Claude (language model)

Large language model developed by Anthropic

Claude

Screenshot

Screenshot of a Claude Sonnet 4 answer describing Wikipedia

Developer(s)| Anthropic
Initial release| March 2023; 2 years ago (2023-03)
Stable release|

Claude Opus 4.1 /
August 5, 2025; 5 days ago (2025-08-05)
Claude Sonnet 4 /
May 22, 2025; 2 months ago (2025-05-22)

Type|

* Large language model
* Generative pre-trained transformer
* Foundation model

License| Proprietary
Website| claude.ai

Claude is a family of large language models developed by Anthropic.[1] The first model was released in March 2023.

The Claude 3 family, released in March 2024, consists of three models: Haiku, optimized for speed; Sonnet, which balances capability and performance; and Opus, designed for complex reasoning tasks. These models can process both text and images, with Claude 3 Opus demonstrating enhanced capabilities in areas like mathematics, programming, and logical reasoning compared to previous versions.[2] Claude 4, which includes Opus and Sonnet, was released in May 2025.[3]

## Training

[edit]

Claude models are generative pre-trained transformers. They have been pre-trained to predict the next word in large amounts of text. Then, they have been fine-tuned, notably using constitutional AI and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).[4][5]

### Constitutional AI

[edit]

Constitutional AI is an approach developed by Anthropic for training AI systems, particularly language models like Claude, to be harmless and helpful without relying on extensive human feedback.[6] The method, detailed in the paper "Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback" involves two phases: supervised learning and reinforcement learning.[7][8]

In the supervised learning phase, the model generates responses to prompts, self-critiques these responses based on a set of guiding principles (a "constitution"), and revises the responses. Then the model is fine-tuned on these revised responses.[8] For the reinforcement learning from AI feedback (RLAIF) phase, responses are generated, and an AI compares their compliance with this constitution. This dataset of AI feedback is used to train a preference model that evaluates responses based on how much they satisfy the constitution. Claude is then fine-tuned to align with this preference model. This technique is similar to RLHF, except that the comparisons used to train the preference model are AI-generated.[6]

The constitution for Claude included 75 points, including sections from the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[7][4]

## Models

[edit]

Version  | Release date  | Status

|
|

Claude  | 14 March 2023[9] | Discontinued
Claude 2  | 11 July 2023[10] | Discontinued
Claude Instant 1.2  | 9 August 2023[11] | Discontinued
Claude 2.1  | 21 November 2023[12] | Discontinued
Claude 3  | 4 March 2024[13] | Discontinued
Claude 3.5  | 20 June 2024[14] | Active
Claude 3.7  | 24 February 2025[15] | Active
Claude 4  | 22 May 2025[16] | Active
Claude 4.1  | 5 August 2025[17] | Active

Claude is named after Claude Shannon, a pioneer in AI research.[18]

### Claude

[edit]

Claude was the initial version of Anthropic's language model released in March 2023,[19] Claude demonstrated proficiency in various tasks but had certain limitations in coding, math, and reasoning capabilities.[20] Anthropic partnered with companies like Notion (productivity software) and Quora (to help develop the Poe chatbot).[20]

#### Claude Instant

[edit]

Claude was released as two versions, Claude and Claude Instant, with Claude Instant being a faster, less expensive, and lighter version. Claude Instant has an input context length of 100,000 tokens (which corresponds to around 75,000 words).[21]

### Claude 2

[edit]

Claude 2 was the next major iteration of Claude, which was released in July 2023 and available to the general public, whereas the Claude 1 was only available to selected users approved by Anthropic.[22]

Claude 2 expanded its context window from 9,000 tokens to 100,000 tokens.[19] Features included the ability to upload PDFs and other documents that enables Claude to read, summarize, and assist with tasks.

#### Claude 2.1

[edit]

Claude 2.1 doubled the number of tokens that the chatbot could handle, increasing it to a window of 200,000 tokens, which equals around 500 pages of written material.[12]

Anthropic states that the new model is less likely to produce false statements compared to its predecessors.[23]

#### Criticism

[edit]

Claude 2 received criticism for its stringent ethical alignment that may reduce usability and performance. Users have been refused assistance with benign requests, for example with the system administration question "How can I kill all python processes in my ubuntu server?" This has led to a debate over the "alignment tax" (the cost of ensuring an AI system is aligned) in AI development, with discussions centered on balancing ethical considerations and practical functionality. Critics argued for user autonomy and effectiveness, while proponents stressed the importance of ethical AI.[24][23]

### Claude 3

[edit]

Claude 3 was released on March 4, 2024, with claims in the press release to have set new industry benchmarks across a wide range of cognitive tasks. The Claude 3 family includes three state-of-the-art models in ascending order of capability: Haiku, Sonnet, and Opus. The default version of Claude 3, Opus, has a context window of 200,000 tokens, but this is being expanded to 1 million for specific use cases.[25][2]

Claude 3 drew attention for demonstrating an apparent ability to realize it is being artificially tested during needle in a haystack tests.[26]

#### Claude 3.5

[edit]

