Coalition of the Gulf War

Multinational alliance against Iraq (1990–1991)

Coalition of the Gulf War

1990–1991

Coalition

Iraqi Republic

Status| Disbanded
Headquarters| Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Type| Military alliance
Membership| Primary contributors:

* United States
* United Kingdom
* France
* Saudi Arabia
* Egypt
*  Kuwait (in exile)

* * *

Other contributors:

* Argentina
* Australia
*  Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Canada
*  Czechoslovakia
* Denmark
*  Mujahideen of Afghanistan[1]
* Germany
* Greece
* Honduras
* Hungary
* Italy
* Japan
* Luxembourg
* Morocco
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Niger
* Norway
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Qatar
* Romania
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
*  Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates

Leaders

• Secretary-General of the United Nations

| Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

• Commander of the United States Central Command

| Norman Schwarzkopf
Historical era| Arab Cold War

• Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

| 2–4 August 1990

• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 678

| 29 November 1990

• Adoption of U.S. Congress Resolution Against Iraq

| 14 January 1991

• Beginning of Gulf War air campaign

| 17 January 1991

• Beginning of Liberation of Kuwait campaign

| 24 February 1991

• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 686

| 2 March 1991

On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw its forces by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to do so, and the coalition began an aerial bombardment against targets in Iraq and Kuwait on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States. The central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Turkey.

On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end and the coalition began a ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of the occupation on 28 February 1991.

Multinational group (Qatari F1 Mirage & Alpha Jet, French F1 Mirage, U.S. F-16, and Canadian CF-18 Air Forces) of fighter jets during Operation Desert Shield

## Member states

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023)

|

### Argentina

[edit]

Argentina contributed 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters.[2] The operations of Argentinian forces were codenamed Operation Alfil.

### Australia

[edit]

Main article: Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War

Australia contributed at least one[clarification needed] guided missile frigate, one destroyer and one supply ship.[3] Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own.[4]

### Bahrain

[edit]

Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini Army providing troops to the Gulf Cooperation Council contingent (exclusively embedded with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed their territory to be used as a logistical hub for coalition forces.[5][6]

### Bangladesh

[edit]

The Bangladeshi contribution to the coalition contained about 2300 personnel.[7] Their operation was codenamed Operation Moruprantar and involved security personnel, including two field Ambulance teams. After the war, Bangladeshi forces inspected and cleared land mines lain by the Iraqi forces.[8] In 2015, there were still up to 5000 Bangladeshi troops stationed in Kuwait to aid with mine clearance.[9] The Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.

### Belgium

[edit]

Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Turkey, and several ships deployed to the gulf.[10]

Two minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait.[10]

Eighteen Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and six C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Turkey as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft.

Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Turkey alongside 75 soldiers.[11]

### Canada

[edit]

Main article: Operation Friction

Canada's contribution included 4,600 personnel, and their activities were codenamed Operation Friction. Royal Canadian Navy vessels took part in the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force conducted patrols and bombing missions, and the army deployed a field hospital. Canadian aircraft and ground forces also attacked retreating Iraqi military forces along the Highway of Death.[12][13][14]

### Czechoslovakia

[edit]

Main article: Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War

The Czechoslovak contribution included a specialised 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel.[15] The lead Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való.[16] The war was notable as the first time Czechoslovak troops had taken part in an armed conflict since the Second World War, and would be the last time before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[17]

### Denmark

[edit]

Denmark deployed the HDMS Olfert Fischer (a Niels Juel-class Corvette) alongside 100 personnel.[15]

### Egypt

[edit]

Egypt contributed around 40,000 soldiers and 400 tanks. Their commander was Salah Mohammed Atia Halabi.[citation needed][18]

### France

[edit]

Main article: Opération Daguet

The French contingent consisted of around 20,000 personnel led by Lieutenant General Michel Roquejeoffre, and their activities were codenamed Opération Daguet. France also contributed 14 ships, more than 75 aircraft, and 350 tanks.[15]

### Germany

[edit]

Germany sent one fighter squadron to Turkey to show solidarity with operations in Kuwait and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank.[15][19] Restrictions on the use of NATO airbases in Germany were removed so they could be used for logistics. Germany also provided $6 billion in cash and materiel to aid the coalition.[20]

### Greece

[edit]

Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff and the frigate Limnos in the Red Sea. The Greek Merchant Marine Service aided the Coalition in the movement of fuel and equipment with their large fleet, and most Greek airfields were made available for US and allied use.[21][22][15]

### Honduras

[edit]

Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.[23]

### Hungary

[edit]

Hungary contributed approximately 40 personnel, including a medical team.[15]

### Italy

[edit]

Main article: Operazione Locusta

The Italian contribution included about 1,950 personnel; their operation mostly involved aircraft, and the air operation was known as Operazione Locusta. Italy deployed eight Panavia Tornado aircraft, which conducted sorties over the 42 days of war, and a cell of RF-104G Starfighter tactical reconnaissance aircraft,[24] which operated from Turkey to monitor the coalition's flank. Six F-104s were stationed in Turkey. 4 ships were sent to the gulf.[15] The Italian commander of the operation was Mario Arpino.[25]

### Japan

[edit]

Japan contributed no personnel or equipment to the coalition force as it was prohibited from doing so by its constitution. However, the Japanese government made a financial contribution of approximately $13bn to fund Coalition operations.[26]

### Kuwait

[edit]

The contribution of Kuwaiti forces in exile included around 9,900 personnel.[citation needed]

### Luxembourg

[edit]

Luxembourg provided financial support. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish civilians taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border.[27][28]

### Morocco

[edit]

Morocco contributed around 13,000 personnel.[citation needed]

