, VT, WI, WY | 3 states
KY, LA, MS | 7 states
MO, MT, NC, OR, VT, WA, WV
Attorney general | 10 states
IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV | 1 state
VA | 30 states, DC, & 2 territories
AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, MD, MA, MI, MN, NE, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, OK, RI, SC, SD, TX, VT, WI, DC, GU, MP | 3 states
KY, LA, MS | 10 states
IN, MO, MT, NC, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State treasurer[7] | 9 states
MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV | None  | 23 states
AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL (CFO), ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, MA, NE, NV, NM, OH, OK, RI, SC, VT, WI, WY | 2 states
KY, MS | 9 states
MO, NC, ND, OR, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV
State comptroller/controller  | None  | None  | 7 states
CA, CT, IL, MD, NV, NY, SC | None  | None
State auditor | 9 states
MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU | None  | 15 states
AL, AR, DE, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, NE, NM, OH, OK, SD, VT, WY | 1 state
KY | 9 states
MT, NC, ND, PA, UT, VT, WA, WV, GU
Superintendent of public instruction | 4 states
MT, NC, ND, WA | 1 state
WI | 8 states
AZ, CA, GA, ID, OK,
SC, SD (incl. Land), WY | None  | 4 states
MT, NC, ND, WA
Agriculture commissioner | 2 states
NC, WV | None  | 6 states
AL, FL, GA, IA, ND, SC | 2 states
KY, MS | 2 states
NC, WV
Insurance commissioner | 3 states
NC, ND, WA,  | None  | 5 states
DE, CA GA, KS, OK, | 2 states
LA, MS | 3 states
NC, ND, WA,
Other commissioners & elected officials  | 1 state
NC (Labor) | None  | 8 states
AZ (Mine Inspector), AR (Land), GA (Land), NM (Land), ND (Tax), OK (Labor), OR (Labor), TX (Land) | None  | 1 state
NC (Labor)
State legislatures[8] | 44 states, DC, & 5 territories
AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI  | 2 states
VA, NJ  | 46 states, DC, & 4 territories
AK, AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, VI  | 4 states
LA, MS, NJ, VA  | 44 states, DC, & 5 territories
AK, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MO, MN, NE, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI, WY, DC, AS, GU, MP, PR, VI
State boards of education [9] | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories
AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI | None  | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories
AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI | None  | 8 states, DC, & 3 territories
AL, CO, KS, MI, NE, OH, TX, UT, DC, GU, MP, VI
Other state, local, and tribal offices  | Varies

1 This table does not include special elections, which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections.
2 As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House.
3 As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House. The resident commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four-year term that coincides with the presidential term.
4 The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two-year terms. The other 48 state governors and all five territorial governors serve four-year terms.
5 In 26 states and 3 territories the lieutenant governor is elected on the same ticket as the governor: AK, CO, CT, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MD, MA, MI, MN, MT, NE, NJ, NM, NY, ND, OH, PA, SC, SD, UT, WI, GU, MP, VI.
6 Like the governor, Vermont's other officials are each elected to two-year terms. All other state officers for all other states listed serve four-year terms.
7 In some states, the comptroller or controller has the duties equivalent to a treasurer. There are some states with both positions, so both have been included separately.
8 This list does not differentiate chambers of each legislature. Forty-nine state legislatures are bicameral; Nebraska is unicameral. Additionally, Washington, DC, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands are unicameral; the other territories are bicameral. All legislatures have varying terms for their members. Many have two-year terms for the lower house and four-year terms for the upper house. Some have all two-year terms and some all four-year terms. Arkansas has a combination of both two- and four-year terms in the same chamber.
9 Most states not listed here have a board appointed by the governor and legislature. All boards listed here have members that serve four-year staggered terms, except Colorado, which has six-year terms, and Guam, which has two-year terms. Most are elected statewide, some are elected from districts. Louisiana, Ohio, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands have additional members who are appointed.