Example of Claude 3.5 Sonnet output

On June 20, 2024, Anthropic released Claude 3.5 Sonnet, which demonstrated significantly improved performance on benchmarks compared to the larger Claude 3 Opus, notably in areas such as coding, multistep workflows, chart interpretation, and text extraction from images. Released alongside 3.5 Sonnet was the new Artifacts capability in which Claude was able to create code in a dedicated window in the interface and preview the rendered output in real time, such as SVG graphics or websites.[14]

An "upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet", billed as "Claude 3.5 Sonnet (New)" in the web interface and benchmarks, was introduced on October 22, 2024, along with Claude 3.5 Haiku.[27] A feature, "computer use," was also unveiled in public beta. This capability enables Claude 3.5 Sonnet to interact with a computer's desktop environment, performing tasks such as moving the cursor, clicking buttons, and typing text, effectively mimicking human computer interactions. This development allows the AI to autonomously execute complex, multi-step tasks across various applications.[28][29]

Upon release, Anthropic claimed Claude 3.5 Haiku would remain the same price as its predecessor, Claude 3 Haiku.[28] However, on November 4th, 2024, Anthropic announced that they would be increasing the price of the model "to reflect its increase in intelligence".[30][31]

#### Claude 3.7

[edit]

Claude 3.7 Sonnet was released on February 24, 2025. It is a pioneering hybrid AI reasoning model that allows users to choose between rapid responses and more thoughtful, step-by-step reasoning. This model integrates both capabilities into a single framework, eliminating the need for multiple models. Users can control how long the model "thinks" about a question, balancing speed and accuracy based on their needs.[15]

Anthropic also launched a research preview of Claude Code, an agentic command line tool that enables developers to delegate coding tasks directly from their terminal.[32][33]

### Claude 4

[edit]

On May 22, 2025, Anthropic released two more models: Claude Sonnet 4 and Claude Opus 4.[34][35] Anthropic added API features for developers: a code execution tool, a connector to its Model Context Protocol, and Files API.[36] It classified Opus 4 as a "Level 3" model on the company's four-point safety scale, meaning they consider it so powerful that it poses "significantly higher risk".[3] Anthropic reported that during a safety test involving a fictional scenario, Claude and other frontier LLMs often send a blackmail email to an engineer in order to prevent their replacement.[37][38]

#### Claude Opus 4.1

[edit]

On August 5, 2025, Anthropic released "Claude Opus 4.1". It has the same price as Claude Opus 4. It is available to paid Claude users, Claude Code, the API, Amazon Bedrock, and Vertex AI (by Google Cloud).[39] It was also added as an available model to GitHub Copilot.[40]

## Features

[edit]

In June 2024, Anthropic released the Artifacts feature, allowing users to generate and interact with code snippets and documents.[41]

In October 2024, Anthropic released the "computer use" feature, allowing Claude to attempt to navigate computers by interpreting screen content and simulating keyboard and mouse input.[42]

In March 2025, Anthropic added a web search feature to Claude, starting with only paying users located in the United States.[43]

## Criticism

[edit]

Claude uses a web crawler, ClaudeBot, to search the web for content. It has been criticized for not respecting a site's robots.txt and placing excessive load on sites.[44]

## See also

[edit]