### New Zealand

[edit]

New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.[29]

### The Netherlands

[edit]

The Dutch navy sent two frigates to help maintain the UN embargo on Iraq, and three minehunters to clear mines off the coast of Kuwait. The army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the air force sent two MIM-23 Hawk squadrons and three MIM-104 Patriot squadrons – one of which was deployed in Israel to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles.[30]

### Niger

[edit]

Niger deployed about 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina.[15]

### Norway

[edit]

Norway contributed 280 personnel, one naval vessel, a field hospital, and intelligence capabilities.[citation needed]

A Royal Saudi Air Force Tornado F3 during Operation Desert Storm

### Oman

[edit]

Oman contributed about 6,300 personnel.[citation needed]

### Pakistan

[edit]

The Pakistani contingent was 4,900–5,500 strong.[citation needed] Mirza Aslam Beg, then-Pakistani Chief of the Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army began, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively repel and defeat the US Army.[31] Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, but supported the armed forces fighting Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia.[32][33] In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, alongside Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, he briefed US commanders on Pakistani preparations and military operational capabilities.[34] The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan.[33][35]

Beg predicted that popular opinion[where?] would favor Iraq, as anti-American sentiment in the Middle East was growing.[31]

### Philippines

[edit]

The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel.[citation needed]

### Poland

[edit]

The Polish contribution included approximately 320 personnel and 2 warships[15] – ORP Wodnik and ORP Piast.[citation needed] Poland also conducted intelligence operations, such as Operation Simoom.

### Portugal

[edit]

Portugal provided one logistics ship and two C-130 transport aircraft.[36][37]

### Qatar

[edit]

Qatar contributed around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.[citation needed]

### Romania

[edit]

Romania deployed 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers. As part of Britain's Operation Granby, a field hospital was deployed to al-Jubayl.[38][39][40]

### Saudi Arabia

[edit]

An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Saudi troops participated in operations against Iraq, led by Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya and Sultan Al-Mutairi.[citation needed]

### Senegal

[edit]

Senegal contributed approximately 500 troops.[15] 92 Senegalese soldiers were killed in a plane crash, along with six Saudi crew members, in the deadliest single accident among coalition forces.[41]

### Singapore

[edit]

Singapore sent 30 personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale, as well as nine military support teams.[42]

### South Korea

[edit]

The South Korean contingent was 777-strong, including medical and logistical support.[citation needed]

### Spain

[edit]

Spain deployed 500 ground troops (mostly engineers) with another 3,000 participating in naval operations: two corvettes and one destroyer patrolled near the strait of Bab al Mandeb.[15]

### Syria

[edit]

Coalition troops from Egypt, France, Oman, Syria, and Kuwait stand for review during Operation Desert Storm.

Syria's contributed around 14,500 troops, led by Mustafa Tlass.[citation needed]

### Sweden

[edit]

The Swedish contingent numbered about 525 and included a field hospital.[43]

### Turkey

[edit]

Turkey contributed to the air campaign against Iraq.[44]

### United Arab Emirates

[edit]

The UAE contributed one army battalion and a squadron of Mirage fighters. They also provided facilities to deploy over 255 aircraft, and gave the coalition access to practically all of their ports and shipyards.[45]

### United Kingdom

[edit]

Main article: Operation Granby

The UK participated in Operation Granby and the Battle of Norfolk. The total British contribution included 16 ships, 58 aircraft, and 53,462 personnel, including 1st Armoured Division, 7th Armoured Brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade.[15][46] British commanders included: Patrick Hine, commander of all British forces; Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command; Peter de la Billière – Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.

### United States

[edit]

The United States was the largest contributor to the coalition, with some 697,000 personnel.[47] Its forces participated in Operation Desert Shield, the Battle of Khafji, the Battle of 73 Easting, the Battle of Al Busayyah, the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, the Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, and the Battle of Norfolk, among other engagements. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson. Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.

## Afghan and Kurdish militias

[edit]

According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991.[15] Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.[48]

## Member states by equipment

[edit]

### United States

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* M1A1 Abrams MBT (Main Battle Tank)
* M60A1/A3 Patton MBT (Main Battle Tank) (USMC)
* M551A1 Sheridan TTS (Tank Thermal Sight) Armored Reconnaissance Airborne Assault Vehicle

#### Armored vehicles

[edit]

* M2A2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
* M3A2 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle)
* AAVP7A1 Assault Amphibian Vehicle Personnel (USMC)
* LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle (USMC)
* LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle (Anti-Tank) (USMC)
* M113A2/A3 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
* TPz Fuchs APC NBC and EW variants (UOR acquisition from Germany)
* M901A1 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle)

#### Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]

* LAV-M Light Armored Vehicle (Mortar) (USMC)
* M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
* M109A2/A3/A4 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
* M110A2 8 inch SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
* M270 MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System

#### Anti-aircraft

[edit]

* M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
* M48 Chaparral Self-Propelled SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* M1097 Avenger Humvee
* M167 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
* MIM-23 Improved Hawk SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* MIM-104 Patriot SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher

#### Artillery and mortars

[edit]

* M102 105 mm Towed Howitzer
* M198 155 mm Towed Howitzer
* M58 MICLIC (Mine Clearing Line Charge) Towed
* M224 60 mm Light Weight Mortar
* M252 81 mm Medium Weight Mortar
* M30 107 mm Heavy Weight Mortar

Engineering and recovery vehicles

* M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle
* M9 Armored Combat Earthmover
* M60 AVLM (Armored Vehicle Launched MICLIC (Mine-Clearing Line Charge))
* M88 Armoured Recovery Vehicle
* M60A1 Armored Vehicle Launched Bridge
* M578 Light Recovery Vehicle (Armoured Recovery Vehicle)
* D7 Caterpillar (armored Bulldozer)
* M139 Volcano Mine System

