Clostridium enterotoxin

Crystal Structure of C terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin[1]

Identifiers
Symbol| Clenterotox
Pfam| PF03505
InterPro| IPR003897
TCDB| 1.C.59
| Available protein structures:

Pfam | structures / ECOD
PDB| RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum| structure summary

Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species.[2]

Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses. They are anaerobic,[1] gram-positive, spore-forming rods that occur naturally in the soil.[3] Among the family are: Clostridium botulinum, which produces one of the most potent toxins in existence; Clostridium tetani, causative agent of tetanus; and Clostridium perfringens, commonly found in wound infections and diarrhea cases. The use of toxins to damage the host is a method deployed by many bacterial pathogens.[citation needed]

The major virulence factor of C. perfringens is the CPE enterotoxin, which is secreted upon invasion of the host gut, and contributes to food poisoning and other gastrointestinal illnesses.[3] It has a molecular weight of 35.3kDa, and is responsible for the disintegration of tight junctions between epithelial cells in the gut.[4] This mechanism is mediated by host claudin-3 and claudin-4 receptors, situated at the tight junctions.[5]

Clostridium enterotoxin is a nine-stranded beta sheet sandwich in shape. It has been determined that it is very similar to other spore-forming bacteria.[1] The PFAM ID is a clenterotox.[6] The binding site is between beta sheets eight and nine. This allows the human claudin-3,4,6,7,8 and 14 to bind but not 1,2,5, and 10. The way the protein work is it destroys the cell membrane structure of animals by binding to claudin family proteins. These are components of tight junctions of the epithelial cell membrane.[1]

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Van Itallie CM, Betts L, Smedley JG, McClane BA, Anderson JM (January 2008). "Structure of the claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (1): 268–74. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708066200. PMID 17977833.
2. ^ Katahira J, Sugiyama H, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N (October 1997). "Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizes two structurally related membrane proteins as functional receptors in vivo". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (42): 26652–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.42.26652. PMID 9334247. Archived from the original on 2020-01-27. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
3. ^ a b Czeczulin JR, Hanna PC, Mcclane BA (1993). "Cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and expression of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin gene in Escherichia coli". Infect. Immun. 61 (8): 3429–3439. PMC 281020. PMID 8335373.
4. ^ Katahira J, Inoue N, Horiguchi Y, Matsuda M, Sugimoto N (1997). "Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the receptor for Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin". J. Cell Biol. 136 (6): 1239–1247. doi:10.1083/jcb.136.6.1239. PMC 2132509. PMID 9087440.
5. ^ Long H, Crean CD, Lee WH, Cummings OW, Gabig TG (November 2001). "Expression of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin receptors claudin-3 and claudin-4 in prostate cancer epithelium". Cancer Research. 61 (21): 7878–81. PMID 11691807.
6. ^ "Pfam: Family: Clenterotox (PF03505)".[permanent dead link]

* v
* t
* e

* Toxins
* cardiotoxin
* cytotoxin
* enterotoxin
* hemotoxin
* hepatotoxin
* neurotoxin
* phototoxin

Bacterial
toxins|

| Exotoxin|

| Gram
positive|

| Bacilli|

| Clostridium:|

* tetani
* Tetanospasmin
* Tetanolysin
* perfringens
* Alpha toxin
* Enterotoxin
* difficile
* A
* B
* botulinum
* Botox

|

other:|

* Anthrax toxin
* Listeriolysin O

Cocci|

* Streptolysin
* Leukocidin
* Panton-Valentine leukocidin

Staphylococcus|

* Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta
* Exfoliatin
* Toxic shock syndrome toxin
* Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)

Actinomycetota|

* Cord factor
* Diphtheria toxin

Gram
negative|

* Shiga toxin/Verotoxin
* E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin
* Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin
* Pertussis toxin
* Pseudomonas exotoxin
* Extracellular adenylate cyclase

Mechanisms|

* type I
* Superantigen
* type II
* Pore-forming toxin
* type III
* AB toxin/AB5

Endotoxin|

* Lipopolysaccharide
* Lipid A
* Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin
* Cry1Ac
* Cry3Bb1
* Other B. thuringiensis toxins
* Cry6Aa
* Cry34Ab1

Virulence
factor|

* Clumping factor A
* Fibronectin binding protein A

Mycotoxins|

* Aflatoxin
* Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin)
* beta-Nitropropionic acid
* Citrinin
* Cytochalasin
* Ergotamine
* Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4)
* Gliotoxin
* Ibotenic acid
* Lolitrem B
* Muscimol
* Ochratoxin
* Patulin
* Phalloidin
* Sterigmatocystin
* Trichothecene
* Vomitoxin
* Zeranol
* Zearalenone

Plant toxins|

* Amygdalin
* Anisatin
* Antiarin
* Brucine
* Chaconine
* Cicutoxin
* Daphnin
* Delphinine
* Divicine
* Djenkolic acid
* Falcarinol
* Gossypol
* Helenalin
* Ledol
* Linamarin
* Lotaustralin
* Mimosine
* Oenanthotoxin
* Oleandrin
* Persin
* Protoanemonin
* Pseudaconitine
* Retronecine
* Resiniferatoxin
* Scopolamine
* Solamargine
* Solanidine
* Solanine
* Solasodamine
* Solasodine
* Solasonine
* Solauricidine
* Solauricine
* Strychnine
* Swainsonine
* Tagetitoxin
* Tinyatoxin
* Tomatine
* Toxalbumin
* Abrin
* Ricin
* Tutin

Invertebrate
toxins|

| Scorpion:|

* Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
* Charybdotoxin
* Maurotoxin
* Agitoxin
* Margatoxin
* Slotoxin
* Scyllatoxin
* Hefutoxin
* HgeTx1
* HsTx1
* Lq2
* Birtoxin
* Bestoxin
* BmKAEP
* Phaiodotoxin
* Imperatoxin
* Pi3

|

spider:|

* Latrotoxin
* Alpha-latrotoxin
* CSTX
* Cupiennins
* PhTx3
* Stromatoxin
* Vanillotoxin
* Huwentoxin

Mollusca:|

* Conotoxin
* Eledoisin
* Onchidal
* Saxitoxin
* Tetrodotoxin

Vertebrate
toxins|

| Fish:|

* Ciguatoxin
* Tetrodotoxin

|

Amphibian:|

* (+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
* Batrachotoxin
* Bufotoxins
* Arenobufagin
* Bufotalin
* Bufotenin
* Cinobufagin
* Marinobufagin
* Epibatidine
* Histrionicotoxin
* Pumiliotoxin 251D
* Samandarin
* Samandaridine
* Tarichatoxin
* Zetekitoxin AB

Reptile/
Snake venom:|

* Bungarotoxin
* Alpha-Bungarotoxin
* Beta-Bungarotoxin
* Calciseptine
* Taicatoxin
* Calcicludine
* Cardiotoxin III

* note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species

* Category

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR003897
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