* List of large language models

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "What is Claude AI?". IBM. September 24, 2024.
2. ^ a b Whitney, Lance (March 4, 2024). "Anthropic's Claude 3 chatbot claims to outperform ChatGPT, Gemini". ZDNET. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
3. ^ a b Fried, Ina (May 23, 2025). "Anthropic's new AI model shows ability to deceive and blackmail". Axios. Retrieved May 25, 2025.
4. ^ a b "What to Know About Claude 2, Anthropic's Rival to ChatGPT". TIME. July 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
5. ^ Nuñez, Michael (May 9, 2023). "Anthropic releases AI constitution to promote ethical behavior and development". VentureBeat. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
6. ^ a b Edwards, Benj (May 9, 2023). "AI gains "values" with Anthropic's new Constitutional AI chatbot approach". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
7. ^ a b Bai, Yuntao; Kadavath, Saurav; Kundu, Sandipan; Askell, Amanda; Kernion, Jackson; Jones, Andy; Chen, Anna; Goldie, Anna; Mirhoseini, Azalia (December 15, 2022), Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback, arXiv:2212.08073
8. ^ a b "Claude's Constitution". Anthropic. May 9, 2023. Archived from the original on March 26, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
9. ^ Roth, Emma (March 14, 2023). "Google-backed Anthropic launches Claude, an AI chatbot that's easier to talk to". The Verge. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
10. ^ "Claude 2". Anthropic. July 11, 2023. Archived from the original on January 30, 2025. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
11. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (August 9, 2023). "Anthropic launches improved version of its entry-level LLM". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 12, 2025.
12. ^ a b Davis, Wes (November 21, 2023). "OpenAI rival Anthropic makes its Claude chatbot even more useful". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
13. ^ "Anthropic releases more powerful Claude 3 AI as tech race continues". Reuters. March 4, 2024.
14. ^ a b Pierce, David (June 20, 2024). "Anthropic has a fast new AI model — and a clever new way to interact with chatbots". The Verge. Archived from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
15. ^ a b Zeff, Maxwell (February 24, 2025). "Anthropic launches a new AI model that 'thinks' as long as you want". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 24, 2025. Retrieved February 25, 2025.
16. ^ "Introducing Claude 4". www.anthropic.com. Retrieved May 22, 2025.
17. ^ "Claude Opus 4.1". www.anthropic.com. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
18. ^ Roose, Kevin (July 11, 2023). "Inside the White-Hot Center of A.I. Doomerism". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
19. ^ a b Drapkin, Aaron (October 27, 2023). "What Is Claude AI and Anthropic? ChatGPT's Rival Explained". Tech.co. Archived from the original on October 28, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
20. ^ a b "Introducing Claude". Anthropic. March 14, 2023. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
21. ^ Yao, Deborah (August 11, 2023). "Anthropic's Claude Instant: A Smaller, Faster and Cheaper Language Model". AI Business. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved March 5, 2024.
22. ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 17, 2023). "The $1 billion gamble to ensure AI doesn't destroy humanity". Vox. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
23. ^ a b "Anthropic Announces Claude 2.1 LLM with Wider Context Window and Support for AI Tools". InfoQ. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
24. ^ Glifton, Gerald (January 3, 2024). "Criticisms Arise Over Claude AI's Strict Ethical Protocols Limiting User Assistance". Light Square. Archived from the original on January 3, 2025. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
25. ^ "Introducing the next generation of Claude". Anthropic. March 4, 2024. Archived from the original on March 4, 2024. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
26. ^ Edwards, Benj (March 5, 2024). "Anthropic's Claude 3 causes stir by seeming to realize when it was being tested". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
27. ^ @AnthropicAI (October 22, 2024). "Introducing an upgraded Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and a new model, Claude 3.5 Haiku. We're also introducing a new capability in beta: computer use. Developers can now direct Claude to use computers the way people do—by looking at a screen, moving a cursor, clicking, and typing text" (Tweet). Retrieved February 13, 2025 - via Twitter.
28. ^ a b "Introducing computer use, a new Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.5 Haiku". Anthropic. October 22, 2024. Archived from the original on October 22, 2024. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
29. ^ Shakir, Umar (October 22, 2024). "Anthropic's latest AI update can use a computer on its own". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 5, 2025. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
30. ^ Wiggers, Kyle (November 4, 2024). "Anthropic hikes the price of its Haiku model". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 14, 2025. Retrieved February 13, 2025.
31. ^ @AnthropicAI (November 4, 2024). "During final testing, Haiku surpassed Claude 3 Opus, our previous flagship model, on many benchmarks—at a fraction of the cost. As a result, we've increased pricing for Claude 3.5 Haiku to reflect its increase in intelligence" (Tweet). Retrieved February 13, 2025 - via Twitter.
32. ^ Nuñez, Michael (February 24, 2025). "Anthropic's Claude 3.7 Sonnet takes aim at OpenAI and DeepSeek in AI's next big battle". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on February 24, 2025. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
33. ^ "Claude 3.7 Sonnet and Claude Code". Anthropic. Archived from the original on February 24, 2025. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
34. ^ Weatherbed, Jess (May 22, 2025). "Anthropic's Claude 4 AI models are better at coding and reasoning". The Verge. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
35. ^ Field, Hayden (May 22, 2025). "Anthropic launches Claude 4, its most powerful AI model yet". CNBC. Retrieved May 23, 2025.
36. ^ Nuñez, Michael (May 22, 2025). "Anthropic overtakes OpenAI: Claude Opus 4 codes seven hours nonstop, sets record SWE-Bench score and reshapes enterprise AI". VentureBeat. Retrieved May 29, 2025.
37. ^ Fried, Ina (June 20, 2025). "Top AI models will deceive, steal and blackmail, Anthropic finds". Axios. Retrieved June 25, 2025.
38. ^ Goldman, Sharon. "An AI tried to blackmail its creators—in a test. The real story is why transparency matters more than fear". Fortune. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
39. ^ "Claude Opus 4.1". Anthropic. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
40. ^ "Anthropic Claude Opus 4.1 is now in public preview in GitHub Copilot". The GitHub Blog. August 5, 2025. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
41. ^ Nuñez, Michael (June 21, 2024). "Why Anthropic's Artifacts may be this year's most important AI feature: Unveiling the interface battle". VentureBeat. Retrieved March 23, 2025.
42. ^ Shakir, Umar (October 22, 2024). "Anthropic's latest AI update can use a computer on its own". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 5, 2025. Retrieved March 21, 2025. "Anthropic does caution that computer use is still experimental and can be "cumbersome and error-prone." The company says"
43. ^ Robison, Kylie (March 20, 2025). "Anthropic's chatbot now has web search". The Verge. Retrieved March 21, 2025.
44. ^ Weatherbed, Jess (July 26, 2024). "Anthropic's crawler is ignoring websites' anti-AI scraping policies". The Verge.

## External links

[edit]

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