Climate of Greece

Köppen climate classification for Greece (Beck et. al 2023)

The climate in Greece is predominantly Mediterranean. However, due to the country's complex geography, Greece has a wide range of micro-climates and local variations. The Greek mainland is extremely mountainous, making Greece one of the most mountainous countries in Europe.[1][2] According to the Köppen climate classification Greece has 11 climates, the most in Europe for its size.[3]

To the west of the Pindus mountain range, the climate is generally wetter and has some maritime features. The east of the Pindus mountain range is generally drier and windier in summer. The highest peak is Mount Olympus, 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).[4] The northern areas of Greece have a transitional climate between the continental, the Mediterranean and the humid subtropical climate while there are marginal mountainous areas with an alpine climate. Semi-arid climates are the second most common in Greece. [5][6][7]

Average annual temperatures in Greece range from around +4 °C (39 °F) in Kaimaktsalan up to +22 °C (72 °F)[8] in Lindos. The lowest average annual precipitation is recorded in Schoinoussa with 239 mm while the highest is found in Theodoriana with 2,529 mm.[7] The highest temperature ever recorded was 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) in Tatoi and Elefsina while the lowest was −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) in Ptolemaida (a -35.3°C was recorded in a sinkhole in Kechroti).[9][10][11] Hardiness zones in Greece vary from 6a to 11a.[12][13]

## Mediterranean climate

[edit]

The climate of Greece can be divided into the following Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Cs) subtypes:

### "True" Mediterranean

[edit]

According to the Climate Atlas of Greece which was published by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (H.N.M.S) the Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) is the predominant climate found in Greece.[6] This climate occurs in the North Aegean islands, some of the Cyclades and most of the Dodecanese, Evia, some low-lying areas of Attica, the Ionian Islands and most of the western coast of the country, the eastern and southern low-lying Peloponnese areas, and the low-lying areas of Crete. During the summer, the weather is most frequently sunny and dry, and any precipitation falls in the form of showers or thunderstorms from cumuliform clouds. The air is usually hot during the day and pleasantly warm at night, but there are some very windy days, especially in the Cyclades islands and around them. Heatwaves may occur, but they are usually quite mild at the coastal areas, where temperatures are moderated by the relatively cooler sea and the sea breeze. Winters are wet and any snow that falls does not last long, especially in the south-facing slopes. Rain in winter is often persistent: The west areas of this climate zone receive a relatively higher amount of precipitation. Warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) exists in roughly the same areas but in higher elevations (>1,000 m.), such as mount Parnitha in Attica.

Climate data for Downtown Athens (1991–2020), Extremes (1890–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 44.8
(112.6)  | 42.8
(109.0)  | 43.9
(111.0)  | 38.7
(101.7)  | 36.5
(97.7)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 44.8
(112.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 26.5
(79.7)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 34.3
(93.7)  | 34.3
(93.7)  | 30.6
(87.1)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 23.3
(73.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 10.8
(51.4)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 19.2
(66.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 17.0
(62.6)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 16.2
(61.2)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 8.7
(47.7)  | 15.0
(59.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −6.5
(20.3)  | −5.7
(21.7)  | −2.6
(27.3)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 16
(61)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | −1.1
(30.0)  | −4.0
(24.8)  | −6.5
(20.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 55.6
(2.19)  | 44.4
(1.75)  | 45.6
(1.80)  | 27.6
(1.09)  | 20.7
(0.81)  | 11.6
(0.46)  | 10.7
(0.42)  | 5.4
(0.21)  | 25.8
(1.02)  | 38.6
(1.52)  | 70.8
(2.79)  | 76.3
(3.00)  | 433.1
(17.06)
Average relative humidity (%)  | 72.0  | 70.0  | 66.0  | 60.0  | 56.0  | 50.0  | 42.0  | 47.0  | 57.0  | 66.0  | 72.0  | 73.0  | 60.9
Source 1: Cosmos, scientific magazine of the National Observatory of Athens[14]
Source 2: Meteoclub[15][16]

Climate data for Araxos, Patras (1955–2010) 11 m. asl

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 16.1
(61.0)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 33.3
(91.9)  | 33.6
(92.5)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 18.0
(64.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | 6.3
(43.3)  | 7.6
(45.7)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 12.4
(54.3)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 93.2
(3.67)  | 78.7
(3.10)  | 61.8
(2.43)  | 43.6
(1.72)  | 20.1
(0.79)  | 8.6
(0.34)  | 4.1
(0.16)  | 5.9
(0.23)  | 33.1
(1.30)  | 83.8
(3.30)  | 129.9
(5.11)  | 121.2
(4.77)  | 684.0
(26.93)
Average rainy days  | 13.7  | 12.4  | 11.6  | 9.1  | 6.0  | 2.6  | 0.9  | 1.2  | 5.1  | 9.4  | 12.6  | 15.9  | 100.5
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[17]

### Alpine Mediterranean

[edit]

In this climate type (Köppen climate classification: Csc) with much lower temperatures, the winter is harsh with abundant snowfalls, while the summers are cool with occasional thunderstorms. This climate is to be found on high mountains, like in the Pindus and Rhodope mountains, and predominantly the higher elevations of the mountains of Crete.[18]

### Transitional continental - Mediterranean

[edit]

This climate is classified as between humid subtropical and continental (Köppen climate classification: Cfa and Dfa) with strong characteristics of both the continental and Mediterranean climate.