* view
* talk
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## List of current senators by class

[edit]

See also: List of current United States senators and 119th United States Congress

The following table lists the senators by party by class.

|  | Class 1  | Class 2  | Class 3  | Total

|
|
|
|

Democratic  | 17  | 13  | 15  | 45
Republican  | 14  | 20  | 19  | 53 + VP
Independent  | 2 (caucus with Democrats)  | 0  | 0  | 2
Last election  | 2024 | 2020 | 2022 |
Next election  | 2030 | 2026 | 2028 |
Total  | 33  | 33  | 34  | 100

Senate composition by class, state & party

Class 1

Class 2

Class 3

Democrat   Independent who caucuses with Democrats
Republican   Not up for election

The following table lists the senators by state and by class, including the states' Cook Partisan Voting Index ratings, which indicate the party direction in which a state tends to lean and the extent of that lean.[11]

| State  | Class 1  | Class 2  | Class 3  | Cook PVI

|
|
|
|

Alabama | —  | Tommy Tuberville (R)  | Katie Britt (R)  | R+15
Alaska | —  | Dan Sullivan (R)  | Lisa Murkowski (R)  | R+6
Arizona | Ruben Gallego (D)  | —  | Mark Kelly (D)  | R+2
Arkansas | —  | Tom Cotton (R)  | John Boozman (R)  | R+15
California | Adam Schiff (D)  | —  | Alex Padilla (D)  | D+12
Colorado | —  | John Hickenlooper (D)  | Michael Bennet (D)  | D+6
Connecticut | Chris Murphy (D)  | —  | Richard Blumenthal (D)  | D+8
Delaware | Lisa Blunt Rochester (D)  | Chris Coons (D)  | —  | D+8
Florida | Rick Scott (R)  | —  | Ashley Moody (R)  | R+5
Georgia | —  | Jon Ossoff (D)  | Raphael Warnock (D)  | R+1
Hawaii | Mazie Hirono (D)  | —  | Brian Schatz (D)  | D+13
Idaho | —  | Jim Risch (R)  | Mike Crapo (R)  | R+18
Illinois | —  | Dick Durbin (D)  | Tammy Duckworth (D)  | D+6
Indiana | Jim Banks (R)  | —  | Todd Young (R)  | R+9
Iowa | —  | Joni Ernst (R)  | Chuck Grassley (R)  | R+6
Kansas | —  | Roger Marshall (R)  | Jerry Moran (R)  | R+8
Kentucky | —  | Mitch McConnell (R)  | Rand Paul (R)  | R+15
Louisiana | —  | Bill Cassidy (R)  | John Kennedy (R)  | R+11
Maine | Angus King (I)  | Susan Collins (R)  | —  | D+4
Maryland | Angela Alsobrooks (D)  | —  | Chris Van Hollen (D)  | D+15
Massachusetts | Elizabeth Warren (D)  | Ed Markey (D)  | —  | D+14
Michigan | Elissa Slotkin (D)  | Gary Peters (D)  | —  | EVEN
Minnesota | Amy Klobuchar (D)  | Tina Smith (D)  | —  | D+3
Mississippi | Roger Wicker (R)  | Cindy Hyde-Smith (R)  | —  | R+11
Missouri | Josh Hawley (R)  | —  | Eric Schmitt (R)  | R+9
Montana | Tim Sheehy (R)  | Steve Daines (R)  | —  | R+10
Nebraska | Deb Fischer (R)  | Pete Ricketts (R)  | —  | R+10
Nevada | Jacky Rosen (D)  | —  | Catherine Cortez Masto (D)  | R+1
New Hampshire | —  | Jeanne Shaheen (D)  | Maggie Hassan (D)  | D+2
New Jersey | Andy Kim (D)  | Cory Booker (D)  | —  | D+4
New Mexico | Martin Heinrich (D)  | Ben Ray Luján (D)  | —  | D+4
New York | Kirsten Gillibrand (D)  | —  | Chuck Schumer (D)  | D+8
North Carolina | —  | Thom Tillis (R)  | Ted Budd (R)  | R+2
North Dakota | Kevin Cramer (R)  | —  | John Hoeven (R)  | R+18
Ohio | Bernie Moreno (R)  | —  | Jon Husted (R)  | R+5
Oklahoma | —  | Markwayne Mullin (R)  | James Lankford (R)  | R+17
Oregon | —  | Jeff Merkley (D)  | Ron Wyden (D)  | D+8
Pennsylvania | Dave McCormick (R)  | —  | John Fetterman (D)  | R+1
Rhode Island | Sheldon Whitehouse (D)  | Jack Reed (D)  | —  | D+8
South Carolina | —  | Lindsey Graham (R)  | Tim Scott (R)  | R+8
South Dakota | —  | Mike Rounds (R)  | John Thune (R)  | R+15
Tennessee | Marsha Blackburn (R)  | Bill Hagerty (R)  | —  | R+14
Texas | Ted Cruz (R)  | John Cornyn (R)  | —  | R+6
Utah | John Curtis (R)  | —  | Mike Lee (R)  | R+11
Vermont | Bernie Sanders (I)  | —  | Peter Welch (D)  | D+17
Virginia | Tim Kaine (D)  | Mark Warner (D)  | —  | D+4
Washington | Maria Cantwell (D)  | —  | Patty Murray (D)  | D+10
West Virginia | Jim Justice (R)  | Shelley Moore Capito (R)  | —  | R+21
Wisconsin | Tammy Baldwin (D)  | —  | Ron Johnson (R)  | R+1
Wyoming | John Barrasso (R)  | Cynthia Lummis (R)  | —  | R+23

