Clothing in ancient Greece

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Charioteer of Delphi wearing a tite.

Clothing in ancient Greece refers to clothing starting from the Aegean bronze age (3000 BCE) to the Hellenistic period (31 BCE).[1] Clothing in ancient Greece included a wide variety of styles but primarily consisted of the chiton, peplos, himation, and chlamys.[2] Ancient Greek civilians typically wore two pieces of clothing draped about the body: an undergarment (χιτών : chitōn or πέπλος : péplos) and a cloak (ἱμάτιον : himátion or χλαμύς : chlamýs).[3] The people of ancient Greece had many factors (political, economic, social, and cultural) that determined what they wore and when they wore it.[2]

Clothes were quite simple, draped, loose-fitting and free-flowing.[4] Customarily, clothing was homemade and cut to various lengths of rectangular linen or wool fabric with minimal cutting or sewing, and secured with ornamental clasps or pins, and a belt, or girdle (ζώνη: zōnē).[4][page needed] Pieces were generally interchangeable between men and women.[5] However, women usually wore their robes to their ankles while men generally wore theirs to their knees depending on the occasion and circumstance.[4] Additionally, clothing often served many purposes than just being used as clothes such as bedding or a shroud.[6]

In ancient Greece the terms ἀκεστής (male) and ἀκέστρια (female) were used for people who patched and restored clothing.[7]

The shoemakers had two kind of knives for cutting leather, the σμίλη or σμιλίον, which has a straight blade and the τομεὺς or περιτομεύς, which had a crescent shaped blade.[8]

## Textiles

[edit]

Small fragments of textiles have been found from this period at archaeological sites across Greece.[9] These found textiles, along with literary descriptions, artistic depictions, modern ethnography, and experimental archaeology, have led to a greater understanding of ancient Greek textiles.[10] Clothes in ancient Greece were mainly homemade or locally made.[[11] All ancient Greek clothing was made out of natural fibers. Linen was the most common fabric worn by both sexes until it was rejected by the men for more 'moderate clothes', as those worn by the Spartans.[12] Wool was worn because of its warmth and ability to be dyed, unlike linen.[13] Silk was also used for the production of clothing, though for ceremonial purposes by the wealthy.[14] In Aristotle's The History of Animals, Aristotle talks about the collection of caterpillar cocoons to be used to create silk.[15] There is a lot of writing from ancient Greece discussing the use of silk because it was nearly transparent, revealing the body of the person wearing it, and, therefore, perfect for women to wear. [16]

Amorgina (τὰ ἀμόργινα), were fine, muslin-like fabrics made from amorgis (ἀμοργίς), a particular type of flax. This flax, named after the island of Amorgos, but was also grown in other regions. The fabrics produced from it were highly prized for their fine texture, being even finer than byssos (βύσσος; usually applied to linen, but sometimes to very fine cotton) and karpasos (κάρπασος; cotton (Strabo even applies it to silk)). These fabrics were almost transparent and very costly, as noted in various ancient texts. The use of the adjective ἀμοργινὸς (amorginos) in reference to these fabrics can sometimes cause confusion, as it is not always clear whether the term refers to the island of Amorgos or the flax itself.[17]

In ancient Greece, textile manufacture was largely the responsibility of women. On this lekythos attributed to the Amasis painter, women are shown folding cloth, spinning wool into yarn, and weaving cloth on an upright loom.

### Production process

[edit]

In the production of textiles, upright warp-weighted loom were used to weave clothing in Ancient Greece.[18][page needed]

These looms had vertical threads or warps that were held down by loom weights.[18][page needed] The use of looms can be seen in Homer's Odyssey when Hermes comes across Calypso weaving on a loom.[19] Another example of the loom in Homer's Odyssey can be seen when Odysseus comes across Circe for the first time.[20] The use of looms can also be seen being depicted on ancient Greek pottery.[4][page needed]

### Color and decoration

[edit]

Clothing in ancient Greece has been found to be quite colorful with a wide variety of hues.[4][page needed][21] Colors found to be used include black, red, yellow, blue, green, and purple.[4][page needed] Yellow dyed clothing has been found to be associated with a woman's life cycle.[4][page needed] The elite typically wore purple as a sign of wealth and money as it was the most expensive dye due to the difficulty in acquiring it.[4][page needed] The ancient Greeks also embroidered designs into their clothes as a form of decoration.[22][page needed] The designs embroidered included representations of florals patterns and geometric patterns as well intricate scenes from Greek stories.[22][page needed] An example of this embroidery can be seen in Homer's Iliad where Helen is described as wearing a purple textile where she embroidered a scene of Trojans in battle.[23]

There was the proverbial phrase Θετταλικαὶ πτέρυγες, meaning Thessalian wings, because the Thessalian cloaks had a small flap in each side which resemble wings.[24]

