Code of Criminal Procedure (India)

Erstwhile Code of Criminal Law of India

Criminal Procedure Code, 1973

Parliament of India

Long title

* An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Criminal Procedure.

Citation| The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Territorial extent|  India
Assented to| 25 January 1974
Commenced| 1 April 1974
Repealed| 1 July 2024
Legislative history
Third reading| 3
Committee report|

* 41st Report of the Law Commission of India (1969)
* 37th Report of the Law Commission of India (1967)
* 14th Report of the Law Commission of India (1958)
* Joint Committee on the Code of Criminal Procedure Bill, 1970
* Report of the Expert Committee on Legal Aid- Processual Justice to the People (1973)

Amended by
see Amendments
Repealed by
Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
Related legislation

* Indian Penal Code, 1860
* Juvenile Justice Act, 2000
* Police Act, 1861
* Indian Evidence Act, 1872

Summary
Procedure for administration of substantive criminal laws.
Status: Repealed

The Code of Criminal Procedure, commonly called Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), was the main legislation on procedure for administration of substantive criminal law in India.[1] It was enacted in 1973 and came into force on 1 April 1974.[2] It provides the machinery for the investigation of crime, apprehension of suspected criminals, collection of evidence, determination of guilt or innocence of the accused person and the determination of punishment of the guilty. It also deals with public nuisance, prevention of offences and maintenance of wife, child and parents.

On 11 August 2023, a Bill to replace the CrPC with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS) was introduced in the Lok Sabha.[3] On 26 December 2023, it was replaced with Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS).

## History

[edit]

In medieval India, subsequent to the law set by the Muslims, the Mohammedan Criminal Law came into prevalence. The British rulers passed the Regulating Act 1773 under which a Supreme Court was established in Calcutta and later on at Madras and in Bombay. The Supreme Court was to apply British procedural law while deciding the cases of the Crown's subjects.

After the Rebellion of 1857, the crown took over the administration in India. The Indian Penal Code, 1861 was passed by the British parliament. The CrPC was created for the first time ever in 1882 and then amended in 1898, then according to the 41st Law Commission report in 1973.

## Classification of offences under the Code

[edit]

### Cognizable and non-cognizable offences

[edit]

Main article: Cognizable offence

Cognizable offences are those offences for which a police officer may arrest without a court-mandated warrant in accordance with the first schedule of the code. For non-cognizable cases the police officer may arrest only after being duly authorized by a warrant. Non-cognizable offences are, generally, relatively less serious offences than cognizable ones. Cognizable offences reported under section 154 CrPC while non-cognizable offences reported under section 155 CrPC. For non-cognizable offences the Magistrate empowered to take cognizance under section 190 CrPC. Under section 156(3) CrPC the Magistrate is competent to direct the police to register the case, investigate the same and submit the challan/report for cancellation. (2003 P.Cr.L.J.1282)

Ingredients of Section 154

1. It is an information which is given to police officer.
2. Information must relate to a cognizable offence.
3. It is an information of offence first in point of time.
4. The investigation starts immediately after recording the FIR.
5. The information may be given by orally or in writing (A telephonic information is not sufficient to become FIR has been held in the case of Surajit Sarkar vs State of West Bengal 2012 SC).
6. A copy of the FIR shall be given to the informant free of cost immediately.

### Summons-case and warrant-case

[edit]

Under Section 204 of the code, a Magistrate taking cognizance of an offence is to issue summons for the attendance of the accused if the case is a summons case. If the case appears to be a warrant case, he may issue a warrant or summons, as he sees fit. Section 2(w) of the Code defines summons-case as, a case relating to an offence, and not being a warrant-case. Section 2(x) of the Code defines warrant-case as, a case relating to an offence punishable with death, imprisonment for life or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.

## Territorial extent, scope and applicability

[edit]

The Criminal Procedure Code is applicable in the whole of India. The Parliament's power to legislate in respect of Jammu & Kashmir was curtailed by Article 370 of the Constitution of India. Though, as of 2019, the Parliament has revoked Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, thus rendering the CrPC applicable to the whole of India.

