Classification of Southeast Asian languages

Overview of Southeast Asian languages

There have been various classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages (see the articles for the respective language families).

## Language families

[edit]

The five established major language families are:

* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Sino-Tibetan

## Isolates and small families

[edit]

A number of language groups in Arunachal Pradesh traditionally considered to be Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman) may in fact constitute independent language families or isolates (Roger Blench 2011). (See Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal.)

* Potential language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal: Digaro, Hrusish (including the Miji languages[1]), Midzu, Puroik, Siangic, and Kho-Bwa
* The two Andamanese language families: Great Andamanese and Ongan
* Language isolates and languages with isolate substrata of Southeast Asia: Kenaboi, Enggano, and the Philippine Negrito languages Manide and Umiray Dumagat

## Macrofamilies

[edit]

The Dené–Caucasian proposal

Several macrofamily schemes have been proposed for linking multiple language families of Southeast Asia. None of these proposals is yet accepted by mainstream comparative linguistics, though research into higher-level relationships among these languages has gained some renewed scholarly interest over the last three decades; the various hypotheses are still under investigation, and the validity of each has yet to be resolved.[2]

* Austro-Tai links the Austronesian and Kra–Dai languages. Several linguists, including Laurent Sagart, Stanley Starosta, Weera Ostapirat and Lawrence Reid,[3] accept or theorize a close relationship between these families, but the specifics of the relationship remain unclear. Multiple models of the internal branching of Austro-Tai have been put forward, and Austro-Tai has been incorporated as a subgroup within some larger macrofamily schemes, e.g. in Starosta's East Asian as well as in Sagart's model of Austronesian (see below), both of which regard Kra–Dai as a subfamily within Austronesian. A few versions of Austro-Tai have included Japonic and/or the isolate Ainu as well, though these have not been met with as much acceptance.
* Miao–Dai (Kosaka 2002) is a hypothesis for a family including Miao–Yao (Hmong–Mien) and Kra–Dai.[4]
* Sino-Austronesian (Sagart 2004, 2005) links Austro-Tai (Austronesian) with Sino-Tibetan (Tibeto-Burman).
* Austric links all of the major language families of Southeast Asia apart from Sino-Tibetan. Several variants of the Austric hypothesis have been proposed since it took shape with Paul K. Benedict's proposal (1942). Some of these also incorporate Japonic, Korean and/or Ainu. One version called the "Greater Austric" hypothesis (Bengtson 1996) includes Ainu as well as Nihali, a language isolate of India.[5]
* The "Proto-Asian hypothesis" or "Austro-Asian" (Larish 2006) argues for lexical evidence of relationship among all of the languages typically included in Austric as well as Japanese–Korean and Sino-Tibetan.[6]
* East Asian (Starosta 2005) covers all of these families (except Japonic, Koreanic, Ainu and Nihali) as well as Sino-Tibetan. It posits Austronesian (including Kra–Dai) as the most divergent branch, coordinate with a primary branch Sino-Tibetan–Yangzian which links Sino-Tibetan with a clade called Yangzian (or Yangtzean), named for the Yangtze river, which includes Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien.
* In a different direction, the Dené–Caucasian or Sino-Caucasian hypothesis links Sino-Tibetan to Yeniseian and North Caucasian, the proposal later expanded to include Na-Dene, Burushaski and Basque. On the basis of lexicostatistics, Sergei Starostin additionally hypothesized an even larger Dené–Daic macrofamily which incorporates both Dené–Caucasian and Austric as primary branches.

Genetic similarities between the peoples of East and Southeast Asia have led some scholars such as George van Driem to speculate about "Haplogroup O languages".

## Proto-languages

[edit]

Main article: List of proto-languages

* Proto-Austronesian [1] [2]
* Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [3] [4]
* Proto-Visayan language [5]
* Proto-Malayic language [6]
* Proto-Chamic language [7]
* Proto-Oceanic [8] [9]
* Proto-Polynesian [10]
* Proto-Kra–Dai
* Proto-Kra [11]
* Proto-Kam–Sui [12]
* Proto-Hlai [13]
* Proto-Tai [14]
* Proto-Austroasiatic [15][16]
* Proto-Palaungic
* Proto-Khmeric
* Proto-Aslian
* Proto-Munda
* Proto-Sino-Tibetan
* Old Chinese language [17]
* Proto-Tibeto-Burman [18]
* Proto-Loloish [19]
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Hmong–Mien [20]
* Proto-Hmongic [21]
* Proto-Mienic [22]

### Comparison

[edit]

The following table compares the phonemic inventories of various recently reconstructed proto-languages of Southeast Asia.

Comparison of Proto-languages  Proto-language | Proto-Kra | Proto-Tai | Proto-Hlai | Proto-S. Kra–Dai | Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Tibeto-Burman | Proto-Mon–Khmer

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Source  | Ostapirat (2000)  | Pittayaporn (2009)[7] | Norquest (2007)[8] | Norquest (2007)[8] | Blust (2009)[9] | Matisoff (2003)[10] | Shorto (2006)[11]
Consonants  | 32  | 33–36  | 32  | 28–29  | 25  | 23  | 21
Vowels  | 6  | 7  | 4–5  | 5–7  | 4  | 5–6  | 7
Diphthongs  | 4  | 5  | –  | 1+  | 4  | 2+  | 3
Consonantal finals  | 7  | 10–11  | –  | –  | –  | 6  | –
Vowel length
contrast  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes

## Maps of language families

[edit]

* Distribution of Sino-Tibetan

* Distribution of Hmong–Mien

* Distribution of Kra–Dai

* Distribution of Austronesian – Greenhill, Blust & Gray (2008)

* Distribution of Austroasiatic

* Overview of Mainland Languages

## See also

[edit]

* Languages of China
* SEAlang Library
* Writing systems of Southeast Asia
* Category:Linguists of Southeast Asian languages
* Category:Linguists of Austronesian languages
* Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages (Wiktionary)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mijiic languages: distribution, dialects, wordlist and classification. m.s.
2. ^ van Driem, George (2008). "To which language family does Chinese belong, or what's in a name?" (PDF). In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia and Marie Lin [zh], Eds. Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London and New York: Routledge: 219–253.+[zh],+Eds.+Past+Human+Migrations+in+East+Asia:+Matching+Archaeology,+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.atitle=To+which+language+family+does+Chinese+belong,+or+what's+in+a+name?&rft.pages=219-253&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2008Whatsinaname.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Classification+of+Southeast+Asian+languages" class="Z3988">
3. ^ Reid, Lawrence A. (2006). "Austro-Tai Hypotheses". pp. 609–610 in Keith Brown (editor in chief), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition.
4. ^ Kosaka, Ryuichi (2002). "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family?" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 71–100.
5. ^ Bengtson, John (2010). "The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis" (PDF).
6. ^ Larish, Michael D. 2006. Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 17–20 January 2006, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.
7. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009. The Phonology of Proto-Tai. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
8. ^ a b Norquest, Peter K. 2007. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Ph.D. dissertation. Tucson: Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
9. ^ Blust, Robert A. 2009. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-602-5, ISBN 978-0-85883-602-0.
10. ^ Matisoff, James. 2003. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. University of California publications in linguistics, v. 135. Berkeley: University of California Press.
11. ^ Shorto, Harry L., et al. 2006. A Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-570-3.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias, eds. (2021). The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia (PDF). De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110558142. ISBN 978-3-11-055814-2. S2CID 242359233.