## Styles of clothing

[edit]

The epiblema (ἐπίβλημα), periblema (περίβλημα), amfelone (ἀμφελόνη) were general terms for the outer clothing[25][26][27][28] while the endyma (ἔνδυμα) was most often applied to the underclothing.[29] The lope (λώπη) and lopos (λῶπος) were also general terms referring to the mantle.[30]

Hemipharion (Ἡμιφάριον) was the half of an outer-garment, but the spelling of this rare and late noun varies across lexicons, with some offering hemipharion, while others suggest hemiphorion (ἡμιφόριον) or hemiphoreion (ἡμιφόρειον), yet none can settle on a definitive form.[31]

Paryfi (παρυφή), was the border of a tunic or a scarf, primarily in women's clothing.[32]

Doriazein (Δωριάζειν), literally meaning "to dress like a Dorian girl," was a phrase used to describe the practice of being half-naked. This stemmed from the Dorian custom where girls would reveal their bodies at the side, as they typically wore chitons without girdles. In Sparta, however, it was not uncommon even for maidens to appear completely naked. This is how the Suda describes it.[33]

In addition to tunics that had sleeves sewn onto them and were known as chiridota, sleeves were also worn as separate garments, not attached to the tunic.[34]

### Staple garments

[edit]

#### Chiton

[edit]

Greek travelling costume, incorporating a chiton, a chlamys, sandals, and a petasos hat hanging in the back

The chiton (plural: chitones) was a garment of light linen consisting of sleeves and long hemline.[2][6] It consisted of a wide, rectangular tube of material secured along the shoulders and lower arms by a series of fasteners.[35][page needed] The chiton was commonly worn by both men and women but the time period in which each did so depended.[1] Chitons typically fell to the ankles of the wearer, but shorter chitons were sometimes worn during vigorous activities by athletes, warriors, or slaves.[22][page needed]

Often excess fabric would be pulled over a girdle, or belt, which was fastened around the waist (see kolpos).[3] To deal with the bulk sometimes a strap, or anamaschalister was worn around the neck, brought under the armpits, crossed in the back, and tied in the front.[3] A himation, or cloak, could be worn over top of the chiton.[2]

#### Chlamys

[edit]

Statue of a youth wearing a chlamys. Pentelic marble, late 1st centruy BC - early 1st centura AD. Found in Athens, probably a funerary statue. NAMA 4476.

The chlamys was a seamless rectangle of woolen material worn by men for military or hunting purposes.[3] It was worn as a cloak and fastened at the right shoulder with a brooch or button.[4]

The chlamys was typical Greek military attire from the 5th to the 3rd century BC.[36] It is thought that the chlamys could ward against light attacks in war.[2]

The chlamys went on to become popular in the Byzantine Empire by the high class and wealthy.[1]

Statues at the "House of Cleopatra" in Delos, Greece. Man and woman wearing the himation

#### Himation

[edit]

See also: Pallium (Roman cloak)

The himation was a simple wool outer garment worn over the peplos or chiton by both men and women.[2][6] It consisted of heavy rectangular material, passing under the left arm and secured at the right shoulder.[22] The himation could also be worn over both shoulders.[4] Women can be seen wearing the himation over their head in depictions of marriages and funerals in art.[4] Men and boys can also be seen depicted in art as wearing solely the himation with no other clothing.[1] A more voluminous himation was worn in cold weather.[3] The himation is referenced as being worn by Socrates in Plato's Republic.[37]

Caryatid from the Erechtheion wearing a peplos. The blousing, or kolpos, is atop zone

#### Peplos

[edit]

See also: Palla (garment)

The peplos was a rectangular piece of woolen garment that was pinned at both shoulders leaving the cloth open down one side which fell down around the body.[2][6] The top third of the cloth was folded over to create an over-fold. A girdle or belt was used to fasten the folds at the waist and could be worn over or under the over-fold.[38] The overfold was called apoptygma (ἀπόπτυγμα).[39] Variations of the peplos were worn by women in many periods such as the archaic, early classical, and classical periods of ancient Greece.[1]

### Other garments

[edit]

#### Allix

[edit]

Allix (Ἄλλικα) and Gallix (Γάλλικά) was a chlamys, according to Thessalians, which was fastened with gilt brooches.[40]

#### Ampechone

[edit]

Ampechone (ἀμπεχόνη, ἀμπέχονον, ἀμπεχόνιον), was a shawl or scarf worn by women over the chiton or inner garment.[41][42][43]

#### Amphimaschalos

[edit]