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "The Senate and the United States Constitution". senate.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
2. ^ a b c d "Frequently Asked Questions about a New Congress". United States Senate. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
3. ^ a b Pittman, Travis (October 16, 2018). "The US Senate is divided into classes: What that means". ABC 10. KXTV. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
4. ^ a b "Senators Receive Class Assignments". Senate History. United States Senate. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
5. ^ "Annals of Congress". Constitution Society. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
6. ^ a b "Journal of the Senate of the United States of America". Journal of the Senate of the United States of America, 1789–1793. Library of Congress. May 14, 1789. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
7. ^ Power, Nicholas (August 4, 1789). "New-York, July 29". Poughkeepsie Journal. Poughkeepsie, NY. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
8. ^ Davies, Lawrence E. (July 30, 1959). "G.O.P. Wins Governorship in Hawaii's First State Vote". The New York Times.
9. ^ Trussell, C. P. (August 25, 1959). "Congress Hails Three New Members from 50th State". The New York Times.
10. ^ Skelley, Geoffrey (May 29, 2014). "Senate Class Population Imbalance". Sabato's Crystal Ball. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
11. ^ "2023 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (118th Congress)". Cook Political Report. April 5, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2025. ". . . instead of using a 50/50 mix of the two most recent presidential elections to assess partisanship as we had done in the past, we switched to a 75/25 weighting in favor of the more recent presidential cycle."

## External links

[edit]

* United States Senate class page (old)
* Current class 1, (senate.gov)
* Current class 2, (senate.gov)
* Current class 3, (senate.gov)
* A 2013 analysis of the partisan leanings of each class

* v
* t
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Ethnic and racial|

* African-American members
* Senate
* House
* Black Caucus
* Arab and Middle Eastern members
* Asian Pacific American members
* Asian Pacific American Caucus
* Hispanic and Latino members
* list
* Hispanic Caucus
* Hispanic Conference
* Jewish members
* Jewish Caucus
* Native American members

Gender and sexual identity|

* LGBTQ members
* Equality Caucus
* Women
* Senate
* House
* Issues Caucus
* current House

Occupation|

* Physicians

Religion|

* Buddhist members
* Hindu members
* Jewish members
* Mormon (LDS) members
* Muslim members
* Quaker members
* Sikh members

Related|

* By length of service historically
* Current members by wealth
* From multiple states
* Died in office
* 1790–1899
* 1900–1949
* 1950–1999
* 2000–present
* Killed or wounded in office
* Party switchers
* Slave owners