## External links

[edit]

* Hartmann, John (Professor of Thai). "Outline: Spoken and Written Languages of Southeast Asia." Northern Illinois University.
* Migliazza, Brian. 2004. Southeast Asia Language Families.
* Hanzangyu yuyin he cihui 汉藏语语音和词汇 (2017), comparative lexicon of languages in all major East Asian language families

* v
* t
* e

Language families of Eurasia

Europe|

* Indo-European
* Uralic
* Turkic
* Basque
* Iberian
* Tartessian
* Paleo-Corsican
* Paleo-Sardinian
* Camunic
* Ligurian
* North Picene
* Sicani
* Tyrsenian
* Eteocretan
* Eteocypriot
* Minoan

West Asia|

* Indo-European
* Afroasiatic
* Turkic
* Hattic
* Kaskian
* Hurro-Urartian
* Kassite
* Gutian
* Philistine
* Sumerian
* Elamite

Caucasus|

* Kartvelian
* North Caucasian
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian

South Asia|

* Indo-European
* Dravidian
* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Nihali
* Burushaski
* Kusunda
* Harappan ?

East Asia|

* Sino-Tibetan
* Austroasiatic
* Hmong–Mien
* Kra–Dai
* Austronesian
* Turkic
* Mongolic
* Tungusic
* Koreanic
* Japonic

Indian Ocean rim|

* Great Andamanese
* Ongan
* Sentinelese
* Kenaboi

North Asia|

| "Paleosiberian"|

* Ainu
* Nivkh
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Yukaghir
* Yeniseian

|

Other North Asia|

* Uralic
* Turkic
* Rouran ?
* Eskaleut

Proposed groupings|

* Alarodian
* Altaic
* Borean
* Nostratic
* Dené–Caucasian
* Eurasiatic
* Dené–Yeniseian
* Dravido-Korean
* Elamo-Dravidian
* Ibero-Caucasian
* Indo-Hittite
* Indo-Pacific
* Indo-Semitic
* Indo-Uralic
* Karasuk
* Serbi–Mongolic
* Pontic
* Ural-Altaic
* Uralo-Siberian
* Uralic–Yukaghir
* Eskimo–Uralic
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric

Arunachal|

* Greater Siangic
* Siangic
* Digaro
* Mijiic
* Miju
* Hrusish
* Kho-Bwa

East and Southeast Asia|

* Andamanese
* Austric
* Austro-Tai
* Austronesian–Ongan
* East Asian
* Sino-Austronesian

Substrata|

* Atlantic
* Pre-Celtic
* Pre-Germanic
* Pre-Goidelic
* Pre-Greek
* Vasconic
* Pre-Vedic
* Pre-Finno-Ugric
* Paleo-Laplandic
* Proto-Euphratean

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Austroasiatic languages

Bahnaric

| North|

* Jeh
* Halang
* Kayong
* Kaco’
* Takua
* Monom
* Todrah
* Sedang
* Bahnar
* Rengao
* Hrê
* Duan
* Katua

|

West|

* Lavi
* Jru'
* Laven
* Su'
* Juk
* Nyaheun
* Sapuan
* Oi
* Brao

Central|

* Alak
* Tariang
* Tampuan

South|

* Chrau
* Koho
* Stieng
* Ra’ong
* Mnong
* Mel-Khaonh
* Thmon

East|

* Cua

Katuic

| West Katuic|

* Kuy
* Bru

|

Ta'oihic|

* Ta'Oi

Pacoh|

* Pacoh

Katu|

* Katu
* Phuong

Vietic

| Viet-Muong|

* Vietnamese
* Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern [vi]
* in China
* in US
* Mường
* Nguồn

|

Cuoi|

* Cuoi

Chứt|

* Arem
* May
* Ruc
* Sach

Kri|

* Maleng
* Kri
* Thavưng

Phong–Liha|

* Phong
* Tuom
* Liha

Khmuic

| Khmu|

* Khmu

|

Mlabri|

* Mlabri

Phay-Pram|

* Prai
* Mal
* Ksingmul
* O’du
* Phong-Kniang

Pearic

| Pear|

* Pear

|

Western Pearic
(Chong)|

| Central|

* Central Chong
* Samre
* Kasong

|

Western|

* Western Chong

Northern|

* Somray (Northern Chong)

Southern|

* Suoi
* Sa'och

Khasi–Palaungic

| Khasic|

| Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam|

* Khasi
* Pnar
* Lyngngam
* Maharam

|

War|

* War

Palaungic|

| Danau|

* Danau

|

West Palaungic|

* Palaung
* Riang

East Palaungic|

| Angkuic|

* Hu
* U
* Man Met
* Mok
* Muak Sa-aak
* Va

|

Waic|

* Blang
* Lawa
* Wa
* Meung Yum
* Savaiq

Bit-Khang|

* Bit
* Quang Lam
* Kháng
* Bumang

Lamet|

* Lamet
* Kiorr

Others|

* Kuan
* Tai Loi

Munda

| North|

| Korku|

* Korku

|

Kherwarian|

| Mundaric|

* Korwa
* Asur
* Birjia
* Birhor
* Ho
* Mundari
* Koda
* Majhwar
* Turi
* Agariya

|

Santalic|

* Santali
* Kol

South|

| Kharia|

* Kharia

|

Juang|

* Juang

Sora-Gorum|

* Gorum
* Sora
* Juray
* Lodhi

Gutob-Remo|

* Bonda
* Gutob

Gta’|

* Gta’

Nicobarese

| Chaura-Teresa|

* Chaura
* Teressa

|

Central|

* Nancowry
* Camorta
* Katchal

Southern|

* Car
* Southern Nicobarese
* Shompen

Aslian

| Jahaic (Northern)|

* Batek
* Cheq Wong
* Jahai
* Jedek
* Kensiu
* Kintaq
* Minriq
* Mintil
* Ten'edn
* Wila'

|

Senoic (Central)|

* Lanoh
* Sabüm
* Semai
* Semnam
* Temiar

Jah Hut|

* Jah Hut

Semelaic (Southern)|

* Mah Meri
* Semaq Beri
* Semelai
* Temoq

unclassified|

* Kenaboi

Others

| Monic|

* Mon
* Nyah Kur

|

Pakanic|

* Bolyu
* Bugan (Pakan)

Others|

* Khmer
* Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
* Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
* Khmer Khe
* Mang

Proto-languages

* Proto-Austroasiatic
* Proto-Palaungic
* Proto-Khmeric
* Proto-Aslian
* Proto-Munda

* Italics indicate extinct languages
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

* v
* t
* e

Kra–Dai languages

Kra|

* Laha
* Lachi
* Paha
* Buyang
* En
* Qabiao

| Gelao|

* Vandu
* A'ou
* Mulao
* Hagei
* Telue
* Qau

|

Kam–Sui|

* Mulam
* Kam (Dong)
* Cao Miao
* Nuoxi (Naxi Yao)
* Then
* Maonan
* Chadong
* Sui
* Mak
* Ai-Cham

Biao|

* Biao

Lakkia|

* Lakkia

Hlai|

* Bouhin
* Ha Em
* Lauhut
* Tongzha
* Zandui
* Baoting
* Cun
* Nadou
* Changjiang
* Moyfaw
* Baisha
* Yuanmen

Jiamao|

* Jiamao

Be–Jizhao|

* Be
* Jizhao

Tai
(Zhuang, etc.)|

| Northern|

* Standard Zhuang
* Bouyei
* Hezhang Buyi
* Yei Zhuang
* Longsang Zhuang
* E
* Saek
* Tai Yo (Nyaw)
* Yoy
* Tai Pao

|

Central|

* Nong Zhuang
* Dai Zhuang
* Min Zhuang
* Yang Zhuang
* Pyang Zhuang
* Myang Zhuang
* Nùng
* Tày
* Tsʻün-Lao

Southwestern
(Thai)|

| Northwestern|

* Shan
* Tai Ya
* Tai Nuea
* Tai Long
* Tai Hongjin
* Khamti
* Tai Laing
* Phake
* Aiton
* Khamyang
* Ahom
* Turung

|

Lao–Phutai|

* Lao
* Phu Thai
* Isan
* Tai Yo (Nyaw)
* Lao Nyo
* Kaloeng

Chiang Saen|

* Thai (Siamese)
* Northern Thai
* Tai Daeng
* Tai Meuay
* Tai Dón
* Tai Hang Tong
* Tai Lue
* Yong
* Tai Dam
* Khün
* Phuan
* Thai Song
* Tày Tac

Southern|

* Southern Thai

(other)|

* Sapa
* Pa Di
* Tai Muong Vat
* Tai Thanh
* Tai Khang
* Kuan

(mixed)|

* Cao Lan

(mixed origins)|

* Hezhang Buyi
* E
* Cao Lan
* Jiamao

proposed groupings|

* Kam–Tai

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Kra–Dai
* Proto-Kra
* Proto-Tai
* Proto-Kam–Sui
* Proto-Hlai

Italics indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Hmong–Mien languages

Hmongic|

| Bahengic|

* Pa-Hng
* Hm Nai

|

Sheic|

* She
* Kiong Nai
* Pa Na
* Younuo?