#### Command vehicles

[edit]

* M577A2 ACP (Armored Command Post) Carrier
* AACV7A1 (Assault Amphibian Vehicle Command) (USMC)
* LAV-25C2 Light Armored Vehicle (Command & Control) (USMC)
* M981 FISTV (Fire Support Team Vehicle)

#### Other vehicles

[edit]

* M998 Humvee
* M151A2 FAV (Fast Attack Vehicle) (USMC)
* M1008 CUCV (Commercial Utility, Cargo Vehicle)
* FAV (Fast Attack Vehicle) / DPV (Desert Patrol Vehicle)
* Kawasaki KLR-250-D8
* M35A2 6x6 2.5-Ton Truck "Deuce And A Half"
* M925A1 6x6 5-Ton Truck
* M548 Tracked Cargo Carrier
* M992 FAASV (Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle)
* M1059 Smoke Generator Carrier

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King (Canadian Forces)
* Bell AH-1F Cobra (Army)
* Bell AH-1J SeaCobra (USMC)
* Bell AH-1T Improved SeaCobra (USMC)
* Bell AH-1W SuperCobra (USMC)
* Boeing AH-64A Apache (Army)
* Boeing CH-46D Sea Knight (United States Navy)
* Boeing CH-46E Sea Knight (USMC)
* Boeing CH-47D Chinook (Army)
* Sikorsky CH-53D Sea Stallion (USN, USMC)
* Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion (USN, USMC)
* Bell EH-1H Iroquois (Huey) (Army)
* Sikorsky EH-60A Quick Fix (Army)
* Boeing HH-46D Sea Knight (USN)
* Sikorsky HH-60H Seahawk (USN)
* Boeing MH-47 (SOA) Special Operations Aircraft (Army)
* Sikorsky MH-53 Pave Low (USAF)
* Sikorsky MH-53E Sea Dragon (USN)
* Sikorsky MH-60G Pave Hawk (USAF)
* Bell OH-58A Kiowa (Army)
* Bell OH-58C Kiowa (Army)
* Bell OH-58D (Army)
* Sikorsky RH-53D Sea Stallion (USMC)
* Kaman SH-2F Seasprite (USN)
* Sikorsky SH-3G Sea King (USN)
* Sikorsky SH-3H Sea King (USN)
* Sikorsky SH-60B Seahawk (USN)
* Bell UH-1H Iroquois (Huey) (Army)
* Bell UH-1N (Huey) (USMC)
* Bell UH-1V Iroquois (Huey) Aeromedical Evacuation (Army)
* Boeing UH-46D Sea Knight (USN)
* Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk (Army)

#### Aircraft

[edit]

* Grumman A-6E Intruder (USN, USMC)
* LTV A-7E Corsair II (USN)
* McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II (USMC)
* Fairchild Republic A-10A Thunderbolt II "Warthog" (USAF)
* Lockheed AC-130A (Spectre) Gunship (USAF)
* Lockheed AC-130H (Spectre) Gunship (USAF)
* Boeing B-52G Stratofortress (USAF)
* Grumman C-2A Greyhound (USN)
* Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas C-9B Skytrain II (USN)
* Raytheon C-12 Huron (USAF)
* Lockheed C-130 Hercules (USAF)
* Lockheed C-130F Hercules (USN)
* Lockheed C-141 Starlifter (USAF)
* North American Rockwell CT-39G (USN)
* McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (USN)
* Grumman E-2C Hawkeye (USN)
* Boeing E-3B Sentry AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System (USAF)
* Douglas EA-3B Skywarrior (USN)
* Lockheed EP-3E Aries II (USN)
* Grumman EA-6B Prowler (USN)
* Boeing E-8 Joint STARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (USAF)
* General Dynamics EF-111A Raven (USAF)
* Lockheed EC-130E/J Commando Solo (USAF)
* Lockheed EC-130H Compass Call (USAF)
* Boeing EC-135L Looking Glass (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom II (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas F-4G Phantom II (Wild Weasel) (USAF)
* Grumman F-14A Tomcat (USN)
* Grumman F-14A+(B) Tomcat (USN)
* McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle (USAF)
* General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon (USAF)
* General Dynamics F-16C Fighting Falcon (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas F/A-18A Hornet (USN, USMC)
* McDonnell Douglas F/A-18C Hornet (USN, USMC)
* McDonnell Douglas F/A-18D Hornet (USMC)
* General Dynamics F-111E Aardvark (USAF)
* General Dynamics F-111F Aardvark (USAF)
* Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk (USAF)
* Lockheed HC-130 King (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas KC-10A Extender (USAF)
* Lockheed KC-130F Hercules (USN, USMC)
* Lockheed KC-130R Hercules (USMC)
* Lockheed KC-130T Hercules (USMC)
* Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker (USAF)
* Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker (USAF)
* Lockheed MC-130E Hercules Combat Talon (USAF)
* North American Rockwell OV-10A Bronco (USMC)
* North American Rockwell OV-10D Bronco (USMC)
* North American Rockwell OV-10D+ Bronco (USMC)
* Lockheed P-3B Orion (USN)
* Lockheed P-3C Orion (USN)
* Boeing RC-135V/W Rivet Joint (USAF)
* McDonnell Douglas RF-4C Phantom II (USAF)
* Lockheed S-3A Viking (USN)
* Lockheed S-3B Viking (USN)
* Lockheed U-2/TR-1 (USAF)
* Lockheed UP-3A Orion (USN)