Climate data for Florina (1961–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 25.8
(78.4)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 39.0
(102.2)  | 40.8
(105.4)  | 38.6
(101.5)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 26.6
(79.9)  | 21.0
(69.8)  | 40.8
(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 7.4
(45.3)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 17.4
(63.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 2.8
(37.0)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 7.2
(45.0)  | 2.0
(35.6)  | 12.2
(54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −3.1
(26.4)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | 1.5
(34.7)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 14.8
(58.6)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 11.4
(52.5)  | 7.1
(44.8)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | −1.8
(28.8)  | 6.1
(43.0)
Record low °C (°F)  | −25.1
(−13.2)  | −23.0
(−9.4)  | −13.6
(7.5)  | −5.0
(23.0)  | 0.0
(32.0)  | 2.4
(36.3)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 4.0
(39.2)  | −1.4
(29.5)  | −5.0
(23.0)  | −12.6
(9.3)  | −18.6
(−1.5)  | −25.1
(−13.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 56.8
(2.24)  | 51.1
(2.01)  | 57.8
(2.28)  | 60.4
(2.38)  | 59.4
(2.34)  | 37.3
(1.47)  | 33.9
(1.33)  | 30.6
(1.20)  | 50.1
(1.97)  | 69.2
(2.72)  | 71.3
(2.81)  | 85.6
(3.37)  | 663.5
(26.12)
Average precipitation days  | 11.0  | 10.6  | 11.1  | 10.6  | 10.7  | 7.2  | 5.5  | 5.3  | 6.5  | 7.6  | 9.7  | 11.8  | 107.6
Average snowy days  | 7.5  | 6.3  | 4.5  | 0.8  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.3  | 1.8  | 5.9  | 27.1
Average relative humidity (%)  | 81.2  | 76.4  | 68.8  | 63.2  | 62.8  | 58.6  | 55.4  | 56.9  | 63.3  | 71.4  | 77.8  | 81.7  | 68.1
Source: Hellenic National Meteorological Service[19]

## Semi-arid climate

[edit]

Hot semi-arid climate in Greece according to the National Observatory of Athens.

According to the Climate Atlas of Greece published by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service and the network of the National Observatory of Athens, a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh) is found primarily in Piraeus and much of the Athens Riviera (with Anavyssos being the driest area of mainland Greece), areas of West Attica (Aspropyrgos, Salamina, Vlychada) and the Gulf of Corinth, most of the Cyclades (with Schoinoussa being the driest area in Greece) , some islands of the Argo-Saronic Gulf (Aigina, Hydra), some areas of Crete (Lentas, Psari Forada, Moni Toplou), Gavdos, some islands of the Dodecanese (Kasos, Nisyros, Karpathos) and locally in Chalkidiki (Neos Marmaras) and in downtown Thessaloniki.[6][7]

Cold semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) is found in many areas of Macedonia and Thessaly, including the largest part of Thessaloniki, the second largest city in Greece.[6]

Climate data for Piraeus Hellenic National Meteorological Service (1981-2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 14.4
(57.9)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 20.3
(68.5)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 29.9
(85.8)  | 32.8
(91.0)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 29.1
(84.4)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 18.9
(66.0)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 22.81
(73.06)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 13.3
(55.9)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 29.0
(84.2)  | 28.8
(83.8)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 12.6
(54.7)  | 19.35
(66.83)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 8.2
(46.8)  | 7.9
(46.2)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 21.5
(70.7)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 12.9
(55.2)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 15.89
(60.60)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 41.95
(1.65)  | 36.26
(1.43)  | 34.09
(1.34)  | 30.34
(1.19)  | 15.95
(0.63)  | 5.08
(0.20)  | 5.56
(0.22)  | 3.07
(0.12)  | 11.37
(0.45)  | 30.5
(1.20)  | 58.87
(2.32)  | 58.84
(2.32)  | 331.9
(13.07)
Source: National Technical University of Athens[20]

Climate data for Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 32 m asl, 1991 – 2020 normals (extremes 1930-present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 25.1
(77.2)  | 30.1
(86.2)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 41.2
(106.2)  | 43.3
(109.9)  | 41.6
(106.9)  | 40.3
(104.5)  | 33.4
(92.1)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 43.3
(109.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 10.6
(51.1)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 15.6
(60.1)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 30.0
(86.0)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 32.3
(90.1)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 22.1
(71.8)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 8.4
(47.1)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 8.3
(46.9)  | 16.8
(62.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 3.4
(38.1)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 10.1
(50.2)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 21.8
(71.2)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 4.9
(40.8)  | 12.3
(54.1)
Record low °C (°F)  | −12.6
(9.3)  | −8.9
(16.0)  | −8.2
(17.2)  | −0.4
(31.3)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 12.0
(53.6)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 7.7
(45.9)  | 1.4
(34.5)  | −2.8
(27.0)  | −8.2
(17.2)  | −12.6
(9.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 34.1
(1.34)  | 33.6
(1.32)  | 39.5
(1.56)  | 37.5
(1.48)  | 51.0
(2.01)  | 31.6
(1.24)  | 27.0
(1.06)  | 25.1
(0.99)  | 37.4
(1.47)  | 43.7
(1.72)  | 40.9
(1.61)  | 48.2
(1.90)  | 449.6
(17.7)
Source: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,[21][22] World Meteorological Organization[23]

## Temperature

[edit]

* Abs. minimum temperature: −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F), Ptolemaida[9] (-35.3°C was recorded in a sinkhole in Kechroti).[10]
* Abs. maximum temperature: 48.0 °C (118.4 °F), Elefsina