Provided that the provisions of this Code, other than those relating to Chapters (VIII), (X) and (XI) thereof, shall not apply-

(a) to the State of Nagaland, (b) to the tribal areas,

However the concerned State Government may, by notification apply any or all of these provisions in these areas. Moreover, the Supreme Court of India has also ruled that even in these areas, the authorities are to be governed by the substance of these rules[4]

## Bodies function under the code

[edit]

1. Supreme Court of India
2. High Courts
3. District and Session Judge and Additional District Judges
4. Judicial Magistrates (CJM, JFCM, JSCM)
5. Executive Magistrates (DM, ADM, SDM, EM)
6. Police
7. Public prosecutors
8. Defence counsels
9. Correctional Services Personnel

## Sentences which magistrates may pass

[edit]

* The Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate may pass any sentence authorised by law except a sentence of death or of imprisonment for life or of imprisonment for a term exceeding seven years.
* The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, or of fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees (sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees five thousand), or of both.
* The Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class may pass a sentence of imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or of fine not exceeding five thousand rupees(sub by act 25 of 2005 for rupees one thousand), or of both.
* The Court of a Chief Metropolitan Magistrate shall have the powers of the Court of a Chief Judicial Magistrate and the court of a Metropolitan Magistrate, shall have the powers of the Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class

## Bail

[edit]

There is no definition of the term "bail" under the code though the terms "bailable" and "non-bailable" have been defined.[5] It has however been defined by the Black's Law Lexicon as security for the appearance of the accused person on giving which he is released pending trial or investigation[6]

The First Schedule[7] to the Code, classifies the offences defined in the Indian Penal Code. Besides specifying whether an offence is Bailable or Non-Bailable it also specifies if it is Cognizable or Non-Cognizable, which Court has the jurisdiction to try the said offence, the minimum and maximum amount of punishment that can or shall be awarded for the said offence.

The Supreme Court of India can and has from time to time made certain bailable offences, non-bailable or vice-a-versa by special directions, to curb increasing menace of certain crimes in the society.[8] The State Government has the power to make certain offences bailable or non-bailable in their respective States.[9]

## Summary trials

[edit]

Section 260 Clause 1 of the Code lists certain offences which may be summarily trialed by any Chief Judicial Magistrate, any Metropolitan Magistrate or any Judicial Magistrate First Class. A First Class Magistrate must first be authorised by the respective High Court to that effect before he may try cases summarily under this Section.

The offences that may be tried summarily under this Section are:

1. Offences not punishable with death, life imprisonment, or imprisonment for a term exceeding two years.
2. Theft under Section 379, 380 and 381 of the Indian Penal Code provided that the value of the stolen property is below ₹ 2,000.
3. Receiving or retaining stolen property under Section 411 of the penal code where the value of the stolen property is below ₹ 2,000.
4. Assisting in the concealment or disposal of stolen property, under Section 414 of the penal code, the value of the stolen property being below ₹ 2,000.
5. Lurking house-trespass (Section 454 of the Indian Penal Code) and house-breaking (Section 456 of the Penal Code) at night.
6. Insult with an intent to provoke a breach of peace under Section 504 and criminal intimidation under Section 506 of the penal code.
7. Abetting of any of the above-mentioned offences.
8. Attempt to commit any of the above-mentioned offences.
9. Offences with respect to which complaints may be made under Section 20 of Cattle Trespass Act, 1871.

Apart from the above, a Second Class Magistrate may, if so empowered by the High Court, summarily try an offence punishable with fine or with imprisonment not exceeding six months or the abetment or attempt to commit such an offence. As per section 262(2) no sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three months shall be passed in the case of any conviction under this chapter 21.

A summary trial tried by a magistrate without being empowered to do so is void. The procedure for a summons case is to be followed, subject to special provisions made in this behalf. The maximum sentence that may be awarded by way of a summary trial is three months with or without fine.

The Magistrate may give up the summary trial in favour of the regular trial if he finds it undesirable to try the case summarily. The judgement is to be delivered in abridged form.

## Judgment

[edit]

Judgment is the final reasoned decision of the Court as to the guilt or innocence of the accused. Where the accused is found guilty, the judgment must also contain an order requiring the accused to undergo punishment or treatment.

Every court must deliver the judgement in the language of that court as determined by the State Government. It must contain the points that lead to the determination of guilt or innocence. It usually commences with facts and must indicate careful analysis of evidence. It must also specify the offence under the penal code or such other specific law as well as the punishment sentenced. If acquitted the offence of which the accused is so acquitted must be specified along with a direction that the accused be set at liberty.