Amphimaschalos (Ἀμφιμάσχαλος), a specific type of chiton that was wider. It extended over the shoulders and arms, covering the armpits (μασχάλαι). The name amphimaschalos was misunderstood by later grammarians (e.g. Suda), who mistakenly believed it referred to a two-sleeved chiton. This misunderstanding led them to create the term heteromaschalos (ἑτερομάσχαλος) for a one-sleeved chiton, while the actual distinction for the ancient Greeks should have been between the amphimaschalos and exomis (one-sleeve garment, see the exomis section below).[44]

#### Aphabroma

[edit]

Aphabroma (ἀφἀβρωμα), was a garment worn by Megarian women. According to legend, when Abrota died, her husband Nisos commanded all the Megarian women to wear a garment similar to the one Abrota had worn, which was called aphabroma. It was still in use in the time of Plutarch.[45]

#### Βirrus

[edit]

Βirrus or Βurrus (βίρρος), was a cloak or cape furnished with a hood; a heavy, coarse garment for use in bad weather.[46]

#### Cento

[edit]

Cento (κέντρων) originally referred to a garment or covering made by sewing together various pieces of fabric. Commonly worn by slaves, soldiers, and workers, it served a practical purpose in various contexts. It was used as a protective layer in the trenches by soldiers, as a simple coverlet for beds, or as a curtain in place of a door. The cento was also employed in more utilitarian ways, such as being placed under the saddles of mules or used as a cap under a soldier’s helmet to prevent chafing. Additionally, during times of war, centones were hung on fortifications to shield them from fire and absorb the impact of weapons. Workers called centonarii were employed to craft these patchwork items.[47][48][49]

#### Chitoniskos

[edit]

Marble statue of a wounded Amazon, wearing a Chitoniskos

Chitoniskos (χιτωνίσκος), was a short chiton[50] sometimes worn over another chiton.[51]

#### Chiridota

[edit]

Chiridota (singular χειριδωτός, plural χειριδωτοί), were tunics with sleeves.[52][53][54][34]

#### Chlaina, Ephaptis

[edit]

Chlaina (Χλαῖνα) or Chlaine (Χλαῖνη), was a thick overgarment/coat. It was laid over the shoulders unfolded (ἁπλοΐς; haploís) or double-folded (δίπλαξ; díplax) with a pin. It was used as a winter cloak or as a blanket, but was finer than the sisura which was also used for a similar purpose.[30]

Ephaptis (ἐφαπτίς) was a more costly form of the chlaina and was used by hunters and warriors.[30]

#### Chlanis

[edit]

Chlanis (Χλανὶς), was a finer garment than chlaina and it was worn in hot weather by men, at other times by ladies, old men and effeminate persons.[30]

#### Cyclas

[edit]

Cyclas (Κυκλάς), was a luxurious robe worn by Roman women. In the fifth century was used as a ceremony dress and was used also by men.[55]

Dalmatica in Vatican Museum

#### Dalmatica

[edit]

Dalmatica (Δαλματική) or Delmatica (Δελματική), a tunic with long sleeves, introduced from Dalmatia.[56]

#### Diphthera

[edit]

Diphthera (Διφθέρα) (meaning leather), a shepherd's wrap made of hides.[57]

Young man wearing the exomis (tunic). Parian marble, copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC.

#### Exomis

[edit]

The exomis was a tunic which left the right arm and shoulder bare. It was worn by slaves and the working classes.[58][59] In addition, it was worn by some units of light infantry.

#### Encomboma

[edit]

The encomboma (ἐγκόμβωμα) was an upper garment tied round the body in a knot (κόμβος), whence the name, and worn to keep the tunic clean.[60][61]

#### Egkuklon and Tougkuklon

[edit]

Egkuklon (Ἔγκυκλον) and Tougkuklon (Τοὔγκυκλον) were woman's upper garment.[62]

#### Kandys

[edit]

Kandys (κάνδυς) was a Persian mantle with sleeves worn by Greek women.[63]

#### Katonake

[edit]

Katonake (Κατωνάκη), it was a cloak which had a fleece (nakos) hanging from the lower (kato) parts, that is a wrapped-around hide and stretched down to the knees.[64]

#### Kolobus

[edit]

Kolobus or Kolobium (Κολόβιον) was like a Tunic but sleeveless.[65][66]

#### Krokotos

[edit]

Krokotos (Κροκωτός) was a saffron-coloured robe/chiton.

#### Ledos, Ledarion, Speiron, Speirion

[edit]

Λῇδος, Λῃδάριον, Σπεῖρον, Σπειρίον were summer garments.[67]

#### Nebris

[edit]

Nebris (Νεβρίς) (from νεβρός, a fawn), a fawn's skin worn originally mostly by hunters and afterwards attributed to Dionysus and was worn by Dionysus priestess during religious festivals.[68][69]

#### Pharos

[edit]

Pharos (Φᾶρος) was used in Homer in a general sense, referring to a textile fabric for women's garments, swaddling clothes, winding sheets, and as a substitute for sails and in a more special sense for a man's garment.