Various areas of the country have registered temperatures over 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) and below −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F). The 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) recorded by minimum/maximum thermometers in Tatoi and Elefsina on 10 July 1977 as reported by a communication of Dr. Athanasios D. Sarantopoulos was also the WMO record high temperature for Europe until 11 August 2021 (44 years).[11][24] Average annual temperatures in Greece range from around +4 °C (39 °F) in Kaimaktsalan up to +22 °C (72 °F)[8] in Lindos. Summer average highs in Greece are the highest in Skala, Messenia and the Evrotas Valley. Mainland Greece records a very high number of tropical nights reaching locally over 130 in Monemvasia while the islands can climb close to 160 tropical nights in Kastellorizo. Winter average temperatures locally reach over 15.0 °C (59.0 °F) in the Dodecanese and below −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) in mountainous areas.[7]

Climate data for Lindos 65 m a.s.l.

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 43.6
(110.5)  | 43.6
(110.5)  | 43.1
(109.6)  | 39.8
(103.6)  | 37.9
(100.2)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 43.6
(110.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 16.4
(61.5)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 35.0
(95.0)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 18.3
(64.9)  | 25.2
(77.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 19.1
(66.4)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 31.5
(88.7)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 15.8
(60.4)  | 22.0
(71.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 11.3
(52.3)  | 11.6
(52.9)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 18.8
(65.9)
Record low °C (°F)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | 3.3
(37.9)  | 3.1
(37.6)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 13.8
(56.8)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 21.1
(70.0)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 4.3
(39.7)  | 1.1
(34.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 107.2
(4.22)  | 74.5
(2.93)  | 45.1
(1.78)  | 10.8
(0.43)  | 11.0
(0.43)  | 2.5
(0.10)  | 1.4
(0.06)  | 0.04
(0.00)  | 6.1
(0.24)  | 22.5
(0.89)  | 77.0
(3.03)  | 123.9
(4.88)  | 482.04
(18.99)
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens (May 2014-Feb 2025)[25][26]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization[27]

Climate data for Kaimaktsalan Ski Center, Greece 2090 m a.s.l (2008-2023)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 11.0
(51.8)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 21.3
(70.3)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 14.1
(57.4)  | 11.3
(52.3)  | 25.5
(77.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | −1.8
(28.8)  | −1.0
(30.2)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 9.5
(49.1)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 16.7
(62.1)  | 16.6
(61.9)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 7.9
(46.2)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | 7.0
(44.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | −4.2
(24.4)  | −3.6
(25.5)  | −1.9
(28.6)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | 6.5
(43.7)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 13.2
(55.8)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 2.1
(35.8)  | −2.3
(27.9)  | 4.1
(39.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −6.6
(20.1)  | −6.2
(20.8)  | −4.5
(23.9)  | −0.9
(30.4)  | 3.5
(38.3)  | 7.3
(45.1)  | 9.6
(49.3)  | 9.6
(49.3)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | −4.7
(23.5)  | 1.3
(34.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | −20.8
(−5.4)  | −20.0
(−4.0)  | −19.1
(−2.4)  | −11.3
(11.7)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −0.6
(30.9)  | 2.6
(36.7)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | −4.5
(23.9)  | −10.0
(14.0)  | −12.1
(10.2)  | −16.9
(1.6)  | −20.8
(−5.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 89.7
(3.53)  | 57.6
(2.27)  | 58.8
(2.31)  | 63.5
(2.50)  | 99.2
(3.91)  | 90.6
(3.57)  | 32.6
(1.28)  | 59.6
(2.35)  | 74.6
(2.94)  | 89.0
(3.50)  | 113.1
(4.45)  | 88.4
(3.48)  | 916.7
(36.09)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.1  | 8.4  | 8.9  | 9.4  | 10.5  | 9.4  | 5.4  | 5.9  | 8.1  | 6.7  | 7.1  | 8.6  | 97.4
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Feb 2008 - Sep 2023)[28]
Source 2: Kaimaktsalan N.O.A station [29] and World Meteorological Organization[30]

Climate data for Sparta (2009–2025)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 34.1
(93.4)  | 40.7
(105.3)  | 44.4
(111.9)  | 44.2
(111.6)  | 45.7
(114.3)  | 40.3
(104.5)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 23.5
(74.3)  | 45.7
(114.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 14.6
(58.3)  | 15.9
(60.6)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 36.3
(97.3)  | 36.0
(96.8)  | 31.3
(88.3)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 16.0
(60.8)  | 24.8
(76.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 8.9
(48.0)  | 9.9
(49.8)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 15.5
(59.9)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 28.0
(82.4)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 18.6
(65.5)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 17.8
(64.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 3.1
(37.6)  | 3.9
(39.0)  | 5.6
(42.1)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 16.9
(62.4)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 16.4
(61.5)  | 11.7
(53.1)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 10.8
(51.4)
Record low °C (°F)  | −5.3
(22.5)  | −4.2
(24.4)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −0.7
(30.7)  | 6.2
(43.2)  | 9.4
(48.9)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 9.1
(48.4)  | 1.5
(34.7)  | −1.7
(28.9)  | −5.2
(22.6)  | −5.3
(22.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 124.6
(4.91)  | 80.5
(3.17)  | 59.9
(2.36)  | 32.2
(1.27)  | 25.1
(0.99)  | 32.0
(1.26)  | 10.4
(0.41)  | 19.5
(0.77)  | 51.2
(2.02)  | 59.4
(2.34)  | 91.9
(3.62)  | 97.4
(3.83)  | 684.1
(26.95)
Source: National Observatory of Athens (Feb 2009 - Jul 2025),[25][31]
Sparta N.O.A station,[32] World Meteorological Organization[33]