#### Aircraft carriers

[edit]

* Midway class (USS Midway)
* Forrestal class (USS Saratoga, USS Ranger)
* Kitty Hawk class (USS America, USS John F. Kennedy)
* Nimitz class (USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, USS Theodore Roosevelt)

#### Battleships

[edit]

* Iowa class (USS Missouri, USS Wisconsin)

#### Submarines

[edit]

* Los Angeles class (USS Chicago, USS Louisville, USS Pittsburgh)

#### Amphibious assault ships

[edit]

* Tarawa class (USS Tarawa, USS Nassau)
* Iwo Jima class (USS Iwo Jima, USS Guadalcanal, USS Guam, USS Tripoli, USS New Orleans)

#### Guided missile cruisers

[edit]

* Leahy class (USS Worden, USS Richmond K. Turner, USS Halsey)
* Belknap class (USS Horne, USS Biddle)
* Ticonderoga class (USS Valley Forge, USS Thomas S. Gates, USS Bunker Hill, USS Mobile Bay, USS Leyte Gulf, USS San Jacinto, USS Philippine Sea, USS Princeton, USS Normandy)
* California class (USS South Carolina)
* Virginia class (USS Virginia, USS Mississippi)

#### Destroyer tenders

[edit]

* Samuel Gompers class (USS Samuel Gompers)
* Yellowstone class (USS Yellowstone, USS Acadia, USS Cape Cod)

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Spruance class (USS Spruance, USS Paul F. Foster, USS Caron, USS Oldendorf, USS Moosbrugger, USS Leftwich, USS Harry W. Hill, USS Fife)

#### Guided missile destroyers

[edit]

* Farragut class (USS Macdonough, USS Coontz, USS Preble)
* Kidd class (USS Kidd)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Knox class (USS Marvin Shields, USS Francis Hammond, USS Vreeland, USS Thomas C. Hart)
* Oliver Hazard Perry class (USS McInerney, USS Jarrett, USS Curts, USS Halyburton, USS Nicholas, USS Hawes, USS Ford, USS Samuel B. Roberts)

#### Amphibious transport docks

[edit]

* Raleigh class (USS Raleigh, USS Vancouver)
* Austin class (USS Ogden)
* Cleveland class (USS Denver, USS Juneau, USS Shreveport)
* Trenton class (USS Trenton)

#### Ammunition ships

[edit]

* Suribachi class (USS Mauna Kea)
* Nitro class (USS Nitro, USS Haleakalā)
* Kilauea class (USS Kilauea, USS Santa Barbara, USS Mount Hood, USS Shasta, USS Kiska (AE-35)|USS Kiska)

#### Dock landing ships

[edit]

* Anchorage class (USS Anchorage, USS Portland, USS Pensacola, USS Mount Vernon)
* Whidbey Island class (USS Germantown, USS Fort McHenry, USS Gunston Hall)

#### Tank landing ships

[edit]

* Newport class (USS Manitowoc, LST-1180. USS Peoria, USS Frederick, USS Cayuga, USS Saginaw, USS Spartanburg County, USS La Moure County, USS Barbour County)

#### Fast sealift ships

[edit]

* SL-7 Type (USS Algol, USNS Bellatrix, USS Denebola, USS Pollux, USNS Altair, USS Regulus, USS Capella)

#### Fleet oilers

[edit]

* Neosho class (USS Neosho, USS Hassayampa, USS Ponchatoula)
* Cimarron class (USS Platte)
* Henry J. Kaiser class (USS Joshua Humphreys, USNS Andrew J. Higgins, USS Walter S. Diehl)

#### Combat stores ships

[edit]

* Mars class (USS Mars, USS Sylvania, USS Niagara Falls, USS San Diego, USS San Jose)
* Sirius class (USNS Sirius, USNS Spica)

#### Fast combat support ships

[edit]

* Sacramento class (USS Sacramento, USS Seattle, USS Detroit)

#### Replenishment oiler ships

[edit]

* Wichita class (USS Kansas City, USS Kalamazoo)

#### Minesweepers

[edit]

* Aggressive class (USS Impervious)

#### Repair ships

[edit]

* Vulcan class (USS Vulcan, USS Jason)

#### Rescue and salvage ships

[edit]

* Edenton class (USS Beaufort)

#### Sealift ships

[edit]

* Wright class (USS Wright, USS Curtiss)

#### Hospital ships

[edit]

* Mercy class (USNS Mercy, USNS Comfort)

#### Amphibious cargo ships

[edit]

* Charleston class (USS Durham, USS Mobile)

#### Mine countermeasure ships

[edit]

* Avenger class (USS Avenger)

#### Survey ships

[edit]

* Chauvenet class (USS Chauvenet)

#### Light watercraft

[edit]

* LCU 1610 (Landing Craft Utility)
* LCAC (Landing Craft Air Cushion)

### United Kingdom

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* FV4030/4 Challenger MBT (Main Battle Tank)
* FV4003 Centurion Mk.5 AVRE 165 (Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers)

#### Armoured vehicles

[edit]

* FV101 Scorpion Reconnaissance
* FV102 Striker Anti-tank missile launcher
* FV103 Spartan Armoured personnel carrier
* FV104 Samaritan Armoured Ambulance
* FV106 Samson Armoured recovery vehicle
* FV107 Scimitar Reconnaissance
* FV432 Armoured Personnel Carrier
* FV432 Armoured Ambulance
* FV510 Warrior Infantry fighting vehicle
* Ferret armoured car
* TPz Fuchs APC NBC and EW variants (UOR acquisition from Germany)

#### Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]