As a garment it was worn by the people of rank. Most probably it was larger than the chlaina.[30]

#### Phoinikis

[edit]

Phoinikis (Φοινικὶς) was a military chlamys.[70]

#### Sisura

[edit]

Sisura (Σισύρα or Σίσυρα) or Sisurna (Σίσυρνα),[71] type of inexpensive cloak/mantle, like a one-shoulder tunic.[72]

#### Spolas

[edit]

Spolas (Σπολάς), a leather cloak, perhaps being worn on top.[73]

#### Tebennos

[edit]

Tebennos (Τήβεννος) and Tebenneion (Tηβέννειον), a garment like Toga.[74]

#### Tribon

[edit]

drawing of a Spartan man wearing a Tribon

Tribon (Τρίβων), simple cloak. It was worn by Spartan men and was the favorite garment of the Cynic philosophers.[75][76][77][78]

#### Trichaptum

[edit]

Trichaptum or Trichapton (Τρίχαπτον) was a fine, soft garment woven from hair, a hair garment.[79]

#### Paenula/Phainoles

[edit]

Paenula, Greeks called it Phainoles (φαινόλης), was a thick upper garment without sleeves, buttoned or stitched up in front, with a hood generally fastened on to it.[80]

#### Xystis, Ephestris

[edit]

Xystis (ξυστὶς) was a garment of fine quality worn by women of quality at festivals and by great men especially on state occasions and was used on the stage for the attire of heroic personages.[30]

Ephestris (ἐφεστρὶς) was somewhat similar to the xystis. In Xenophon called it παχεῖα (thick) which most probably mean that it was not so light as the xystris.[30]

#### Named after colors and texture

[edit]

Some mantles denote colour and texture, for example the krokotos (κροκωτὸς), meaning saffron-coloured, was an over-garment worn by women and the vatrachis (βατραχίς), meaning frogcoloured, was a man's garment.[30] Halourga (Ἁλουργά), meaning sea-purple, were girdles, undergarments and the Laconian cloaks.[81]

### Eastern clothing

[edit]

The Greeks adopted clothing from the East such as the Lydian μανδύη, the καπυρὶς ἀκταῖα or σαραπὶς of Persia and nationalised them all over the Greek world.[30]

### Undergarments

[edit]

See also: Strophium

Detail of a mosaic from the Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily, featuring a woman in a strophic

Women often wore a strophic, the bra of the time, under their garments and around the mid-portion of their body.[4] The strophic was a wide band of wool or linen wrapped across the breasts and tied between the shoulder blades.[3]

Men and women sometimes wore triangular loincloths, called perizoma, as underwear.[3]

### Nudity

[edit]

The ancient Greeks viewed nudity as an essential part of their identity that set them apart from other cultures.[82] Males went nude for athletic events such as the Olympics.[82] Male nudity could also be seen in Symposiums, a social event for elite men.[83] Male nudity could also be seen in rituals such as a boys coming of age ceremony.[83] Public female nudity was generally not accepted in ancient Greece,[82] though occasionally woman are nude in athletic events and religious rituals.[82] Women who were prostitutes are commonly depicted as nude in ancient Greek art.[4] Partial nudity could also be seen through the linen fabric being expertly draped around the body, and the cloth could be slightly transparent.[22]

## Accessories

[edit]

### Fasteners, belts, sashes, buttons, pins, etc.

[edit]

Bronze Fibula

Since clothing was rarely cut or sewn, fasteners and buttons were often used to keep garments in place.[4][22] Small buttons, pins, and brooches were used.[4][22]

Porpe (πόρπη), was the pin of a buckle or clasp and also the clasp itself.[84] Large straight pins, called peronai, were worn at the shoulders, facing down, to hold the chiton or peplos in place.[3] Fibulae were also used to pin the chiton, peplos or chlamys together. These fibulae were an early version of the safety pin.[85] In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Oedipus uses pins to stab out his eyes after learning he was the one to kill his father and marry his mother.[[86]

Belts, sashes, or girdles were also worn at the waist to hold chitons and peplos.[2][4][page needed]

Zone (ζώνη) was a flat and rather broad girdle worn by young unmarried women (ζώνη παρθενική) around their hips. In addition, it was a broad belt worn by men round their loins, and made double or hollow like our shot-belts, for carrying money. Furthermore, it was also called a soldier's belt, worn round the loins, to cover the juncture of the cuirass and the kilt of leather straps.[87]