West Hmongic|

* Hmong
* Small Flowery (Gha-Mu)
* Big Flowery (A-Hmao)
* Mashan
* Guiyang
* Mo Piu
* Huishui
* Pingtang
* Luobohe
* Gejia
* Dongjia
* Xixiu

| Bu–Nao|

* Bunu
* Nao Klao
* Numao

|

Xong|

* Xong

Hmuic|

* Hmu
* Raojia
* Ná-Meo
* Sanqiao

Mienic|

* Iu Mien
* Biao Mon
* Kim Mun
* Biao Min
* Dzao Min
* Yangchun Pai Yao

Mixed languages|

* Lingling
* Maojia
* Badong Yao
* Yeheni
* She Chinese
* Younian

(Proto-languages)|

* Proto-Hmong–Mien
* Proto-Hmongic
* Proto-Mienic

* v
* t
* e

Arunachal languages

Greater Siangic|

| Tani|

| Eastern|

* Bori
* Siang (Adi)
* Mising (Plains Miri)
* Bokar

|

Western|

* Apatani
* Damu
* Tangam
* Bangni-Tagin
* Na
* Nishi
* Hill Miri (Sarak)
* Yano
* Gallong

Digaro (Northern Mishmi)|

* Idu
* Digaro (Taraon)

Siangic|

* Koro
* Milang

Hrusish|

* Hruso
* Mijiic

Kho-Bwa|

| Puroik|

* Puroik

|

Bugun|

* Bugun (Khowa)

Western|

* Sherdukpen
* Sartang
* Chug
* Lish

Miju–Meyor|

* Miju
* Zakhring (Meyor)

* v
* t
* e

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)|

* West Himalayish
* Tamangic
* Newaric
* Newar
* Baram–Thangmi
* Kiranti
* Dhimalish
* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu
* Lepcha

| Greater Magaric|

* Magaric
* Magar
* Kham
* Chepangic
* Chepang
* Bhujel
* Raji–Raute
* Dura–Tandrange

|

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)|

* Bodish
* Tibetic
* East Bodish
* Tshangla
* Basum
* Nam?
* Gongduk
* ʼOle
* Tani
* Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border|

* Karbi
* Kuki-Chin
* Mruic
* Mru
* Hkongso
* Pyu
* Taman

| "Naga"|

* Ao
* Angami–Pochuri
* Meitei
* Tangkhulic
* Zeme

|

Sal|

* Boro–Garo
* Konyak
* Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia|

* Sinitic
* Bai
* Tujia
* Nungish
* Karenic
* Gong
* Kathu
* Cai–Long
* Caijia
* Longjia
* Luren

| Burmo-Qiangic|

* Qiangic
* Gyalrongic
* Ersuic
* Naic
* Lolo-Burmese
* Mondzish
* Burmish
* Loloish

|

Dubious (possible
isolates) (Arunachal)|

* Hrusish
* Hruso
* Mijiic
* Kho-Bwa
* Puroik
* Miju–Meyor
* Songlin

| Greater Siangic|

* Siangic
* Koro
* Milang
* Idu–Taraon

|

Proposed groupings|

* Central Tibeto-Burman
* Kuki-Chin–Naga
* Macro-Bai
* Mahakiranti
* Rung
* Tibeto-Burman
* Tibeto-Kanauri

Proto-languages|

* Proto-Sino-Tibetan
* Proto-Tibeto-Burman
* Proto-Loloish
* Proto-Karenic
* Proto-Min
* Proto-Hakka

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

* v
* t
* e

Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages

West Himalayish
(Kanauric)|

| Western|

| Kinnauric|

* Kinnauri
* Chitkuli Kinnauri
* Sunam

|

Lahaulic|

* Pattani
* Tinani

Eastern|

| Central|

* Bunan
* Rongpo
* Sunam
* Zhangzhung

|

Almora|

* Rangas
* Darmiya
* Byangsi
* Dhuleli
* Chaudangsi

Bodish|

| Tibetic|

| Central Tibetan|

* Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
* Standard Tibetan
* Mugom

|

Amdo|

* Amdo Tibetan
* Gserpa
* Khalong
* mDungnag

Kham (Eastern)|

* Khams Tibetan
* Tseku
* Baima
* Choni
* Zhongu
* Dongwang
* Drugchu
* Zitsadegu

Southern|

* Sikkimese
* Dzongkha (Bhutanese)
* Khamba
* Laya
* Lunana
* Groma
* Brokkat
* Brokpa
* Chochangachakha
* Lakha
* Naapa

Western|

| Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)|

* Ladakhi
* Zangskari
* Changthang
* Purgi
* Balti

|

Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)|

* Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)
* Spiti Bhoti
* Nyamkat
* Bhoti Kinnauri
* Tukpa

Sherpa-Jirel|

* Sherpa
* Jirel

Kyirong–Kagate|

* Kyirong
* Kagate
* Tsum
* Yolmo
* Nubri
* Gyalsumdo

Tshangla-East Bodish|

| Tshangla|

* Tshangla

|

East Bodish|

* Takpa
* Dzala
* Nyen
* Chali
* Bumthang
* Kheng
* Kurtöp
* Nupbi
* ʼOle

Basum|

* Basum

Tamangic|

| TGTM|

* Tamang
* Gurung
* Thakali
* Manang
* Chantyal

|

Ghale|

* Ghale
* Kutang

Kaike|

* Kaike

* v
* t
* e

Greater Magaric languages

Magaric|

* Magar
* Kham

Chepangic|

* Chepang
* Bhujel

Raji-Raute|

* Raji
* Raute
* Rawat

Dura|

* Dura
* Tandrange

* v
* t
* e

Kiranti languages

Limbu|

* Limbu

Western|

* Thulung
* Wambule
* Jerung
* Khaling
* Dumi
* Koi
* Bahing
* Sunwar
* Vayu
* Tilung

Central|

* Kulung
* Nachhiring
* Sampang
* Saam
* Bantawa
* Puma
* Chamling
* Dungmali

Eastern|

* Yakkha
* Belhare
* Athpare
* Chintang
* Chulung
* Yamphu
* Lohorung
* Mewahang

Dhimalish|

* Dhimal
* Toto
* Lhokpu

see also: Mahakiranti languages

* v
* t
* e

Tani languages

Eastern|

* Bori
* Siang (Adi)
* Mising (Plains Miri)
* Bokar

Western|

* Apatani
* Damu
* Tangam
* Bangni-Tagin
* Na
* Nishi
* Hill Miri (Sarak)
* Yano
* Gallong