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

| Powers|

* Article I
* Copyright
* Commerce (Dormant)
* Contempt of Congress
* Declaration of war
* Impeachment
* Inquiries
* Trial
* Naturalization
* "Necessary and Proper"
* Power of enforcement
* Taxing/spending

|

Privileges|

* Salaries
* Franking
* Immunity

Procedure|

* Act of Congress
* list
* Appropriation bill
* Bill
* Budget process
* Censure
* Closed sessions
* House
* Senate
* Cloture
* Concurrent resolution
* Continuing resolution
* Dear Colleague letter
* Discharge petition
* Enrolled bill
* Expulsion
* Joint resolution
* Joint session
* list
* Lame-duck session
* Magic minute
* Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
* Multiple referral
* House procedures
* Quorum call
* Reconciliation
* Rider
* Saxbe fix
* Sponsorship
* Suspension of the rules
* Unanimous consent
* Veto
* Line-item veto
* Pocket veto

Senate-specific|

* Advice and consent
* Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
* Classes
* Executive communication
* Executive session
* Filibuster
* Jefferson's Manual
* Senate Journal
* Morning business
* Nuclear option
* Presiding Officer
* Recess appointment
* Reconciliation
* Riddick's Senate Procedure
* Senate hold
* Senatorial courtesy
* Seniority
* Standing Rules
* Tie-breaking votes
* Traditions
* Treaty Clause

Committees|

* Chairman and ranking member
* Of the Whole
* Conference
* Discharge petition
* Hearings
* Markup
* Oversight
* List (Joint)
* List (House)
* List (Senate)
* Select and special
* Standing
* Subcommittees

Items|

* Gavels
* Mace of the House
* Seal of the Senate

History|

* House history
* memoirs
* speaker elections
* Senate history
* election disputes
* memoirs
* Continental Congress
* Federal Hall (1789–1790)
* Congress Hall (1790–1800)
* Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
* Biographical Directory
* Divided government
* Party divisions

Media|

* C-SPAN
* Congressional Quarterly
* The Hill
* Politico
* Roll Call

Capitol Complex (Capitol Hill)

| Legislative
offices|

* Congressional staff
* Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
* Comptroller General
* Architect of the Capitol
* Cap. Police
* Board
* Cap. Guide Service
* Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
* Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
* Library of Congress
* Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
* Technology Assessment

|

Offices|

| Senate|

* Curator
* Historical
* Library

|

House|

* Congr. Ethics
* Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
* Interparliamentary Affairs
* Law Revision Counsel
* Legislative Counsel
* Library

Employees|

| Senate|

* Secretary
* Chaplain
* Curator
* Historian
* Librarian
* Pages
* Parliamentarian
* Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper

|

House|

* Chaplain
* Chief Administrative Officer
* Clerk
* Doorkeeper
* Floor Operations
* Floor Services Chief
* Historian
* Pages
* Board
* Parliamentarian
* Postmaster
* Reading Clerk
* Sergeant at Arms

Library of
Congress|

* Congressional Research Service
* reports
* Copyright Office
* Register of Copyrights
* Law Library
* Poet Laureate
* THOMAS
* Adams Building
* Jefferson Building
* Madison Building

Gov.
Publishing Office|

* Public Printer
* Congressional Pictorial Directory
* Congressional Record
* Official Congressional Directory
* U.S. Gov. Manual
* Serial Set
* Statutes at Large
* United States Code

Capitol Building|

* List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
* List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)
* Brumidi Corridors
* Congressional Prayer Room
* Crypt
* Dome
* Statue of Freedom
* Rotunda
* Hall of Columns
* Statuary Hall
* Visitor Center
* The Apotheosis of Washington
* Statue of Freedom
* Declaration of Independence painting
* Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
* Apotheosis of Democracy
* Progress of Civilization Pediment
* First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
* Surrender of General Burgoyne
* Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
* George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
* Revolutionary War Door
* Columbus Doors
* Washington at Princeton
* Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
* VP's Room
* VP Bust Collection

Office
buildings|

| Senate|

* Dirksen
* Hart
* Mountains and Clouds
* Russell

|

House|

* Building Commission
* office lottery
* Cannon
* Ford
* Longworth
* O'Neill
* Rayburn

Other
facilities|

* Botanic Garden
* Health and Fitness Facility
* House Recording Studio
* Senate chamber
* Old Senate Chamber
* Old Supreme Court Chamber
* Power Plant
* Webster Page Residence
* Subway

Related|

* Capitol Hill
* United States Capitol cornerstone laying

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