* FV432(M) self-propelled mortar carrier
* M10 155 mm Self-Propelled Howitzer (M109A2 variant)
* M110 8 inch Self-Propelled Howitzer (M110A2 variant)
* M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System

#### Anti-aircraft

[edit]

* Rapier Field Standard B2 Stationary SAM launcher
* Tracked Rapier TR1 Mobile SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* Javelin LML (Lightweight Multiple Launcher) SAM launcher

#### Artillery and mortars

[edit]

* L118 105 mm Light Gun
* 51 mm Light Mortar
* L16A1 81 mm Mortar

#### Engineering and recovery vehicles

[edit]

* FV4205 Chieftain AVLB (armoured vehicle-launched bridge)
* FV180 CET (Combat Engineer Tractor)
* FV434 ARV (Armoured Recovery Vehicle)
* FV512 Warrior Mechanised Combat Repair Vehicle
* FV513 Warrior Mechanised Recovery Vehicle (Repair)

#### Command vehicles

[edit]

* FV105 Sultan

#### Other vehicles

[edit]

* Land Rover Defender
* Leyland 4x4 4-Tonne Lorry
* Bedford 4x4 8-Tonne Lorry
* Leyland Daf 8x6 14-Tonne Medium Mobility Load Carrier (MMLC) Demountable Rack Offloading and Pick Up System (DROPS) Lorry.
* Mercedes Unimog Support Vehicle
* Harley Davidson MT530E
* Armstrong 500
* M548 Tracked Cargo Carrier
* Volkswagen Iltis (Canadian Forces during Operation Scalpel)[49]

#### Aircraft

[edit]

* Aérospatiale-Westland Gazelle AH.1 (AAC)
* Westland Lynx AH.1 and AH.7 (AAC)
* Westland Lynx HAS.3 (RN)
* Boeing Chinook HC.1B (RAF)
* Westland Sea King HC.4 (RN)
* Aérospatiale Puma HC.1 (RAF)
* Panavia Tornado GR.1 (RAF) – Interdictor/Strike
* SEPECAT Jaguar GR.1A (RAF)
* Panavia Tornado F.3 (RAF) air defence
* Blackburn Buccaneer S.2B (RAF)
* BAe Nimrod MR.2P (RAF)
* Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander AL.1 (RAF)
* Handley Page Victor K.2 (RAF) – tanker
* Lockheed TriStar (RAF)
* Lockheed Hercules C.1, C.3 (RAF)
* Vickers VC10 C.1 (RAF) – cargo
* Vickers VC10 K.2, K.3 (RAF) -tanker

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Type 42 Sheffield destroyer (HMS York, HMS Gloucester, HMS Exeter, HMS Manchester, HMS Cardiff)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Leander-class frigate (HMS Jupiter)
* Type 22 Broadsword frigate (HMS Battleaxe, HMS Brazen, HMS London)

#### Submarines

[edit]

* Oberon-class submarine (HMS Opossum)

#### Mine countermeasure vessels

[edit]

* Hunt class (Ledbury, Cattistock, HMS Dulverton, HMS Bicester, HMS Atherstone, HMS Hurworth)

#### Fleet support vessels

[edit]

* RFA Orangeleaf
* RFA Olna -Fast fleet tankers
* RFA Regent – Stores ship
* RFA Fort Grange – Stores ship
* RFA Diligence – Fleet repair ship

#### Hospital ship

[edit]

* RFA Argus – "Primary casualty reception vessel"

### Saudi Arabia

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* AMX-30S MBT (Main Battle Tank)
* M60A1/A3 Patton MBT (Main Battle Tank)

#### Armoured vehicles

[edit]

* M2A2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
* AMX-10P IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
* AMX/HOT ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) Launcher
* Panhard AML-60 Armoured Car
* Panhard AML-90 Armoured Car
* M113A1 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
* Engesa EE-11 Urutu APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
* Panhard M3 VTT APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
* Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando
* Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Imp. TOW)

#### Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]

* M109A2 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
* AMX-GCT 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
* ASTROS-II MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System)
* M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
* Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 81 mm)
* Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 90 mm)

#### Artillery and mortars

[edit]

* M56 105 mm Towed Howitzer
* M102 105 mm Towed Howitzer
* M198 155 mm Towed Howitzer
* M30 107 mm Heavy Weight Mortar

#### Anti-aircraft

[edit]

* M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
* AMX-30SA Shahine Self-Propelled SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* AMX-30SA SPAAA (Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
* MIM-23 Improved Hawk SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* Shahine Stationary SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
* Bofors 40 mm L/70 AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
* Oerlikon-Buhrle Twin 35 mm GDF AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)

#### Other vehicles

[edit]

* Land Rover Defender

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* Sikorsky UH-60A Black Hawk (RSLF)
* Agusta-Bell 205 Iroquois (RSAF)
* Agusta-Bell 206 Jet Ranger (RSAF)
* Agusta-Bell 212 Agusta (RSAF)
* Kawasaki KV-107 (RSAF)
* Eurocopter AS-365N Dauphin (Navy)
* Eurocopter AS-332B Super Puma (Navy)

#### Aircraft

[edit]

* Lockheed C-130E Hercules (RSAF)
* Lockheed C-130H Hercules (RSAF)
* Boeing E-3A Sentry AWACS Airborne Warning And Control System (RSAF)
* Northrop F-5E Tiger II (RSAF)
* McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle (RSAF)
* Lockheed KC-130H (RSAF)
* Northrop RF-5E Tigereye (RSAF)
* Panavia Tornado IDS Interdictor/Strike (RSAF)
* Panavia Tornado ADV Air Defence Variant (RSAF)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Al Madinah class (Al Madinah, Hofouf, Abha, Taif)