* v
* t
* e

Kuki-Chin–Naga languages

Kuki-Chin|

| Southern Naga
(Northwestern)|

* Aimol
* Anal
* Chiru
* Chothe
* Kharam
* Koireng
* Kom
* Lamkang
* Monsang
* Moyon
* Purum
* Tarao
* Ranglong
* Sorbung

|

Northern|

* Thadou
* Tedim
* Paite
* Gangte
* Simte
* Sizang
* Vaiphei
* Zo
* Ngawn
* Ralte

Central|

* Mizo
* Hmar
* Biate
* Hrangkhol
* Sakachep
* Hakha
* Falam
* Bawm
* Thor
* Pangkhu
* Saihriem
* Darlong

Maraic|

* Mara
* Lautu
* Zyphe
* Senthang
* Zotung

Khomic|

* Khumi
* Mro-Khimi
* Rengmitca

Southern|

* Shö
* Thaiphum
* Daai
* Kʼchò
* Nga La
* Welaung
* Kaang
* Laitu
* Ekai
* Rungtu
* Songlai
* Sumtu

Naga|

| Ao (Central Naga)|

* Ao
* Chungli Ao
* Mongsen Ao
* Long Phuri
* Para
* Sangtam
* Yimchungrü
* Lotha
* Makury
* Wui

|

Angami–Pochuri|

* Angami
* Chokri
* Kheza
* Sopvoma
* Poula
* Pochuri
* Ntenyi
* Rengma
* Sümi

Tangkhulic|

* Tangkhul
* Somra
* Akyaung Ari
* Kachai
* Huishu
* Champhung
* Tusom
* Suansu
* Challow
* Kongai
* Koki
* Maring
* Uipo

Zemeic (Western Naga)|

* Zeme
* Liangmai
* Rongmei
* Mzieme
* Inpui
* Khoirao
* Maram

Meitei|

* Meitei

Karbic|

* Karbi
* Amri

* v
* t
* e

Sal (Brahmaputran) languages

Boro–Garo|

| Boroic|

* Bodo
* Dimasa
* Kokborok
* Tiwa
* Barman
* Kachari

|

Garo|

* Garo
* Megam

Kochic|

* Koch
* Rabha
* Atong
* Ruga

Deori|

* Deori
* Moran

Konyak
(Northern Naga)|

| Konyak|

* Konyak
* Chang
* Wancho
* Phom
* Khiamniungan
* Leinong
* Makyam
* Ponyo

|

Tangsa–Nocte|

* Tangsa
* Nocte
* Tutsa

Jingpho–Luish|

| Jingpho|

* Jingpho (Kachin)
* Singpho
* Turung

|

Luish (Asakian)|

* Sak
* Kadu
* Ganan
* Chakpa

* v
* t
* e

Karenic languages

Northern|

* Pa'O

Central|

| Kayah|

* Kayah (Karenni)

|

Kayan|

* Padaung (Kayan)
* Geko
* Lahta

Kayaw|

* Kayaw

Western Bwe|

* Bwe
* Geba
* Blimaw

Southern|

| S'gaw|

* S'gaw

|

Pwo|

* Northern Pwo (Phlong)
* Western Pwo
* Eastern Pwo (Phlou)
* Phrae

Proto-language|

* Proto-Karenic

* v
* t
* e

Na-Qiangic languages

Naic|

| Namuyi|

* Namuyi

|

Shixing|

* Shixing

Naish|

* Naxi
* Na
* Laze

Ersuic|

* Ersu
* Lizu
* Tosu

Qiangic|

| Qiang|

* Northern Qiang
* Southern Qiang

|

Gyalrongic|

| East Gyalrongic|

* Situ
* Japhug
* Tshobdun
* Zbu

|

West Gyalrongic|

* Horpa
* Khroskyabs
* Tangut

Chamdo|

* Lamo
* Larong
* Drag-yab

Choyo|

* Choyo

Muya|

* Muya

Pumi|

* Pumi

Zhaba|

* Zhaba

Cross (†) and italics indicate extinct languages.

* v
* t
* e

Lolo-Burmese languages

Mondzish|

| Kathu|

* Kathu

|

Nuclear Mondzish|

* Maang
* Manga
* Mango
* Mantsi
* Maza
* Muangphe
* Mauphu
* Motang
* Mongphu

Loloish
(Yi)
(Ngwi)|

| Southern Loloish
(Southern Ngwi)
(Hanoish)|

| Hanoid|

| Akha|

* Akha
* Chepya
* Muteun
* Muda

|

Hani|

* Hani
* Nuomei
* Nuobi
* Lami
* Luomian
* Angluo
* Guohe
* Guozuo
* Gehuo
* Yiche
* Qidi
* Kabie

Haoni|

* Honi
* Woni
* Baihong
* Bukong
* Budu
* Suobi
* Duoni
* Duota
* Asuo
* Amu

Bisoid|

* Bisu
* Laomian
* Laopin
* Pyen
* Phunoi
* Sinsali
* Cantan
* Cốông
* Sangkong
* Tsukong
* Laopan
* Laoseng
* Phongku
* Phongset
* Phunyot
* Cauho
* Bantang
* Khongsat
* Habei

Siloid|

* Sila
* Khir
* Cosao
* Paza
* Phana’
* Wanyä
* Akeu
* Luma
* Gokhy

Bi-Ka|

* Piyo
* Enu
* Kaduo

Mpi|

* Mpi

Jino|

* Jino

Central Loloish
(Central Ngwi)|

| Lawoish|

* Lawu
* Awu
* Lewu

|

Lahoish|

* Lahu
* Kucong

Nusoish|

* Nusu
* Zauzou

Lisoish|

| Laloid|

* Lalo (Western Yi)
* Yangliu
* Eka
* Mangdi
* Xuzhang
* Alu

|

Taloid|

* Talu
* Lavu
* Lang'e
* Tagu
* Popei
* Naruo
* Kua-nsi
* Kuamasi
* Laizisi
* Zibusi
* Sonaga
* Gomotage

* Lisu
* Toloza
* Lipo
* Lolopo (Central Yi)
* Mili
* Hlersu
* Micha
* Lamu
* Limi

Kazhuoish|

* Katso
* Samu
* Sanie
* Sadu
* Meuma

Nisoish|

| Northern Loloish
(Northern Ngwi)
(Nisoid)|

| Nosoid|

* Nuosu (Northern Yi)
* Nyisu (Yellow Yi)

|

Nasoid|

* Nasu (Eastern Yi)
* Chesu
* Luoji
* Gepo
* Ku
* Aluo

Southeastern Loloish
(Southeastern Ngwi)
(Axi-Puoid)|

| Nisu|

* Nisu (Southern Yi)
* Lope

|

Sani–Azha|

* Sani (Southeastern Yi)
* Axi
* Azhe
* Azha
* Alingpo
* Samei

Highland Phula|

* Khlula
* Muji
* Muzi
* Moji
* Laghuu
* Phowa
* Phukha
* Thopho
* Zokhuo

Riverine Phula|

* Phola
* Phupa

others|

* Pholo
* Ache
* Long
* Xiqi
* Ati
* Adu

Burmish|

| Northern|

| High Northern|

* Achang
* Lashi
* Chashan
* Zaiwa

|

Hpon|

* Hpon

Mid Northern|

* Lhao Vo (Maru)
* Pela

Southern|

| Intha-Danu|

* Intha-Danu

|

Nuclear Southern|

* Burmese
* Rakhine
* Tavoyan

Pai-lang|

* Pai-lang

(Proto-languages)|

* Proto-Loloish

* v
* t
* e

Chinese language

Sinitic languages

Major groups|

| Mandarin|

| Northeastern|

* Changchun
* Harbin
* Shenyang
* Taz

|

Beijing|

* Beijing
* Taiwan

Jilu|

* Tianjin
* Jinan

Jiaoliao|

* Dalian
* Qingdao
* Weihai

Central Plains|

* Dongping
* Gangou
* Guanzhong
* Xi'an
* Luoyang
* Xuzhou
* Dungan
* Lanyin
* Xinjiang