### Mean absolute minimum temperatures

[edit]

Based on mean absolute minimum temperatures, plant hardiness zones in Greece vary from 6a to 11b.[12][13] Downtown Athens falls in 10a zone while the Athens Riviera falls mostly in 10b zone.[7] Thessaloniki straddles 9a/9b zones while areas in Macedonia may reach up to 10a zone (Great Lavra, Neos Marmaras).[7] Zone 11a can be found in the Dodecanese, Crete, Cyclades and the Argo-Saronic Gulf, while Monemvasia in mainland Greece also falls in 11a zone.[12][7] According to the Gouvas formula which adjusted USDA[34] plant hardiness zones for Greece, Kasos also falls in 11b zone.[35][7]

The table below provides USDA hardiness zones for selected areas from the data of the National Observatory of Athens and other public authorities.

City  | Zone

|

Kastellorizo[36][7] | 11a
Kasos[37][7]
Karpathos[38]
Lindos[39][7]
Gavdos[40][41]
Psari Forada[42][43]
Lentas[44][7]
Palaiochora[45][7]
Rhodes Port[46]
Rhodes Airport[47] | 11a
Falasarna[48][7]
Heraklion Port[49][7]
Plakias[50][7]
Amorgos[51][7]
Nisyros[52][7]
Hydra[53][7]
Monemvasia[54][7]
Koufonisia[55][7]
Spetses[56][7]
Sisi[57][7]
Sifnos[58][7]
Sitia[59][7]
Malia[60][7]
Patmos[61][7] | 10b
Naxos[62][7]
Patras Port[63][7]
Lavrio[64][7]
Nea Smyrni[65][7]
Palaio Faliro[66][7]
Gazi, Athens[67][7] | 10a
Kifissia[68][7]
Arta[69][7]
Great Lavra[70][7]
Kalamaria[71][7] | 9b
Ippokrateios Politeia[72][7] | 9a
Nemea[73][7]
Serres[74][7] | 8b
Alexandroupolis[75][7] | 8b
Kaimaktsalan[76][7] | 7a
Vathistalos (doline)[77][7] | 6a

### Average annual temperatures for selected areas

[edit]

Area  | °C

|

Lindos | 22.0
Kastellorizo | 21.9
Psari Forada | 21.6
Lentas | 21.0
Piraeus Port
Rhodes Port | 20.9
Palaiochora | 20.7
Gavdos | 20.5
Nea Smyrni
Moschato
Falasarna
Hydra | 20.4
Monemvasia | 20.3
Piraeus Pedagogiki
Neos Kosmos | 20.2
Salamina
Palaio Faliro
Nikaia | 20.1
Perama
Piraeus Kallipoli
Patisia | 20.0
Kasos

### Heatwaves

[edit]

According to HNMS the summer of 2024 was by far the warmest in the country's meteorological history, registering average summer temperatures as high as 32.0 °C.[78] In fact, according to NOA Lindos recorded the highest average summer temperature in Europe with 32.0 °C (89.6 °F).[79][80] In June 2024, both Sparta and Serres registered a record mean max temperature of 37.6 °C (99.7 °F) while temperatures soared as high as 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) on the island of Crete.[81][82] According to the National Observatory of Athens, in July 2024 Greece experienced a 16-day heatwave, its longest in recorded history.[83] Gavalou and Serres had 14 consecutive days with temperatures over 40 °C (104 °F), while minimum temperatures remained over 30 °C (86 °F) for 12 consecutive days in metropolitan Athens.[84][85][86] In July 2024, the Hellenic National Meteorological Service station in Serres recorded a record mean maximum temperature of 39.1 °C (102.4 °F).[87][88][89]

In July 2023, another long-lasting major heatwave struck the country with record-breaking temperatures mostly in the eastern part of the mainland. The World Meteorological Organization station in Gytheio, Peloponnese[90] registered 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), the highest value a National Observatory of Athens station has measured since records begun in 2006, and one of the highest values ever recorded in the country by any official institution. As a result of this heatwave, devastating fires[91] burned forested areas in southern Rhodes and Laconia[92]

In 2021, the government officials announced that they were considering giving the heatwaves names that could help people better prepare for more extreme heat[93] after one of the longest and most intense heat wave in recorded history affected the country from 26 July to 10 August of that year, during which many records that stood for decades broke.[94] Other notable heatwaves include the 2007 European heat wave and that of July 1987.[95]

### Wildfires

[edit]

Major wildfires, attributed to the effects of global heating, broke out in "practically every region" of Greece in 2023 when temperatures in mainland Greece reached 45 °C (113 °F).[96] There were also major wildfires in 2024 (reaching the suburbs of Athens)[97] and 2025.[98]

## Precipitation

[edit]

According to the data of the network of meteorological stations which belong to the National Observatory of Athens, the lowest average annual precipitation in Greece is recorded in Schoinoussa with 239 mm (2013-2024) while the highest average annual precipitation in the country is recorded in Theodoriana, Epirus, with 2,529 mm (2009-2023).[7] Ioannina, the capital city of Epirus is considered to be the wettest city in mainland Greece with a population of over 50,000 inhabitants, receiving precipitation just short of 1,100 mm per year.[99]