#### Corvettes

[edit]

* Badr class (Badr, Al Yarmook, Hitteen, Tabuk)

#### Patrol ships

[edit]

* Al Sadiq class (Al-Siddiq, Al-Farouq, Abdul-Aziz, Faisal, Khalid, Amr, Tariq, Ouqbah, Abu Obadiah)

#### Replenishment ships

[edit]

* Boraida class (Boraida, Yunbou)

### Kuwait

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* M-84AB MBT (Main Battle Tank) Chieftain MBT (Main Battle Tank)

#### Armoured vehicles

[edit]

* BMP-2 IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
* M113A1 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* Aérospatiale SA.342 Gazelle

#### Aircraft

[edit]

* Dassault Mirage F1CK (KAF)
* McDonnell Douglas A-4KU Skyhawk (KAF)

#### Fast attack craft

[edit]

* Lürssen FPB-57 (unknown number)
* Lürssen TNC-45 (unknown number)

### France

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* AMX-30B2 MBT (Main Battle Tank)

#### Other armoured vehicles

[edit]

* GIAT AMX-10RC armoured car
* Panhard AML-90 armoured car
* Panhard ERC-90F4 Sagaie armoured car
* GIAT VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) wheeled troop carrier
* GIAT VAB-PC (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé – Poste de Commandement) command vehicle
* GIAT VAB-VCAC/HOT (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé – Véhicule de Combat Anti-Char) ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) launch vehicle
* GIAT VAB-VTM (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé – Véhicule Tracteur de Mortier) mortar tractor

#### Artillery and mortars

[edit]

* TR-F1 155 mm towed howitzer
* MO-81-61C 81 mm mortar
* MO-120-RT-61 120 mm mortar

#### Anti-aircraft

[edit]

* GIAT 20 mm 53T2 towed AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
* Mistral SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) launcher

#### Other vehicles

[edit]

* Peugeot P4 4WD
* VLRA (Vehicle de Liaison et Reconnaissance de L'Armee) truck

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* Aérospatiale SA-342 Gazelle (ALAT)
* Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma (ALAT)
* Aérospatiale Super Frelon (Aéronavale)

#### Aircraft

[edit]

* Dassault Mirage F1C-200 (AdA)
* Dassault-Breguet Mirage 2000 (AdA)
* SEPECAT Jaguar A (AdA)
* Dassault Super Étendard (Aéronavale)

#### Aircraft carriers

[edit]

* Clemenceau class (Clemenceau)

#### Amphibious transport docks

[edit]

* Foudre class (Foudre)

#### Cruisers

[edit]

* Colbert class (Colbert)

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Georges Leygues class (Jean de Vienne, Latouche-Tréville, Dupleix, Montcalm, Lamotte-Picquet)
* T 47 class (Du Chayla)

#### Corvettes

[edit]

* D'Estienne d'Orves class (Premier maître l'Her)

#### Minehunters

[edit]

* Tripartite-class minehunters, L'Aigle, Cassiopee, Orion, Pluton, Sagittaire

#### Replenishment ships

[edit]

* Durance class (Durance, Var)

#### Support ships

[edit]

* Loire-class mine countermeasures support ship, Loire

### Qatar

[edit]

#### Tanks

[edit]

* AMX-30S MBT (Main Battle Tank)

### Italy

[edit]

#### Fighter jets

[edit]

* 8 Panavia Tornado IDS Interdictor/Strike

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Audace-class (Audace)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Lupo class (Lupo, Sagittario)
* Maestrale class (Libeccio, Zeffiro)

#### Replenishment ships

[edit]

* Stromboli class (Stromboli) (Vesuvio)

### Poland

[edit]

#### Hospital ship

[edit]

* ORP Wodnik

#### Salvage ship

[edit]

* ORP Piast

### Czechoslovakia

[edit]

#### Other vehicles

[edit]

* Tatra T-815 (Heavy truck)
* UAZ-4629 (All-terrain vehicle mounted with chemical reconnaissance probes)
* ARS-12M (De-contamination truck based on Praga V3S)
* POP (Mobile field medical truck based on Praga V3S)

### Canada

[edit]

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* HMCS Terra Nova (Restigouche class)
* HMCS Athabaskan (Iroquois class)

#### Fighter aircraft

[edit]

* 26 CF-18

#### Transport aircraft

[edit]

* 27 CC-130 Hercules
* 5 CC-137 (Boeing 707)

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* 5 Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King

#### Patrol, surveillance aircraft

[edit]

* 1 CC-144 Challenger

#### Supply/replenishment ship

[edit]

* HMCS Protecteur (Protecteur class)

### Argentina

[edit]

[50]

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* 1 MEKO 360 (Almirante Brown class): ARA Almirante Brown (D-10) (CF A. Tierno). ARA Almirante Brown navigated 25.000 NM in the designated area for operations, as part of GT 88, together with ARA Spiro. Returned to Argentina on 25 April 1991.

#### Frigates

[edit]

* 2 MEKO 140 A16 (Espora class): ARA Spiro (P-43) (CF O. Gonzalez), ARA Rosales (P-42) (CC Tebaldi / CC Rossi). ARA Spiro returned to Argentina on 23 May 1991, together with ARA Almirante Brown (D-10). It had navigated 23000 NM in the operations area during the conflict.

#### Amphibious cargo ships

[edit]

* 1Costa Sur class: ARA Bahia San Blas (B-5). Loaded with medicine and food, for humanitarian aid. This ship along with ARA Rosales (P-42) formed GT 88.1, and replaced GT 88.0 formed by ARA Almirante Brown and ARA Spiro.