Southwestern|

* Sichuanese
* Chengdu–Chongqing
* Minjiang
* Leshan
* Renshou–Fushun
* Zigong
* Kunming
* Nanping
* Wuhan
* Gui–Liu
* Wuming

Huai|

* Nanjing
* Nantong

Jin|

* Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
* Zhi–Yan

Wu|

| Taihu|

* Shanghai
* Suzhou
* Wuxi
* Changzhou
* Hangzhou (?)
* Shaoxing
* Ningbo
* Jinxiang
* Jiangyin
* Shadi

|

Taizhou Wu|

* Taizhou
* Tiantai

Oujiang|

* Wenzhou
* Rui'an
* Wencheng

Wuzhou|

* Jinhua

Chu–Qu|

* Quzhou
* Jiangshan
* Qingtian

Xuanzhou|

* Xuancheng

Hui|

* Ji-She [zh]
* Xiu-Yi [zh]
* Qi-De [zh]
* Yanzhou [zh]
* Jing-Zhan [zh]

Gan|

* Chang–Du
* Nanchang
* Yi–Liu
* Ying–Yi
* Da–Tong

Xiang|

* Changyi
* Changsha
* Loushao
* Shuangfeng
* Xiangxiang
* Wugang
* Ji–Xu
* Yong–Quan
* Qiyang

Min|

| Eastern|

* Fuzhou
* Fuqing
* Fu'an
* Manjiang

|

Southern|

| Hokkien|

* Quanzhou
* Zhangzhou
* Amoy
* Chawan
* Taiwan
* Philippine
* Pedan
* Penang
* Singapore
* Malaysian

|

Teochew|

* Swatow
* Haklau

Zhongshan|

* Nanlang
* Sanxiang

Other|

* Zhenan
* Longyan

Other|

* Northern
* Jian'ou
* Jianyang
* Central
* Pu–Xian
* Shao–Jiang
* Leizhou
* Zhanjiang
* Hainan

Hakka|

* Meixian
* Wuhua
* Huizhou
* Tingzhou
* Changting
* Taiwanese
* Sixian
* Hailu
* Raoping

Yue|

| Yuehai|

* Guangzhou
* Hong Kong
* Xiguan
* Jiujiang
* Shiqi
* Weitou
* Dapeng

|

Siyi|

* Taishan
* Xinhui

Other|

* Gao–Yang
* Goulou
* Wu–Hua
* Yong–Xun
* Luo–Guang
* Qin–Lian

Pinghua|

* Northern
* Tongdao
* Younian
* Southern
* Yongjiang
* Guandao
* Rongjiang

Unclassified|

* Badong Yao
* Danzhou
* Junjiahua
* Mai
* Shaozhou Tuhua
* She
* Waxiang
* Xiangnan Tuhua
* Yeheni

Standard
forms|

* Standard Chinese
* Sichuanese
* Taiwanese
* Philippine
* Malaysian
* Singaporean
* Standard
* Singdarin
* Cantonese
* Hokkien
* Hakka

Phonology|

* Historical
* Old
* Old National
* Cantonese
* Hokkien
* Northern Wu
* Mandarin
* Literary and colloquial readings

Grammar|

* Numerals
* Classifiers
* Honorifics
* Cantonese grammar
* Classical grammar

Idioms|

* Chengyu
* Xiehouyu

Input|

* Biaoxingma
* Boshiamy
* Cangjie
* Simplified
* CKC
* Dayi
* Pinyin
* Google
* Microsoft
* Sogou
* Stroke count
* Wubi (Wang Ma)
* ZhengMa

History|

* Old Chinese
* Eastern Han
* Middle Chinese
* Old Mandarin
* Middle Mandarin
* Proto-Min
* Proto-Hakka
* Ba–Shu
* Gan

Literary
forms|

| Official|

* Classical
* Adoption
* in Japan
* in Vietnam
* Vernacular

|

* Written Cantonese
* Written Dungan
* Written Hokkien
* Written Sichuanese

Scripts|

| Logographic|

| Script styles|

* Oracle bone
* Bronze
* Seal
* Clerical
* Semi-cursive
* Cursive

|

* Chinese characters
* Simplified
* Traditional
* Punctuation

Braille|

* Cantonese
* Mainland Chinese
* Taiwanese
* Two-cell

Phonetic|

* Cyrillization
* Dungan Cyrillic
* Romanization
* Gwoyeu Romatzyh
* Hanyu Pinyin
* MPS II
* Postal
* Tongyong Pinyin
* Wade–Giles
* Yale
* Bopomofo
* Cantonese Bopomofo
* Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
* Taiwanese kana
* Taiwanese Hangul
* Xiao'erjing
* Nüshu

List of varieties of Chinese

* v
* t
* e

Austronesian languages

Formosan languages

| Rukaic|

* Rukai

|

Tsouic|

* Tsou
* Kanakanavu
* Saaroa

Northern|

| Atayalic|

* Atayal
* Seediq

|

Northwest
Formosan|

* Saisiyat
* Pazeh †
* Kulon †
* Thao
* Babuza
* Favorlang †
* Papora-Hoanya †

East|

| Kavalanic|

* Basay †
* Kavalan
* Luilang †

|

Ami|

* Amis
* Sakizaya

Siraiyac|

* Siraya †
* Taivoan †

Southern ?|

* Puyuma
* Paiwan
* Bunun

Malayo–Polynesian

Western branches of Malayo–Polynesian

| Philippine
(linkage) ?|

| Batanic (Bashiic)|

* Itbayat
* Ivatan
* Yami

|

Northern Luzon|

* Arta
* Dicamay Agta †
* Ilocano

Cagayan Valley|

* Atta
* Cagayan Agta
* Gaʼdang
* Gaddang
* Ibanag
* Isnag
* Itawis
* Yogad

Meso-Cordilleran|

* Northern Alta
* Southern Alta

Central Cordilleran|

* Balangao
* Bontoc
* Ifugao
* Isinai
* Itneg
* Kalinga
* Kankanaey
* Tuwali

Southern Cordilleran|

* Bugkalot
* Ibaloi
* Iwaak
* Kalanguya
* Karao
* Pangasinan

Central Luzon|

* Kapampangan
* Hatang Kayi (Remontado)

Sambalic|

* Abellen
* Ambala
* Mag-antsi
* Bolinao
* Botolan
* Mag-indi
* Mariveleño
* Sambal

Northern Mindoro|

* Alangan
* Iraya
* Tadyawan

Greater Central
Philippine|

| Southern Mindoro|

* Buhid
* Hanunoo
* Tawbuid

|

Central Philippine|

| Tagalogic|

* Filipino
* Kasiguranin
* Tagalog
* Old Tagalog †
* Batangueño

|

Bikol|

* Albay Bikol
* Central Bikol
* Isarog Agta
* Mount Iraya Agta
* Mount Iriga Agta
* Pandan Bikol
* Rinconada

Bisayan|

* Akeanon
* Asi
* Bantayanon
* Baybay
* Butuanon
* Caluyanon
* Capiznon
* Cebuano
* Boholano
* Old Cebuano †
* Cuyonon
* Hiligaynon
* Kabalian
* Karay-a
* Karolanos
* Magahat
* Masbateño
* Northern Sorsogon
* Onhan
* Porohanon
* Ratagnon
* Romblomanon
* Southern Sorsogon
* Sulod
* Surigaonon
* Tausug
* Waray