Climate data for Schoinoussa

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 25.5
(77.9)  | 32.9
(91.2)  | 36.3
(97.3)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 37.8
(100.0)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 20.9
(69.6)  | 37.8
(100.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 16.2
(61.2)  | 19.4
(66.9)  | 23.1
(73.6)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 30.4
(86.7)  | 30.5
(86.9)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 19.3
(66.7)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 21.8
(71.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 14.0
(57.2)  | 16.8
(62.2)  | 20.2
(68.4)  | 24.7
(76.5)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 13.9
(57.0)  | 19.3
(66.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 11.2
(52.2)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 14.2
(57.6)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 18.2
(64.8)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 12.1
(53.8)  | 16.8
(62.3)
Record low °C (°F)  | 0.7
(33.3)  | 0.5
(32.9)  | 2.3
(36.1)  | 7.9
(46.2)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 16.3
(61.3)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 20.4
(68.7)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 12.3
(54.1)  | 9.2
(48.6)  | 0.4
(32.7)  | 0.4
(32.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 47.4
(1.87)  | 32.3
(1.27)  | 39.5
(1.56)  | 5.0
(0.20)  | 7.5
(0.30)  | 3.7
(0.15)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 0.1
(0.00)  | 4.0
(0.16)  | 11.9
(0.47)  | 32.5
(1.28)  | 55.2
(2.17)  | 239.3
(9.44)
Source: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Jul 2013-Nov 2024)[7][100] and World Meteorological Organization[101]

Climate data for Theodoriana 962 m a.s.l. (2009-2023)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 6.7
(44.1)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 15.7
(60.3)  | 19.8
(67.6)  | 24.6
(76.3)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 13.4
(56.1)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 17.2
(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 3.1
(37.6)  | 4.6
(40.3)  | 6.5
(43.7)  | 10.5
(50.9)  | 14.3
(57.7)  | 18.5
(65.3)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 13.1
(55.6)  | 9.3
(48.7)  | 5.2
(41.4)  | 12.2
(53.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −0.5
(31.1)  | 0.6
(33.1)  | 1.9
(35.4)  | 5.3
(41.5)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 11.8
(53.2)  | 8.1
(46.6)  | 5.1
(41.2)  | 1.4
(34.5)  | 7.1
(44.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 413.8
(16.29)  | 304.7
(12.00)  | 225.8
(8.89)  | 153.7
(6.05)  | 131.7
(5.19)  | 96.7
(3.81)  | 45.5
(1.79)  | 42.8
(1.69)  | 138.4
(5.45)  | 213.6
(8.41)  | 381.6
(15.02)  | 380.6
(14.98)  | 2,528.9
(99.57)
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Dec 2009 - Dec 2023)[7]
Source 2: Theodoriana N.O.A station[102] and World Meteorological Organization[103]

Climate data for Ioannina (475 m; 1956–2010)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 9.0
(48.2)  | 10.4
(50.7)  | 13.7
(56.7)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 26.1
(79.0)  | 20.6
(69.1)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 10.0
(50.0)  | 20.0
(68.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 4.7
(40.5)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 8.8
(47.8)  | 12.4
(54.3)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 24.8
(76.6)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 20.1
(68.2)  | 14.9
(58.8)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 5.9
(42.6)  | 14.3
(57.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 0.2
(32.4)  | 1.0
(33.8)  | 3.2
(37.8)  | 6.1
(43.0)  | 9.8
(49.6)  | 13.0
(55.4)  | 15.2
(59.4)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 12.2
(54.0)  | 8.6
(47.5)  | 4.8
(40.6)  | 1.7
(35.1)  | 7.5
(45.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 122.5
(4.82)  | 112.5
(4.43)  | 94.9
(3.74)  | 76.5
(3.01)  | 66.9
(2.63)  | 44.1
(1.74)  | 31.7
(1.25)  | 30.2
(1.19)  | 62.4
(2.46)  | 107.5
(4.23)  | 168.8
(6.65)  | 171.3
(6.74)  | 1,089.3
(42.89)
Average precipitation days  | 13.3  | 12.4  | 12.8  | 12.6  | 11.0  | 6.9  | 4.8  | 4.8  | 6.5  | 9.7  | 13.7  | 15.2  | 123.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 76.9  | 73.7  | 69.5  | 67.9  | 65.9  | 59.1  | 52.4  | 54.4  | 63.6  | 70.8  | 79.8  | 81.5  | 68.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 95.3  | 107.9  | 143.4  | 165.2  | 225.2  | 296.0  | 320.7  | 296.0  | 208.2  | 160.4  | 98.1  | 75.2  | 2,191.6
Source: Greek National Weather Service[104]

### Average precipitation for selected areas

[edit]

Area  | mm/
year

|

Athens | 433.1
Thessaloniki | 449.6
Patras | 691.6
Piraeus | 331.9
Piraeus (Kallipoli) | 304.1
Heraklion | 480.9
Larissa | 412.6
Volos | 428.8
Santorini | 271.1
Rhodes | 608.8
Corfu | 1111.3
Ioannina | 1089.3
Alexandroupolis | 545.5
Karpathos | 290.7
Anavyssos | 292.8
Kasos | 247.8
Theodoriana | 2528.9
Schoinoussa | 239.3
Psari Forada | 274.4
Gavdos | 391.6

## Local winds

[edit]

### Etesians

[edit]

Probably the most well known local winds in Greece are the etesians (also known as meltemia). With their name notating their annual fluctuation (έτος (étos) means year in Greek), these winds may blow from May to October, with their highest frequency being recorded in July and August. They keep temperatures and diurnal temperature fluctuations in the Aegean Sea lower than the respective ones found in the Ionian Sea or mainland Greece.[105]