#### Helicopters

[edit]

* 2 Alouette III (3-H-109 and 3-H-112), from 1° Esc. Aeronaval de Helicopteros (EA1H) (C.C. Alomar). Totalling 67 flights. Operated initially with P-43 and D-10. One of the Alouette suffered an accident, with no casualties.

#### Transport aircraft

[edit]

* 2 Boeing 707 (TC-91[51] and TC-94/LV-LGO as UN UNAG-1[52])

### Australia

[edit]

HMAS Sydney during January 1991

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Perth class (Brisbane)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Adelaide class (Adelaide, Darwin, Sydney, Canberra)

#### Replenishment ships

[edit]

* Durance class (Success)
* Leaf class (Westralia)

#### Transport aircraft

[edit]

* 1 Boeing 707
* 4 Lockheed C-130 Hercules

### Norway

[edit]

#### Patrol ships

[edit]

* Nordkapp-class offshore patrol vessel, NoCGV Andenes

### Denmark

[edit]

#### Corvettes

[edit]

* Niels Juel-class corvette, HDMS Olfert Fischer

### Greece

[edit]

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Elli-class frigate, HS Elli

### Spain

[edit]

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Gearing-class destroyer, Noa (DD-841)

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Santa María-class frigate, Santa María

#### Corvettes

[edit]

* Descubierta-class corvettes, Descubierta, Diana, Infanta Cristina, Cazadora, Vencedora

### The Netherlands

[edit]

[53]

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Kortenaer-class frigates, HNLMS Pieter Florisz, HNLMS Philips van Almonde
* Jacob van Heemskerck-class frigates, HNLMS Witte de With, HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck

#### Minehunters

[edit]

* Tripartite-class minehunters, HNLMS Harlingen, HNLMS Haarlem, HNLMS Zierikzee

#### Replenishment ships

[edit]

* Zuiderkruis-class replenishment oiler, HNLMS Zuiderkruis

#### Mobile field hospital

[edit]

* 53 medical personnel stationed on site

#### Maritime patrol aircraft

[edit]

* Two P-3C Orions

### Belgium

[edit]

[54]

#### Frigates

[edit]

* Wielingen-class frigates, Wielingen, Wandelaar

#### Minehunters

[edit]

* Tripartite-class minehunters Myosotis, Iris, Dianthus

#### Support ships

[edit]

* Zinnia-class support ship, Zinnia

### Turkey

[edit]

#### Destroyers

[edit]

* Gearing-class destroyer, TCG Yucetepe

## See also

[edit]