Mansakan|

* Davawenyo
* Kalagan
* Kamayo
* Mamanwa
* Mandaya
* Mansaka

(unclassified)|

* Ata †

Palawanic|

* Aborlan Tagbanwa
* Batak
* Central Tagbanwa
* Palawano
* Taawʼt Bato

Subanen|

* Western Subanon

Danao|

* Iranun
* Maguindanao
* Maranao

Manobo|

* Agusan
* Ata Manobo
* Binukid
* Cotabato Manobo
* Higaonon
* Ilianen
* Kagayanen
* Kamigin
* Matigsalug
* Obo
* Sarangani
* Tagabawa
* Western Bukidnon

Gorontalo–Mongondow|

* Bintauna
* Bolango
* Buol
* Gorontalo
* Kaidipang
* Lolak
* Mongondow
* Ponosakan
* Suwawa

Kalamian|

* Agutaynen
* Calamian Tagbanwa

Bilic|

* Blaan
* Tboli
* Teduray

Sangiric|

* Bantik
* Ratahan
* Sangirese
* Talaud

Minahasan|

* Tombulu
* Tondano
* Tonsawang
* Tonsea
* Tontemboan

Other branches|

* Ati
* Klata
* Umiray Dumaget

Manide–Alabat|

* Inagta Alabat
* Manide

Greater Barito *|

| Barito|

* Malagasy
* Bushi
* Deyah
* Malang
* Witu
* Balangan
* Maʼanyan
* Paku
* Lawangan
* Kohin
* Dohoi
* Siang
* Bakumpai
* Ngaju
* Ampanang
* Tunjung

Sama–Bajaw|

* Abaknon
* Bajaw
* Mapun
* Pangutaran Sama
* Sama
* West Coast Bajaw
* Yakan

Basap *

Greater
North Borneo *|

| North Borneo *|

| Northeast Sabah *|

* Idaʼan
* Bonggi
* Molbog ?

|

Southwest Sabah *|

| Greater
Dusunic *|

| Bisaya–Lotud|

* Brunei Bisaya
* Lotud

|

Dusunic|

* Kadazandusun
* Central Dusun
* Coastal Kadazan
* Kuijau
* Eastern Kadazan
* Kota Marudu Talantang
* Rungus / Momogun
* Klias River Kadazan

Paitanic|

* Tombonuwo
* Kinabatangan
* Abai Sungai
* Serudung

Greater
Murutic *|

* Tatana ?
* Papar

Murutic|

* Tagol
* Timugon
* Keningau
* Selungai
* Sembakung
* Baukan
* Okolod
* Paluan
* Ganaʼ
* Kalabakan
* Nonukan Tidong
* Sesayap Tidong

North Sarawak *|

* Kenyah / Bakung
* Sebob
* Tutoh
* Umaʼ Lasan
* Wahau Kenyah
* Penan ?
* Kelabit
* Lengilu
* Lundayeh
* Saʼban
* Tring
* Berawan
* Belait
* Kiput
* Narom
* Tutong
* Bintulu

Central Sarawak|

* Kajaman
* Lahanan
* Sekapan
* Daro-Matu
* Kanowit–Tanjong
* Melanau
* Bukitan
* Punan Batu
* Sian
* Ukit
* Burusu
* Bah-Biau Punan
* Sajau
* Punan Merap
* Bukat
* Seru †
* Lelak †

Kayanic|

* Kayan
* Bahau
* Modang
* Segai
* Hovongan
* Aoheng
* Aput
* Punan
* Krio Dayak
* Murik

Land Dayak|

* Bakatiʼ
* Sara
* Laraʼ
* Bukar–Sadong
* Biatah
* Tringgus
* Jagoi
* Jangkang
* Kembayan
* Semandang
* Ribun
* Benyaduʼ
* Sanggau

Malayo–Chamic *|

| Aceh–Chamic|

* Acehnese
* Cham dialects
* Chru
* Haroi
* Jarai
* Rade
* Roglai
* Tsat

|

Iban–Malayan|

| Ibanic|

* Iban
* Keninjal ?
* Mualang
* Remun
* Seberuang

|

* Malay
* Malaysian
* Indonesian
* Minangkabau
* Brunei/Kedayan Malay
* Bamayo
* Banjar
* Berau Malay
* Bangka Malay
* Bengkulu
* Col
* Duanoʼ
* Haji
* Jambi Malay
* Jakun
* Kedah Malay
* Kendayan / Selako ?
* Kutai Malay
* Kaur
* Kerinci
* Kelantan-Pattani Malay
* Kubu
* Orang Laut
* Lubu
* Musi
* Negeri Sembilan Malay
* Orang Kanaq
* Orang Seletar
* Pahang Malay
* Pekal
* Perak Malay
* Pontianak Malay
* Reman Malay
* Sarawak Malay
* Temuan
* Terengganu Malay
* Urak Lawoiʼ

Sundanese|

* Sundanese
* Old Sundanese †
* Baduy
* Bantenese
* Cirebonese

Rejang ?|

* Rejang

Moklenic ?|

* Moken
* Moklen

Sumatran *|

| Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands|

* Enggano ?
* Gayo
* Mentawai
* Nias
* Sikule
* Simeulue

Batak|

* Alas
* Angkola
* Dairi
* Karo
* Simalungun
* Toba
* Mandailing

* Nasal ?

Lampungic|

* Lampung
* Lampung Nyo
* Lampung Api
* Komering

Javanese|

* Javanese
* Kawi / Old Javanese †
* Banyumasan
* Osing
* Tenggerese

Madurese|

* Madurese
* Kangean

Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa|

* Balinese
* Sasak
* Sumbawa

Celebic|

| Bungku–Tolaki|

* Bahonsuai
* Bungku
* Kodeoha
* Kulisusu
* Moronene
* Mori Bawah
* Mori Atas
* Padoe
* Rahambuu
* Tolaki
* Tomadino
* Waru
* Wawonii

|

Muna–Buton|

* Bonerate
* Busoa
* Cia-Cia
* Kaimbulawa
* Kumbewaha
* Lasalimu
* Liabuku
* Muna
* Pancana
* Tukang Besi

Saluan–Banggai|

* Andio
* Balantak
* Banggai
* Batui
* Bobongko
* Saluan

Tomini–Tolitoli *|

* Balaesang
* Boano ?
* Dampelas
* Dondo
* Lauje
* Pendau
* Taje
* Tajio
* Tomini
* Totoli ?

Kaili–Wolio *|

| Kaili–Pamona|

* Kaili
* Mbelala
* Moma
* Pamona
* Rampi
* Sarudu
* Sedoa
* Topoiyo
* Uma

Wotu–Wolio|

* Kalao
* Kamaru
* Laiyolo
* Ledo Kaili *
* Wolio
* Wotu

South Sulawesi|

| Bugis|

* Buginese
* Campalagian
* Embaloh
* Taman

|

Makassar|

* Makassarese
* Bentong
* Coastal Konjo
* Highland Konjo
* Selayar

Seko–Badaic *|

| Seko|

* Budong-Budong
* Panasuan
* Seko Padang
* Seko Tengah

|

Badaic|

* Bada
* Behoa
* Napu

Northern|

* Mamuju
* Mandar

Massenrempulu|

* Duri
* Enrekang
* Maiwa
* Malimpung

Pitu Ulunna Salu|

* Aralle-Tabulahan
* Bambam
* Dakka
* Pannei
* Ulumandaʼ

Toraja|

* Kalumpang
* Mamasa
* Pattaeʼ
* Lawa
* Talondoʼ ?
* Toraja-Saʼdan

* Lemolang

Isolates|

* Chamorro
* Palauan

Central Malayo-Polynesian languages

| Bima|

* Bima

|

Sumba–Flores|

| Sumba–Hawu|

| Savu|

* Hawu
* Dhao

|

Sumba|

* Kambera
* Mamboru
* Anakalangu
* Wanukaka
* Pondok
* Baliledo
* Wejewa
* Lamboya
* Kodi
* Gaura