Sudarium (σουδάριον), also called ἡμιτύβιον and καψιδρώτιον, was a linen handkerchief used mostly to remove sweat from the brow or face. It was sometimes worn around the neck and, later periods, waved in the circus to indicate acclaim.[88]

### Footwear

[edit]

Soles of probably women's sandals, with iron nails on the periphery. After 3rd BC. National Archaeological Museum, Athens

Hesiod in his Works and Days advise his brother Perses to cover his feet with πίλοις inside his boots, similar to modern socks.[89]

Men and women wore footwear such as sandals, shoes or boots, which were made most commonly out of leather.[4][page needed][22][page needed] At home, people typically went barefoot.[36] It was also common for philosophers such as Socrates to be barefoot as well.[22][page needed]

The Athenian general, Iphicrates, made soldiers' boots that were easy to untie and light. These boots were called afterwards, from his name, Iphicratids (Greek: Ἰφικρατίδες).[90][91]

The bodyguards of the Peisistratid tyrants were called wolf-feet (Λυκόποδες). According to one theory, they were called like this because they had their feet covered with wolf-skins, to prevent frostbites.[92]

Kassyma (κάσσυμα) was an extra thick sole for the shoe or sandal frequently used to increase the height of the wearer. They were made of cork.[93]

Cothurnus drawing

Cothurnus (Κόθορνος) was a high shoe or buskin with several soles. It covered the whole foot, and rose as high as the middle of the leg. It was made so as to fit either foot and was generally fastened in front with straps.[94]

#### Other Footwear

[edit]

Arbele (ἀρβύλη, arbýlē), a short or half-boot.[95]

Baucides (βαυκίδες, baukídes) or Boucidium (βουκίδιον, boukídion), a kind of costly shoe of a saffron colour, worn exclusively by women.[96]

Blaute (βλαύτη), refers to a type of footwear, specifically slippers.[97]

Blautiois (βλαυτίοις), were sandals.[98]

Carbatina (καρβατίνη, karbatínē), shoes worn by rustics, with sole and upper leather all in one. A piece of untanned ox-hide placed under the foot and tied up by several thongs, so as to cover the whole foot and part of the leg.[99]

Crepida (κρηπίς, krēpís), a kind of shoe between a closed boot and plain sandals.[100]

Croupezai (κρούπεζαι, kroúpezai), croupezia (κρουπέζια, kroupézia), or croupala (κρούπαλα, kroúpala), wooden shoes worn by peasants and took their names from noise which they made. Photius wrote that they were used for treading out olives.[101]

Embas (ἐμβάς, embás) or embates (ἐμβάτης, embátēs), kind of a closed boot.[102]

Endromis (ἐνδρομίς, endromís), a kind of a leather boot (In Roman times endromis was a thick woollen rug/cloak).[103][104]

Zinixion (ζινίχιον) and sfairwthr (σφαιρωτήρ) were the strap/latchet of the sandal.[105][106]

Amyklai (Ἀμύκλαι) were described as a type of bronze shoes or foot ornaments worn by Empedocles.[107]

* Pair of terracotta boots, offerings at a burial of a woman, circa 900 BC, Stoa of Attalos, Athens.

* Pair of terracotta boots, offerings at a burial of a woman, circa 900 BC, Stoa of Attalos, Athens.

* Greek and Roman shoes from The book of the feet by Joseph Sparkes Hall, 1847

### Headgear

[edit]

Further information: Greco-Roman hairstyle

Man wearing Petasos, Coinage of Kapsa Macedon c. 400 BCE

Women and men wore different types of headgear.[2] Women could wear veils to preserve their modesty.[22][page needed] Men would wear hats for protection against the elements.[4][page needed] Both men and women also wore different types of headbands to pull their hair up or for decoration.[22][page needed]

Pileus and petasos were common hats for men in ancient Greece.[4][page needed] The pileus was a close-fitting cap which could have been made out of a variety of materials such as leather and wool.[4][page needed] While the petasos was a broad brimmed hat with an attached cord that hung down around the chin.[4][page needed]

Kredemnon (κρήδεμνον) was a woman's headdress or veil of uncertain form, a sort of covering for the head with lappets hanging down to the shoulders on both sides, and when drawn together concealing the face.[108][109][110]

Ampyx (ἄμπυχ) was a headband worn by Greek women to confine the hair, passing round the front of the head and fastening behind. It appears generally to have consisted of a plate of gold or silver, often richly worked and adorned with precious stones.[111]

Sphendone (σφενδόνη) was a fastening for the hair used by the Greek women.[112]

Tainia was a headband, ribbon, or fillet.

Kekryphalos (κεκρύφαλος) was a Hairnet[113] and Sakkos (σάκκος) a hair sack/cap used by the Greek women.[113]

Diadema (διάδημα), a fillet which was the emblem of sovereignty.[114]

### Jewelry

[edit]

Gold bracelets decorated with lion heads.