## Sunshine

[edit]

According to the Climatic Atlas published by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, Greece receives less than 1.600 hours of sunshine per year in mountainous areas of Epirus and more than 3.250 hours of sunshine per year in South Crete.[6] Greece is one of the few remaining countries in the world to exclusively use Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorders which underestimate annual sunshine by around 200 hours compared to automatic heliographs.[106]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Climatology,HNMS, Hellenic National Meteorological Service". www.hnms.gr. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
2. ^ "Visit Greece | Geography". Visit Greece | The Official website of the Greek Tourism Organisation. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
3. ^ "High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections". Beck et al. (2023). Retrieved 19 December 2024.
4. ^ "Olympus the First National Park". Management Agency of Olympus National Park. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
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7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
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35. ^ "Greek Plant Hardiness Zones".
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49. ^ "Latest Conditions in Heraklion coast, Crete - Greece".
50. ^ "Latest Conditions in Plakias, Crete".
51. ^ "Latest Conditions in Aigiali, Amorgos".
52. ^ "Latest Conditions in Nisyros".
53. ^ "Latest Conditions in Hydra".
54. ^ "Latest Conditions in Monemvasia".
55. ^ "Latest Conditions in Koufonissia, Cyclades".
56. ^ "Latest Conditions in Spetses".
57. ^ "Latest Conditions in Sisi, Lasithi, Crete".
58. ^ "Latest Conditions in Sifnos".
59. ^ "Latest Conditions in Sitia of Crete".
60. ^ "Latest Conditions in Malia of Crete".
61. ^ "Latest Conditions in Patmos".
62. ^ "Latest Conditions in Naxos, Cyclades".
63. ^ "Latest Conditions in Patra".
64. ^ "Latest Conditions in Lavrio - Greece".
65. ^ "Latest Conditions in Nea Smyrni, Athens".
66. ^ "Latest Conditions in P. Faliron".
67. ^ "Latest Conditions in Athens - Gazi region".
68. ^ "Latest Conditions in Kifissia".
69. ^ "Latest Conditions in Arta, Greece".
70. ^ "Latest Conditions in Megisti Lavra Monastery".
71. ^ "Latest Conditions in Kalamaria".
72. ^ "Latest Conditions in Ippokrateios Politia".
73. ^ "Latest Conditions in Nemea".
74. ^ "Latest Conditions in Racing Circuit, Serres".
75. ^ "Latest Conditions in Alexandroupolis".
76. ^ "Latest Conditions in Kaimaktsalan Ski Center".
77. ^ "Latest Conditions in Vathistalo".
78. ^ "Summer 2024". HNMS. Retrieved 24 October 2024.
79. ^ "Lindos tops summer average temperature European record". Dimokratiki newspaper. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
80. ^ "Summer 2024". Anexartitos newspaper. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
81. ^ "Sparta NOA June 2024 mean max 37.6C". Archived from the original on 1 July 2024. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
82. ^ "HNMS climate bulletins". Retrieved 16 August 2024.
83. ^ "16 days heatwave in Greece". Retrieved 15 August 2024.
84. ^ "Gavalou NOA record temperatures". Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
85. ^ "Piraeus 12 consecutive days over 30C minimums". Archived from the original on 21 July 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
86. ^ "Serres 14 days over 40.0C". Retrieved 28 July 2024.
87. ^ "39.1C Serres mean max". Retrieved 31 July 2024.
88. ^ "Σέρρες: Νέο εθνικό ρεκόρ μέσων μέγιστων θερμοκρασιών στις Σέρρες με 39.1°C". 31 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
89. ^ "Serres record". Archived from the original on 1 August 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
90. ^ "OSCAR - Observing Systems Capability Analysis and Review Tool". oscar.wmo.int. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
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92. ^ "Heatwaves and fires in Greece". 21 July 2023.
93. ^ "In Greece, heatwaves are so bad officials are considering giving them names". 23 August 2021.
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## External links

[edit]

* Hellenic National Meteorological Service
* National Observatory of Athens
* Greek weather records - Temperature and precipitation records in Greece
* Network of online weather stations

* v
* t
* e

Greece topics

* Basic topics
* Alphabetical index of topics

History

| Prehistory (pre-1100 BC)|

* Neolithic Age
* Bronze Age
* Pelasgians
* Cycladic civilization
* Minoan civilization
* Helladic period
* Mycenaean period
* Bronze Age collapse

|

Antiquity (1100 BC-330 AD)|

* Greek Dark Ages
* Iron Age migrations
* Archaic period
* Greco-Persian Wars
* Classical period
* Delian and Peloponnesian League
* Peloponnesian War
* League of Corinth
* Wars of Alexander the Great
* Hellenistic period
* Wars of the Diadochi
* Roman–Greek wars
* Roman era
* Foundation of Constantinople

Middle Ages (330–1453)|

* Byzantine period
* Persecution of paganism
* Migration period
* Plague of Justinian
* Arab–Byzantine wars
* Iconoclasm
* Macedonian Renaissance
* East–West Schism
* Fourth Crusade
* Frankokratia
* Empire of Nicaea, Despotate of Epirus and Despotate of the Morea
* Fall of Constantinople