Western Flores|

* Komodo
* Manggarai
* Riung
* Rembong
* Rajong
* Kepoʼ
* Wae Rana
* Paluʼe
* Ende
* Lio
* Nagé-Kéo
* Ngadha
* Rongga
* Soʼa

Flores–Lembata|

* Sika
* Kedang

Lamaholot|

* Lamaholot
* Alorese
* Lamatuka
* Lewo Eleng
* Levuka
* South Lembata
* Lamalera
* Lewotobi
* Adonara
* Ile Ape
* Mingar

Selaru|

* Selaru
* Seluwasan

Kei–Tanimbar ?|

* Kei
* Fordata
* Yamdena
* Onin
* Sekar
* Uruangnirin

Aru|

* Barakai
* Batuley
* Dobel
* Karey
* Koba
* Kola
* Lola
* Lorang
* Manombai
* Mariri
* Tarangan
* Ujir

Timoric *|

* Helong
* Tetum
* Idalaka

Central Timor *|

* Kemak
* Tukudede
* Mambai
* Bekais

Wetar–Galoli ?|

* Wetar
* Galoli
* Atauran

Kawaimina|

* Kairui
* Waimoa
* Midiki
* Naueti ?
* Habun ?

Luangic–Kisaric ?|

* Romang
* Kisar
* Leti
* Luang
* Makuva

Rote–Meto|

* Bilba
* Dengka
* Lole
* Ringgou
* Dela-Oenale
* Termanu
* Tii
* Uab Meto
* Amarasi

Babar|

* West Damar
* Dawera-Daweloor
* North Babar
* Dai
* Masela
* Serili
* Southeast Babar
* Emplawas
* Imroing
* Telaʼa

Southwest Maluku|

* East Damar
* Teun
* Nila
* Serua

Kowiai ?|

* Kowiai

Central Maluku *|

* Teor-Kur

West|

* Ambelau
* Buru
* Lisela
* Hukumina †
* Moksela †
* Sula
* Mangole
* Taliabo

East|

* Banda
* Bati
* Geser
* Watubela
* Bobot
* Masiwang
* Hoti †
* Benggoi
* Salas
* Liana

Nunusaku|

* Kayeli †
* Nuaulu
* Huaulu
* Manusela
* Wemale
* Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?|

* Asilulu
* Luhu
* Manipa
* Wakasihu
* Boano
* Sepa-Teluti
* Paulohi
* Kaibobo
* Hitu
* Tulehu
* Laha
* Seit-Kaitetu
* Kamarian †
* Haruku
* Amahai
* Nusa Laut
* Saparua
* Latu

Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages

| SHWNG|

* Tandia †
* Mor
* Waropen
* Warembori ?
* Yoke ?

Halmahera Sea|

| Ambel–Biga|

* Ambel
* Biga

|

Maya–Matbat|

* Maʼya
* Matbat

Maden|

* Maden
* Fiawat

As|

* As

South Halmahera|

* Gane
* Taba
* Buli
* Maba
* Patani
* Sawai
* Gebe

Cenderawasih|

| Biakic|

* Biak
* Dusner
* Meoswar
* Roon

|

Yapen|

* Ambai
* Ansus
* Marau
* Wamesa
* Wooi
* Munggui
* Papuma
* Pom
* Serui-Laut
* Kurudu
* Wabo

Southwest|

* Yaur
* Yerisiam
* Umar

Oceanic|

| Admiralty|

* Yapese ?

Eastern|

* Manus
* Baluan-Pam
* Lenkau
* Lou
* Nauna
* Penchal

Western|

* Northern Kaniet †
* Southern Kaniet †
* Seimat
* Wuvulu
* Aua

Saint Matthias|

* Mussau-Emira
* Tenis

Temotu|

| Utupua|

* Amba
* Asumboa
* Tanimbili

|

Vanikoro|

* Teanu
* Lovono
* Tanema

Reefs–Santa Cruz|

* Äiwoo
* Engdewu / Nanggu
* Natügu / Santa Cruz
* Nalögo
* Noipx

Southeast
Solomonic|

| Gela–Guadalcanal|

* Bugotu
* Gela
* Lengo
* Birao
* Ghari
* Malango
* Talise

|

Malaita–
San Cristobal|

* Longgu
* Saʼa
* Arosi
* Fagani
* Bauro
* Kahua
* Owa
* Marau Wawa ? †
* Toʼabaita
* Baelelea
* Baeggu
* Fataleka
* Lau
* Kwaraʼae
* Wala
* Gulaʼalaa
* Kwaio
* Doriʼo
* ꞋAreꞌare
* Oroha

Western
Oceanic|

| Meso–
Melanesian|

| Willaumez|

* Bola
* Bulu
* Meramera
* Nakanai

|

Bali-Vitu|

* Bali
* Vitu

New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic|

| Tungag–Nalik|

* Kara
* Laxudumau
* Nalik
* Tiang
* Tigak
* Tungag

|

Tabar|

* Lihir
* Madara
* Notsi

Madak|

* Barok
* Lavatbura–Lamusong
* Madak

St. George|

* Bilur
* Fanamaket
* Guramalum †
* Kandas
* Konomala
* Label
* Lungalunga
* Niwer Mil
* Patpatar
* Ramoaaina
* Siar
* Sursurunga
* Tangga
* Tolai

Northwest
Solomonic|

* Babatana
* Bannoni
* Blablanga
* Cheke Holo
* Gao
* Ghanongga
* Hahon
* Hakö
* Halia
* Hoava
* Kazukuru †
* Kokota
* Kusaghe
* Laghu †
* Lungga
* Marovo
* Mono-Alu
* Nduke
* Nehan
* Papapana
* Petats
* Piva
* Ririo
* Roviana
* Saposa
* Simbo
* Solos
* Teop
* Tinputz
* Torau
* Ughele
* Uruava †
* Vaghua
* Vangunu
* Varisi
* Zabana
* Zazao

* Tomoip

North
New Guinea|

| Sarmi–
Jayapura ?|

* Anus
* Bonggo
* Kayupulau
* Liki
* Masimasi
* Ormu
* Podena
* Kaptiau
* Sobei
* Tarpia
* Tobati
* Wakde
* Yamna

|

Schouten|

* Arop-Sissano
* Sera
* Sissano
* Ulau-Suain
* Tumleo
* Yakamul
* Kaiep
* Kairiru
* Terebu
* Biem
* Kis
* Manam
* Medebur
* Sepa
* Wogeo

Huon Gulf|

* Bukawa
* Kela
* Yabem
* Aribwatsa †
* Aribwaung
* Adzera
* Dangal
* Duwet
* Labu
* Maralango
* Mari
* Musom
* Nafi
* Silisili
* Wampar
* Wampur
* Hote
* Iwal
* Kapin
* Kumalu
* Mangga Buang
* Mapos Buang
* Mumeng
* Piu
* Vehes
* Yamap
* Numbami

Ngero–Vitiaz|

* Bariai
* Gitua
* Kove
* Lusi
* Malalamai
* Mutu
* Awad Bing
* Bilibil
* Gedaged
* Marik
* Matukar
* Mindiri
* Takia
* Wab
* Lamogai
* Mouk-Aria
* Aigon
* Karore
* Kaulong †
* Miu
* Sengseng
* Aiklep
* Akolet
* Apalik
* Avau
* Bebeli
* Gimi
* Lesing-Gelimi
* Mangseng
* Solong
* Lote
* Mamusi
* Mengen
* Arop-Lukep
* Karnai
* Malasanga
* Mur Pano
* Mato
* Ronji
* Amara
* Maleu
* Mbula
* Sio
* Tami