Further information: Ancient greek jewellery

Ornamentation in the form of jewelry, elaborate hairstyles, and make-up was common for women.[22] While jewelry was used to decorates oneself, it was also used as status symbol to show one's wealth.[4] The Greeks wore jewelry such as rings, wreaths, diadems, bracelets, armbands, pins, pendants, necklaces, and earrings.[115] Small gold ornaments would be sewn onto their clothing and would glitter as they moved.[3] Common designs on jewelry in ancient Greece included plants, animals and figures from Greek mythology.[4] Gold and silver were the most common mediums for jewelry.[116] However, jewelry from this time could also have pearls, gems, and semiprecious stones used as decoration.[4] Jewelry was commonly passed down in families from generation to generation.[115]

Greeks used many different words to describe the earrings including the Elikteres (ἑλικτῆρες), Enotia (ἑνώτια, sometimes called Enodia (ἑνώδια) in some inscriptions), Plastra (πλάστρα), Ellobia (ἑλλόβια)[117] and ermata (ἕρματα).[118][119]

Sphingter (σφιγκτήρ) was a coil bracelet, made of gold, worn by women on the left arm.[120] Pselion (ψέλιον) was a kind of bracelet or armlet worn by Persians, but also adopted by Greeks.[121] The bracelets who were worn on the wrist were called περικάρπια, while these that were worn on the upper arm were called περιβραχιόνια. The bracelet that went several times round the arm were called δράκοντες (dragons) or ὄφεις (snakes) due to their resemblance to serpents.[121]

Periscelis (περισκελίς), was an anklet worn by women. The plebeian women wore anklets of silver, whereas the patricians of gold.[122][123] These ornaments are also called περισφύρια, while sometimes they are referred to by more general names such as πέδαι (singular πέδη) or ἀμφιδέαι (singular ἀμφιδέα).[124] The word πέδη was also used to describe a fetter or shackle for the ankles constructed as to deprive the prisoner almost wholly of the power of walking.[125][123]

Pyxis (πυξίς) was a small container made from boxwood (πύξος), typically used as a jewelry box or for storing small valuable items.[126]

Dactylios (Δακτύλιος), was a term used for a ring of any kind, especially a finger-ring.[127] Dactyliotheca (Δακτυλιοθήκη), derived from the words daktylios (ring) and theke (casket/case), was a case or box where rings were kept, the same term was used to describe a collection of rings.[128]

### Gloves

[edit]

Cheirides (χειρίδες) were fingerless gloves, primarily for protection against briars and thorns. These gloves were distinct from full gloves, which had fingers and called χειρίδες δακτυλωταί or δακτυλῆθραι. Additionally, the term χειρὶς πλέα ἀργυρίου likely referred to a leather glove used as a purse.[129]

## See also

[edit]

* Greek dress
* Biblical clothing
* Clothing in ancient Rome
* Clothing in the ancient world