Early modern
and Modern era (post-1453)|

* Stato da Màr (Venetian Ionian islands, Kingdom of Candia)
* Ottoman Greece
* Modern Greek Enlightenment
* Septinsular Republic
* War of Independence
* First Republic
* Kingdom
* Balkan Wars
* World War I
* National Schism
* Greco-Turkish War
* History of Greece (1923–1940)
* Second Republic
* 4th of August Regime
* World War II
* Civil war
* Military junta
* Democratization
* Third Republic

By topic|

* Ancient regions and tribes
* Byzantine and Ottoman Greeks
* Christianization
* Colonization
* Coups d'état
* Demographic (Modern)
* Economic
* Geographical name changes
* Greek countries and regions
* Greek Muslims
* Renaissance scholars
* Hellenic languages and Proto-Greek
* Inventions and discoveries
* Language question
* Military
* Monarchy (Kings and royal family)
* Phanariotes
* Polis
* Population exchange of 1923

Geography

| Overview|

* Borders
* Cities (capital and co-capital)
* Extreme points
* Place names

|

Regions|

* Central Greece (Aetolia-Acarnania (Aetolia, Acarnania), Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, Evrytania, Phocis, Phthiotis, Saronic Islands)
* Crete (Chania, Heraklion, Rethymno, Lasithi)
* Cyclades (Andros, Delos, Kea, Kythnos, Milos, Mykonos, Naxos, Paros, Santorini, Syros, Tinos)
* Dodecanese (Agathonisi, Astypalaia, Chalki, Kalymnos, Karpathos, Kasos, Kos, Leipsoi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Rhodes, Symi, Tilos, Kastellorizo)
* Epirus (Arta, Ioannina, Preveza, Thesprotia)
* Ionian Islands (Corfu, Ithaca, Kefalonia, Kythira, Lefkada, Paxi, Zakynthos)
* Macedonia (Chalkidiki, Drama, Florina, Grevena, Imathia, Kastoria, Kavala, Kilkis, Kozani, Pella, Pieria, Serres, Thasos, Thessaloniki)
* North Aegean islands (Chios, Ikaria, Lemnos, Lesbos, Samos)
* Peloponnese (Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Laconia, Messenia, Achaea, Elis)
* Thessaly (Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia, Trikala, Sporades)
* Thrace (Evros, Rhodope, Xanthi)

Terrain|

* Canyons and gorges
* Caves
* Geology
* Islands (Aegean, Ionian, Crete)
* Mountains (Olympus, Pindus, Rhodopes)
* Peninsulas
* Plains
* Volcanoes

Water|

* Coasts
* Lakes
* Rivers
* Mediterranean Sea
* Aegean Sea (Sea of Crete, Icarian Sea, Myrtoan Sea, Thracian Sea)
* Ionian Sea
* Libyan Sea

Environment|

* Climate
* Natural disasters (earthquakes)
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Forests
* Mammals and birds
* National Parks
* Protected areas

Politics

| Constitution|

* Constitutional amendments (1986, 2001, 2008, 2019)
* Constitutions (1822, 1827, 1844, 1864, 1911)
* Supreme Special Court

|

Executive|

* Cabinet
* Government (Government Gazette)
* President (Presidential Mansion)
* Prime Minister (Maximos Mansion)

Legislature|

* Conference of Presidents
* Hellenic Parliament (Speaker)
* Parliamentary Committees
* Presidium

Elections|

* Nationality law
* Parataxis
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Pasokification
* Political parties

Judicial system|

* Council of State
* Court of Audit
* Supreme Court

Security|

* Police
* Capital punishment
* Corruption
* Crime (Greek mafia)
* Life imprisonment
* Terrorism
* Coast Guard

Foreign relations|

* Aegean dispute
* Cyprus dispute
* Council of Europe
* European Union
* Macedonia naming dispute (Language naming dispute)
* NATO
* Passport
* Treaties
* United Nations

Military|

* Air Force
* Alliances
* Army
* Conscription
* Military ranks
* Navy
* Evzones (Presidential Guard)
* National Guard
* Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

Social issues|

* Abortion
* Cannabis
* Education (universities)
* Healthcare (hospitals, obesity, smoking)
* Human rights
* Human rights abuses
* LGBT rights
* Prostitution
* Political scandals
* Racism

Ideologies|

* Conservatism (Monarchism)
* Fascism (Metaxism)
* Liberalism (Republicanism, Venizelism)
* Nationalism (Hellenocentrism, Megali Idea, Enosis)
* New Social Movements (Environmentalism, Feminism, Pacifism)
* Socialism (Laocracy, Trotskyism)
* Anarchism

Administrative divisions|

* Municipalities and communities
* Administrative regions
* Regional units
* Decentralized administrations

Economy

* Agriculture
* Airports
* Athens Stock Exchange (companies)
* Banking (Central bank)
* Central bank
* Brands
* Companies (electric power)
* Debt crisis (Grexit)
* Drachma
* Energy (renewable, nuclear)
* Euro coins
* Greece and the International Monetary Fund
* Greek economic miracle
* Highways
* Laiki agora
* Ports
* Public pensions
* Railways (history)
* Rankings
* Science and technology
* Shipping (Merchant Marine)
* Space Agency
* Subdivisions by GDP
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Thessaloniki International Fair
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transportation (Rio–Antirrio bridge, Athens Metro, Thessaloniki Metro)
* Water supply and sanitation