* Carter Doctrine
* Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)
* Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Desert Shield And Desert Storm: A Chronology And Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis" (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
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3. ^ Royal Australian Navy. "HMAS Darwin – Part 2". seapower.navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
4. ^ "Gulf War & Iraq War | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
5. ^ "Bahrain – Persian Gulf War". www.country-data.com. Archived from the original on 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
6. ^ "The Gulf: Future Security and British Policy". HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Official Website. 1998-04-29. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
7. ^ Hossain, Ishtiaq (April 1997). "Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State". Pakistan Horizon. 50 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 42. JSTOR 41393571.
8. ^ "Bilateral Relationship between Bangladesh and the State of Kuwait". kuwait.mofa.gov.bd. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
9. ^ Zahidur Rahman (2015-12-07). "Bangladesh helps reconstruct Kuwait". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
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11. ^ Tripnaux, Eric (23 June 2024). "Belgian Medals and Bars for the Persian Gulf War 1990-1991: Comments and Corrections" (PDF). Orders and Medals society of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
12. ^ Taylor, Scott (2004). Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq. Esprit de Corps Books. p. 92\. ISBN 978-1-895896-26-8. "Canadian CF-18 fighters based in Qatar were only equipped with air-to-air missiles, as their role was to provide rear area combat air patrols. However, upon hearing from allied pilots that there was a massive 'turkey shoot' taking place in Kuwait, unofficial arrangements were made to equip the Canadians with U.S. bombs."
13. ^ "Highway of Death". 10 March 2021.
14. ^ "The 43-day war". 9 January 2021.
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16. ^ "Českoslovenští vojáci odhalili chemickou válku v Zálivu, píše se v knize". iDNES.cz. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
17. ^ Hedges, Chris (February 20, 1991). "War in the Gulf: Czechoslovaks; Prague to Desert Sands: Soldiers With a Vision". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
18. ^ Englehardt, Joseph (September 18, 2024). "Desert Shield and Desert Storm: A Chronology and Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis" (PDF). dtic.mil. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
19. ^ "The Bundeswehr as an Army on Operations". www.bundeswehr.de. Archived from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
20. ^ Tinas, Murat (April 2022). "German Foreign Policy During the First Gulf Crisis: Overcoming a Taboo on Being a Military Power on World Stage". Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences. 9 (1): 8. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-07-08 – via DergiPark.
21. ^ Glenn E. Curtis, ed. (December 1994). Greece a country study (4th ed.). US: Federal Research Division. pp. 258 & 288 & 300\. ISBN 0844408565.
22. ^ "HS LIMNOS (F 451)". Πολεμικό Ναυτικό – Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
23. ^ "Honduras denies helping Iraq during Gulf War – UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
24. ^ "25 years since the "Locusta" operation". DIFESA. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
25. ^ "General Mario ARPINO". Ministero dello Difesa (in Italian). 4 September 2024. Archived from the original on 2023-12-16. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
26. ^ Kelly, Tim; Kubo, Nobuhiro (20 December 2015). "Gulf war trauma began Japan's retreat from pacifism". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
27. ^ "Luxembourg (09/06)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
28. ^ "OMP". Musée National d'Histoire Militaire (in German). 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
29. ^ "RNZAF – the Post War Years". Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-26. Royal New Zealand Air Force website
30. ^ Ministerie van Defensie (2017-09-12). "The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war – Historical missions – Defensie.nl". english.defensie.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
31. ^ a b Singh, R.S.N. (2008). "Nawaz Sharif and Military". The military factor in Pakistan. New Delhi: Frankfort, Illinois. pp. 84–85\. ISBN 978-0-9815378-9-4. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
32. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2003). Desert shield to desert storm : the second Gulf war. New York: Authors Choice Press. ISBN 0-595-26904-4.
33. ^ a b Khadduri, Majid; Ghareeb, Edmund (2001). War in the Gulf, 1990–91: the Iraq-Kuwait conflict and its implications. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press, Ghareeb. ISBN 0-19-514979-3.
34. ^ H. Norman Schwarzkopf; Peter Petre (1993). It doesn't take a hero : the autobiography (Bantam paperback ed.). New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-553-56338-6.
35. ^ Crossette, Barbara (14 August 1990). "Confrontation in the Gulf – Pakistanis Agree to Join Defense of Saudi Arabia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
36. ^ "Participação portuguesa na guerra do Golfo" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
37. ^ "A PARTICIPAÇÃO DE PORTUGAL EM OPERAÇÕES DE PAZ. ÊXITOS, PROBLEMAS E DESAFIOS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-03-22.
38. ^ Alexandrescu, Grigore; Băhnăreanu, Cristian (2007). Operații militare expediționare (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Universității Naționale de Apărare "Carol I". p. 33\. ISBN 9789736634994. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-05. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
39. ^ "Alte misiuni și operații la care au participat militari români". misiuni.mapn.ro (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 7 August 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
40. ^ Watson, Bruce W. (1993). Military Lessons of the Gulf War. Greenhill Books. p. 222\. ISBN 9781853671036. Archived from the original on 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2023-04-23.
41. ^ Schmitt, Eric; Times, Special To the New York (1991-03-22). "AFTER THE WAR; 92 Senegalese Soldiers Die In Saudi Arabia Air Crash". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2025-07-01.
42. ^ "MINDEF Singapore". www.mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
43. ^ http://www.mil.se/sv/i-varlden/Utlandsstyrkan/Truppinsatser/Kuwait/ Archived 2009-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Field hospital deployed as part of Operation Granby (in Swedish)
44. ^ Haberman, Clyde (1991-01-20). "WAR IN THE GULF: Turkey; Turkey's Role in Air Assault Sets Off Fear of Retaliation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-12-17. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
45. ^ Ibrahim M. Al-Nakhi; Charles E. Heller (May 2, 1993). "The Guld War: U.A.E Participation in That War" (PDF). US army study project. p. 30. Retrieved September 4, 2024.
46. ^ "1990/1991 Gulf Conflict" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine retrieved 25 March 2011 "Ministry of Defence"
47. ^ Hyams, K. C., K. Hanson, F. S. Wignall, J. Escamilla, and E. C. Oldfield, 3rd. "The Impact of Infectious Diseases on the Health of U.S. Troops Deployed to the Persian Gulf During Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Archived 2016-12-17 at the Wayback Machine" Reprinted with permission of Clinical Infectious Diseases. Force Health Protection & Readiness Policy & Programs, 20 June 1995. Web. 9 June 2014.
48. ^ McDowall 2004, p. 373.
49. ^ "OP SCALPEL War Journal". Archived from the original on 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
50. ^ "La Armada Argentina en el Golfo". Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
51. ^ "El TC-91, un avión con mucha historia". Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
52. ^ A 12 AÑOS DEL BOEING UNAG-1 EN LA GUERRA DEL GOLFO I Archived 2011-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
53. ^ "The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war – Historical missions – Defensie.nl". 12 September 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
54. ^ "The Operation Southern Breeze". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-03-08.

### Works cited

[edit]

* McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds (3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-416-6.

## External links

[edit]

* Nationmaster.com – Gulf War Coalition – Troops by country
* Arabic-Radio-TV.com – The Gulf Coalition Countries in 1991 – Contribution by country

* v
* t
* e

Gulf War

* Conflict timeline
* Disarmament timeline

Participants|

* Australia
* Women

Background|

* Iran–Iraq War
* Operation Simoom
* Ba'athist Iraq
* Petroleum industry in Iraq

Invasion of Kuwait|

* Battle of Dasman Palace
* Battle of the Bridges
* Battle of Failaka
* U.N. Resolution 660
* Arab League summit
* August 12 Initiative

Coalition intervention|

* U.N. Resolution 661
* Coalition
* Iraq–United States relations
* Carter Doctrine
* Military equipment

Battles|

* Khafji
* Wadi al-Batin
* Al Busayyah
* 67 Easting
* 73 Easting
* Phase Line Bullet
* Medina Ridge
* 2nd Kuwait
* Highway of Death
* Jalibah
* Norfolk
* Kuwait International Airport
* Rumaila
* Safwan

Air campaign|

* Air engagements
* "Package Q" air strike
* Operation Instant Thunder
* Operation Senior Surprise
* Amiriyah shelter bombing
* Samurra

Impact on Israel|

* Iraq–Israel relations
* Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel

Aftermath|

* Operation Southern Watch
* Iraq sanctions
* Kuwaiti oil fires
* 1991 uprisings
* Draining of the marshes
* Gulf War oil spill
* Depleted uranium
* Gulf War syndrome
* Awards
* Operation Provide Comfort
* Iraq–Kuwait barrier

Memorials|

* London

Military technology|

* History of the M1 Abrams
* Lion of Babylon (tank)

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