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e Art, Department of Greek and Roman (1 October 2003). "Ancient Greek Dress - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nigro, Jeff (1 February 2022). "Ancient Greek Dress: The Classic Look". Art Institute of Chicago.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Alden, Maureen (January 2003), "Ancient Greek Dress", Costume, 37 (1): 1–16, doi:10.1179/cos.2003.37.1.1
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 343\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
5. ^ Adkins, Lesley, and Roy Adkins. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece. New York: Facts On File, 1997. Print.
6. ^ a b c d "Ancient Greek Dress". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
7. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sartor
8. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Scalprum
9. ^ Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Oxbow Books. 2014. p. 132\. ISBN 978-1-78297-715-5.
10. ^ Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 343\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
11. ^ Art, Department of Greek and Roman (1 October 2003). "Ancient Greek Dress - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 24 May 2025.
12. ^ Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 168\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
13. ^ Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 151\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
14. ^ Richter, Gisela M. A. (1929). "Silk in Greece". American Journal of Archaeology. 33 (1): 33. doi:10.2307/497644. ISSN 0002-9114.
15. ^ Aristotle (1910). History of Animals. Translated by Thompson, D'Arcy. Clarendon Press. p. 83\. ISBN 979-8301488030. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
16. ^ Richter, Gisela M. A. (1929). "Silk in Greece". American Journal of Archaeology. 33 (1): 30. doi:10.2307/497644. ISSN 0002-9114.
17. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amorgina
18. ^ a b Broudy, Eric (1993). The book of looms: a history of the handloom from ancient times to the present. Hanover: Brown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87451-649-4.
19. ^ Homer (15 November 2018), Pulleyn, Simon (ed.), "Odyssey", Homer: Odyssey, Book 5, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463, ISBN 978-0-19-878880-5, retrieved 4 June 2023
20. ^ Homer (15 November 2018), Pulleyn, Simon (ed.), "Odyssey", Homer: Odyssey, Book 10, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280463, ISBN 978-0-19-878880-5, retrieved 4 June 2023
21. ^ Blanck, Horst (1976). Einführung in das Privatleben der Griechen und Römer. Internet Archive. Darmstadt : Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft [Abt. Verl.] p. 45\. ISBN 978-3-534-06066-5.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: An Interdisciplinary Anthology. Oxbow Books. 2014. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-78297-715-5.
23. ^ Homer (29 June 1995), Griffin, Jasper (ed.), "Iliad", Homer: Iliad Book Three, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00280592, ISBN 978-0-19-814130-3, retrieved 5 June 2023
24. ^ Suda, theta, 290
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26. ^ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Amictus". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
27. ^ "Perseus Encyclopedia, epiblema". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
28. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἀμφελόνη". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
29. ^ "Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Indūtus". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
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31. ^ Suda, eta, 355
32. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Limbus
33. ^ Suda, Delta, 1458
34. ^ a b A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica
35. ^ Garland, Robert. Daily Life of the Ancient Greeks. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2009. Print.
36. ^ a b Art, Authors: Department of Greek and Roman. "Ancient Greek Dress | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
37. ^ Plato (14 September 2007). The Republic. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-045511-3.
38. ^ Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 158–159\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
39. ^ Perseus Encyclopedia, Apoptygma
40. ^ Suda, alpha, 1224
41. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Ampechone
42. ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Ampechone
43. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ampechone
44. ^ Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft, Ἀμφιμάσχαλος
45. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Abrota
46. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Birrus
47. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cento
48. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cento
49. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Centonarii
50. ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chitoniskos
51. ^ Perseus Encyclopedia, Chitoniskos
52. ^ John Conington, Commentary on Vergil's Aeneid, Volume 2, 9.616
53. ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Chiridotos
54. ^ Suda, chi, 244
55. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas
56. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica
57. ^ Suda, delta, 1290
58. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Comoedia
59. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Exōmis
60. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Encomboma
61. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Encombōma
62. ^ Suda, tau, 812
63. ^ "L. D. Caskey, J. D. Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 110. 00.346 BELL-KRATER from Vico Equense (NE. of Sorrento) PLATE LXII". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
64. ^ Suda, kappa, 1114
65. ^ Francesca Sterlacci; Joanne Arbuckle (2009). The A to Z of the Fashion Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 132\. ISBN 978-0-8108-6883-0.
66. ^ Herbert Norris (1999). Ancient European Costume and Fashion. Dover Publications. p. 43\. ISBN 978-0-486-40723-4.
67. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875, Pallium
68. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nebris
69. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Nebris
70. ^ Suda, phi, 791
71. ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, sisura
72. ^ Suda, sigma, 487
73. ^ Suda, Sigma, 956
74. ^ Suda, tau, 465
75. ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Tribon
76. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., Pallium
77. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Tribon
78. ^ Mireille M. Lee (2015). Body, Dress, and Identity in Ancient Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 118\. ISBN 978-1-107-66253-7.
79. ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, Trichaptum
80. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Paenula
81. ^ Suda, alpha,1357
82. ^ a b c d Bonfante, Larissa (1 October 1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology. 93 (4): 543–570\. doi:10.2307/505328. ISSN 0002-9114. JSTOR 505328. S2CID 192983153.
83. ^ a b Bonfante, Larissa (1990). "The NAKED GREEK". Archaeology. 43 (5): 28–35\. ISSN 0003-8113. JSTOR 41765856.
84. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé
85. ^ Lee, Mireille M. (2015). Body, dress, and identity in ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 198\. ISBN 978-1-107-05536-0.
86. ^ Sophocle; Mulroy, David D. (2011). Oedipus Rex. Wisconsin studies in classics. Madison (Wis.): University of Wisconsin press. pp. 77–78\. ISBN 978-0-299-28254-7.
87. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona
88. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sudarium
89. ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 542
90. ^ Schachter, Albert (May 2016). Boiotia in Antiquity: Selected Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 262\. ISBN 978-1-107-05324-3.
91. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) William Smith, LLD, William Wayte, G. E. Marindin, Ed., calceus
92. ^ Suda, lambda, 812
93. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta
94. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus
95. ^ Suda, alpha, 3755
96. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides
97. ^ Suda, beta, 324
98. ^ Suda, beta, 325
99. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Carbatina
100. ^ Dictionary A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida
101. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Sculponeae
102. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas
103. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Endromis
104. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis
105. ^ Suda, zeta, 101
106. ^ Suda, sigma, 1722
107. ^ Suda, al.1671
108. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calantica
109. ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, krhdemnon
110. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica
111. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx
112. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sphendone
113. ^ a b The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer
114. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Diadema
115. ^ a b Colette Hemingway; Seán Hemingway. "Hellenistic Jewelry". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
116. ^ Smith, Tyler Jo; Plantzos, Dimitris, eds. (29 January 2013). A Companion to Greek Art. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118273289. ISBN 978-1-4051-8604-9.
117. ^ The Fragments of Sophocles, p. 35
118. ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Erma
119. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Inauris
120. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Spinther
121. ^ a b A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla
122. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Periscelis
123. ^ a b Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Compes
124. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Periscelis
125. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Compes
126. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Pyxis
127. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Anulus
128. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Dactyliotheca
129. ^ A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Costume in ancient Greece.