Papuan Tip|

| Nuclear|

* ʼAuhelawa
* Buhutu
* Bwanabwana
* Oyaʼoya
* Saliba
* Suau
* Unubahe
* Wagawaga
* Bwaidoka
* Diodio
* Iamalele
* Iduna
* Koluwawa
* Maiadomu
* Bunama
* Boselewa
* Dobu
* Duau
* Galeya
* Molima
* Mwatebu
* Sewa Bay
* Dawawa
* Kakabai
* Are
* Arifama-Miniafia
* Doga
* Gapapaiwa
* Ghayavi
* Kaninuwa
* Ubir
* Gweda
* Haigwai
* Maiwala
* Minaveha
* Taupota
* Tawala
* Yakaikeke
* Anuki
* Gumawana

|

Kilivila–Misima|

* Budibud
* Kilivila
* Misima
* Muyuw

Nimoa–Sudest|

* Nimoa
* Sudest

Southern
Oceanic|

| North
Vanuatu|

| Torres–Banks|

* Dorig
* Hiw
* Koro
* Lakon
* Lehali
* Lemerig
* Lo-Toga
* Löyöp
* Mota
* Mwerlap
* Mwesen
* Mwotlap
* Nume
* Olrat
* Veraʼa
* Volow
* Vurës

|

Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost|

* Baetora
* Duidui
* Northeast Ambae
* Raga
* Sun̄wadaga
* Sun̄wadia

South Pentecost|

* Apma
* Sa
* Ske
* Sowa †

Espiritu Santo|

* Akei
* Aore †
* Araki
* Cape Cumberland
* Nokuku
* Kiai
* Mav̋ea
* Merei-Tiale
* Mores
* Sakao
* Shark Bay
* Tamambo
* Tangoa
* Tasiriki
* Tolomako
* Tutuba
* Wusi

Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic|

| Central
Vanuatu|

* North Efate
* Nafsan
* Efatese
* Eton
* Lelepa
* Makura
* Daakaka
* Dalkalaen
* Lonwolwol
* Paamese
* Port Vato
* Southeast Ambrym

| Epi|

* Baki
* Bierebo
* Bieria
* Lamen
* Lewo
* Maii

|

Malakula|

* Aulua
* Avava
* Aveteian
* Axamb
* Big Nambas
* Botovro
* Burmbar
* Bwenelang
* Larëvat
* Lendamboi
* Litzlitz
* Malfaxal
* Malua Bay
* Maskelynes
* Nahavaq
* Nasarian
* Nasvang
* Nāti
* Navwien
* Nese
* Neveʻei
* Neverver
* Ninde
* Nisvai
* Nitita
* Port Sandwich
* Rerep
* Sörsörian
* Tape
* Tirax
* Unua
* Northeast Malakula
* Vao
* Vivti
* Rutan
* Alovas
* Najit
* Njav

South Vanuatu|

| Erromango|

* Erromanga / Sie
* Sorung †
* Ura
* Utaha / Ifo †

|

Tanna|

* Kwamera / South Tanna
* Lenakel / West Tanna
* North Tanna
* Southwest Tanna
* Whitesands / East Tanna

* Aneityum

Loyalties–
New Caledonia|

| Loyalty Islands|

* Drehu
* Iaai
* Nengone

|

New Caledonian|

| Southern|

* Ajië
* Arhâ
* Arhö
* Ndrumbea
* Neku
* Numèè
* Orowe
* Tîrî
* Xârâcùù
* Xârâgurè
* Zire †

|

Northern|

* Bwatoo
* Caac
* Cèmuhî
* Fwâi
* Haeke
* Haveke
* Hmwaveke
* Jawe
* Kumak
* Nemi
* Nyâlayu
* Paicî
* Pije
* Pwaamèi
* Pwapwâ
* Vamale
* Waamwang †
* Yuanga

Micronesian|

* Nauruan

Nuclear
Micronesian|

* Gilbertese
* Kosraean
* Marshallese

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic|

| Chuukic|

* Carolinian
* Chuukese
* Mapia †
* Mortlockese
* Namonuito
* Pááfang
* Puluwatese
* Satawalese
* Sonsorol
* Tanapag
* Tobian
* Ulithian
* Woleaian

|

Pohnpeic|

* Mokilese
* Ngatikese
* Pingelapese
* Pohnpeian

Central
Pacific|

| West|

* Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
* Rotuman
* Western Fijian

|

East|

* Fijian
* Gone Dau
* Lauan
* Lomaiviti

Polynesian|

| Nuclear
Polynesian|

* Kapingamarangi
* Nuguria
* Nukumanu
* Nukuoro
* Ontong Java
* Sikaiana
* Takuu
* Tuvaluan

Samoic|

* Niuatoputapu †
* Samoan
* Tokelauan

Eastern|

* Austral
* Cook Islands Māori
* Hawaiian
* Mangareva
* Māori
* Moriori †
* Marquesan
* Penrhyn
* Rakahanga-Manihiki
* Rapa
* Rapa Nui
* Tahitian
* Tuamotuan

Futunic|

* Anuta
* Emae
* Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan
* Futunan / East Futunan
* Mele-Fila
* Pukapukan
* Rennellese
* Tikopia
* Wallisian / East Uvean
* West Uvean

Tongic|

* Niuafoʻou ?
* Niuean
* Tongan

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Formosan languages

Rukaic|

* Rukai

Tsouic|

* Tsou
* Kanakanavu
* Saaroa

Northern Formosan|

| Atayalic|

* Atayal
* Seediq (Truku)

|

Northwest
Formosan|

* Arikun †
* Babuza †
* Favorlang †
* Taokas
* Lloa †
* Papora †
* Kulon †
* Pazeh †
* Kaxabu
* Saisiyat
* Thao

East Formosan|

| Kavalanic|

* Kavalan
* Basay †
* Ketagalan †

|

Ami|

* Amis
* Sakizaya

Sirayaic|

* Siraya †
* Makatao †
* Taivoan †

Southern Formosan|

* Bunun
* Paiwan
* Puyuma

* Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Micronesian languages

| Nauruan|

* Nauruan

|

Nuclear
Micronesian|

* Kosraean
* Gilbertese
* Marshallese

Chuukic–
Pohnpeic|

| Chuukic|

* Sonsorol
* Tobian
* Chuukese
* Woleaian
* Ulithian
* Puluwatese
* Namonuito
* Tanapag
* Carolinian
* Satawalese
* Mortlockese
* Pááfang
* Mapia †

|

Pohnpeic|

* Mokilese
* Pingelapese
* Pohnpeian
* Ngatikese

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Central Pacific languages

| West|

* Rotuman
* Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
* Western Fijian

|

East|

* Fijian
* Gone Dau
* Lauan
* Lomaiviti

Polynesian|

| Nuclear
Polynesian|

* Tuvaluan
* Sikaiana
* Ontong Java
* Nukumanu
* Takuu
* Nuguria
* Kapingamarangi
* Nukuoro
* Pukapukan

Samoic|

* Samoan
* Tokelauan
* Niuatoputapu †

Eastern|

* Hawaiian
* Marquesan
* Mangarevan
* Tahitian
* Austral
* Rapa
* Tuamotuan
* Cook Islands Māori
* Rakahanga-Manihiki
* Tongareva
* Māori
* Moriori †
* Rapa Nui

Futunic|

* Wallisian (East Uvean)
* West Uvean
* Futunan (East Futunan)
* Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)
* Pukapukan
* Anuta
* Rennellese
* Tikopia
* Mele-Fila
* Emae

Tongic|

* Tongan
* Niuean
* Niuafo'ou ?

* * indicates proposed status
* ? indicates classification dispute
* † indicates extinct status

* v
* t
* e

Languages of Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* East Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template