Society

| Demographics|

* Diaspora
* Greeks (names of Greece and the Greeks)
* Immigration
* Minorities (Muslim minority, Jews, Arvanites, Aromanians (Aromanian question), Megleno-Romanians, Slavophones, Roma)
* Women
* Life expectancy

|

Culture|

* Anastenaria
* Caryatid
* Clean Monday
* Concept of kingship
* Dress (Chiton, Chlamys, Exomis, Fustanella, Himation, Mariner's cap, Peplos, Perizoma, Tsarouchi, Vraka)
* Eastern Party
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Greek East and Latin West
* Greektown
* Hellenization
* Hospitality
* Carols (Christmas, New Year's, Theophany's)
* Mangas
* Mountza
* Naming customs
* Paideia
* Philhellenism and Hellenophobia
* Plate smashing
* Philosophy
* Public holidays (Independence Day, Ohi Day)
* Rouketopolemos
* Souliotic songs
* Theophany
* Tsiknopempti
* Units of measurement
* Worry beads

Art|

* Architecture (Castles)
* Cretan and Heptanese school
* Modern art (19th century)
* Theatre (Ancient)
* Religious art

Cuisine|

* Breads (Daktyla, Kritsini, Lagana, Paximadi, Tsoureki)
* Desserts (Diples, Halva, Koulourakia, Kourabiedes, Loukoumades, Melomakarona, Pasteli, Spoon sweets, Vasilopita)
* List of dishes
* Drinks (Mastika, Metaxa, Ouzo, Rakomelo, Sideritis, Tentura, Tsipouro, Tsikoudia, Frappé coffee)
* Cheeses (Anthotyros, Feta, Graviera, Kasseri, Kefalotyri, Ladotyri, Manouri, Metsovone, Mizithra)
* Filo (Amygdalopita, Bougatsa, Galaktoboureko, Karydopita, Spanakopita, Tiropita)
* Greek salad (Dakos)
* Meze
* Pasta (Gogges, Flomaria, Hilopites)
* Restaurants (Kafenio, Ouzeri, Taverna)
* Sauces (Skordalia, Taramosalata, Tirokafteri, Tzatziki)
* Souvlaki
* Varieties (Heptanesean, Cretan, Epirote, Macedonian)
* Wine (Agiorgitiko, Aidini, Assyrtiko, Athiri, Kotsifali, Lesbian, Limnio, Mavrodafni, Mandilaria, Malagousia, Malvasia, Moschofilero, Retsina, Robola, Savatiano, Vilana, Xinomavro)

Languages|

* Greek alphabet (History, Orthography, Diacritics, Braille, Cyrillization, Romanization (Greeklish) and numerals
* Greek language (Demotic, Katharevousa) and dialects (Cappadocian, Cretan, Cypriot, Greco-Australian, Maniot, Pontic, Tsakonian, Yevanic)
* Greek Sign Language
* History (Mycenaean Greek, Ancient Greek, Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, Modern Greek)
* Literature (Ancient, Medieval, Modern)
* Minority languages (Albanian language (Arvanitika), Aromanian, Balkan Romani, Bulgarian, Ladino, Macedonian, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish)
* Proverbs
* Words for love

Media|

* Cinema
* Internet
* Newspapers
* Television
* Media freedom
* Corruption

Music|

* Church music
* Dances (Ai Georgis, Angaliastos, Antikristos, Ballos, Dionysiakos, Fisounis, Gaitanaki, Geranos, Hasapiko, Ikariotikos, Kalamatianos, Kangeli, Kastorianos, Kerkiraikos, Koftos, Pidikhtos, Leventikos, Maniatikos, Metsovitikos, Ntames, Palamakia, Partalos, Pentozali, Proskinitos, Pyrrhichios, Rougatsiarikos, Sirtaki, Sousta, Syrtos, Trata, Tsakonikos, Tsamikos, Zeibekiko, Zervos)
* Éntekhno
* Folk music (Cretan, Epirote, Heptanesian, Macedonian, Nisiotika, Peloponnesian, Pontic, Thessalian, Thracian)
* Hip Hop
* Ionian School
* Laïko (Skyladiko)
* Musical instruments (Askomandoura, Aulos, Bouzouki, Byzantine lyra (Cretan, Macedonian, Politiki, Pontic), Crotala, Floghera, Gaida, Harp, Laouto, Lyre, Organo, Pan flute, Phorminx, Psaltery, Salpinx, Santouri, Souravli, Tambouras, Tambourine, Trigono, Tsampouna, Tympano, Zilia)
* Rebetiko
* Rock (Punk)

Religion and lore|

* Ancient religion (Origins, Modern Revival)
* Aerico
* Buddhism
* Catholicism
* Drosoulites
* Eastern Orthodox Church (Timeline: Antiquity, Early Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages, Early Modern Era, 19th century, Early 20th century, Late 20th century, Contemporary)
* Fairy tales
* Gello
* Greek Orthodox Church (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Church of Greece, Flag)
* Greek Old Calendarists
* Hinduism
* Hypertimos
* Islam
* Judaism (History)
* Kallikantzaros
* Lamia
* Mormo
* Mount Athos
* Mythology (Primordial deities, Titans, Twelve Olympians, Heracles, Odysseus, Jason, Oedipus, Perseus, Daedalus, Orpheus, Theseus, Bellerephon, Satyr, Centaur)
* Nymph
* Protestantism
* Psychai
* Sikhism
* Thymiaterion
* Name days
* Vrykolakas
* Wayside shrine

Sport|

* Ancient Olympics
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Cricket
* Football
* Hockey
* Ice hockey
* Modern Olympics (1896, 1906, 2004)
* Rugby league

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag and national colours
* Flags
* Motto
* Orders and decorations
* World Heritage Sites

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Climate of Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

Other entities|

* European Union

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