* Ancient Greek Clothing
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Clothing
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Clavus Latus

### Garments

[edit]

* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Abolla
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ephestris
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Epiblema
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amictus
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pallium
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Palla
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cingulum
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Mitra
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Dalmatica
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Tunica
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Laena
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Lacerna
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cucullus
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Cyclas
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paenula
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Paludamentum

### Footwear

[edit]

* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calceus
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Calceus
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Carbatina
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Crepida
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Crepida
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cothurnus
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliga
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baucides
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baucides
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baxeae
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Baxeae
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Embas
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Embas
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Endromis
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Soccus
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Solea
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Solea
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Talaria
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zancha
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fulmenta
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gallicae
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Ligula
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Obstragulum
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Phaecasium
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Sandalium
* Joseph Sparkes Hall, The Book of the Feet: A History of Boots and Shoes (1847)

### Other

[edit]

* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Strophium
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Ampyx
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Calautica
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Armilla
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Inauris
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Inauris
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Manica
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Nodus
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Bulla
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Amuletum
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Fibula
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Fibula
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Porpé
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Caliendrum
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Redimiculum
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Baculum
* The Prostitute and Her Headdress: the Mitra, Sakkos and Kekryphalos in Attic Red-figure Vase-painting ca. 550-450 BCE, Marina Fischer
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Zona
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Taenia
* A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Catena
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Monile
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Galerus

### See also

[edit]

#### Hairstyles

[edit]

* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cincinnus
* Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Coma

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Black Sea
basin|

| North
coast|

* Akra
* Borysthenes
* Charax
* Chersonesus
* Dioscurias
* Gorgippia
* Hermonassa
* Kalos Limen
* Kepoi
* Kerkinitis
* Kimmerikon
* Myrmekion
* Nikonion
* Nymphaion
* Olbia
* Pantikapaion
* Phanagoria
* Pityus
* Tanais
* Theodosia
* Tyras
* Tyritake

|

South
coast|

* Abonoteichos
* Amisos
* Anchialos
* Apollonia
* Athina
* Bathus
* Dionysopolis
* Cotyora
* Cytorus
* Eupatoria
* Heraclea
* Kerasous
* Mesambria
* Odessos
* Oinòe
* Phasis
* Polemonion
* Rhizos
* Salmydessus
* Sesamus
* Sinope
* Thèrmae
* Tium
* Trapezous
* Tripolis
* Zaliche

Lists

* Cities
* in Epirus
* People
* Place names
* Stoae
* Temples
* Theatres

* Category
* Portal
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Timeline of clothing and fashion

* History of clothing and textiles
* History of fashion design

Ancient|

* Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
* China
* Han Chinese
* Shu
* Egyptian
* Inuit
* Biblical
* Greek
* Roman
* Thracian

Middle Ages|

* Anglo-Saxon
* Byzantine
* Chinese
* Liao
* Jurchen Jin
* Yuan
* Western Xia
* English
* Europe
* 400s–1000s
* 1100s
* 1200s
* 1300s
* 1400s
* Korean
* Ottoman
* Tocharian
* Vietnamese

1500s–1820s Western fashion|

* 1500–1550
* 1550–1600
* 1600–1650
* 1650–1700
* 1700–1750
* 1750–1775
* 1775–1795
* 1795–1820
* Directoire style
* 1820s

1830s–1910s Western fashion|

* Victorian
* 1830s
* 1840s
* 1850s
* 1860s
* 1870s
* 1880s
* 1890s
* Edwardian
* 1900s
* 1910s

1920s–1950s Western fashion|

* Suffrage Movement period
* 1920s
* 1930–1945
* 1945–1960

1960s–1990s fashion|

* 1960s
* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s

2000–present fashion|

* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s
* impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

By country and region|

* Indian subcontinent
* Italy
* Japan
* Meiji
* Thailand
* Western world

By clothing|

* Bikini
* Corset
* Hide
* Swimwear

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*[c.]: circa