### Judgments in abridged form

[edit]

According to Section 355 of the Code, a Metropolitan Magistrate may deliver judgments in abridged form and should contain:

1. Date of commission of the offence
2. Name of the complainant (if any)
3. Name of the accused person, his parentage and residence
4. Offence complained of (or proved, as the case may be)
5. Plea of the accused and his examination (if any)
6. Final order
7. Date of the order
8. In cases where appeal lies from the final order, a brief statement of reasons for the decision.

### Compensation and costs

[edit]

The functions of a civil court may be performed by a criminal court by virtue of Section 357, 358 and 359. This has been done to provide just, speedy and less expensive redress to the victim.[citation needed] The court is empowered to levy a fine from the offender. Such fine may, wholly or in part, be used for the purpose of compensating the victim as per the amendment of 2009. A new section 357A has been inserted which talks of victim compensation scheme. Further in the year 2013 two new sections namely section 357B and section 357C were inserted to make compensation to the victim (as defined under section 2(wa))in addition to fine imposed under section 364A or 376D of the IPC as well as treatment of victim respectively.

### Post-conviction orders

[edit]

Having regards to the age, character and antecedents of the offender, and the circumstances in which the offence was committed, if the Court convicting the accused considers it expedient to release the offender, it may do so either on probation of good conduct or after due admonishment. This provision is contained in Section 360 of the Code.

Thus the court may direct that the offender be released on his entering into a bond, with or without sureties. The offender is further required to keep peace and be of good behaviour as well as appear thereafter before the court when called upon during such period as the court may decide. This period should not exceed three years. The following conditions have to be satisfied:

* There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
* In case the person convicted is a woman of any age, or a man aged below twenty-one years, the offence committed is not punishable with life imprisonment or death penalty.
* In case the person is a man above twenty-one years of age, the offence of which he is convicted is punishable with fine.

Alternatively, the offender may be released after due admonition, if the following conditions are satisfied:

* There is no previous conviction proved against the offender.
* The offence of which the accused is convicted is any of the following:

1. Theft,
2. Theft in a building,
3. Dishonest misappropriation,
4. Any offence punishable under the Indian Penal Code with no more than two years of imprisonment,
5. Any offence punishable only by fine.

No Magistrate of Second Class may release an offender under in such manner without being empowered to do so. He may transfer the case to a Magistrate for consideration.

Section 361 narrows down the discretion of the Court to sentence an offender without taking into consideration the provisions of Section 360 and similar provisions contained in the Probation of Offenders Act or any other law for treatment, training and rehabilitation of youthful offenders.[citation needed] It requires that when such provisions are applicable, the Court must record in writing, the reason for not allowing the benefit of the same to the offender.

Section 30 provides the Court of a Magistrate with the power to award imprisonment for additional terms over the substantive period awarded.

## Appeal

[edit]

The Code and the Constitution of India together provide for multiple ranges of appellate remedy.[citation needed] A person convicted by the High Court exercising original criminal jurisdiction may appeal before Supreme Court.[10] Where the High Court has, on appeal reversed an order of acquittal and sentenced him to death and imprisonment for a term of ten years or more, the accused may appeal to the Supreme Court.[11] The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court against the direction of Supreme Court if the High Court certifies that the case involves substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution.[12]

Judgements and orders arising from petty cases are not appealable unless the sentences are combined with other sentences.[13] There can not be an appeal when the accused pleads guilty and is convicted on such plea by the High Court. If the conviction from a plea of guilt is by a Sessions Court, Metropolitan Magistrate or a Magistrate of First or Second Class, only the legality of the sentence may be brought into question in an appeal.[14]

## Amendments

[edit]

The Code has been amended several times.[15]

S. No.  | Short title of amending legislation  | No.  | Year

|
|
|

1  | The Repealing and Amending Act, 1974  | 56  | 1974
2  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1978  | 45  | 1978
3  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1980  | 63  | 1980
4  | The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1983  | 43  | 1983
5  | The Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 1983  | 46  | 1983
6  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1988  | 32  | 1988
7  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1990  | 10  | 1990
8  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1991  | 43  | 1991
9  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1993  | 40  | 1993
10  | The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1993  | 42  | 1993
11  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2001  | 50  | 2001
12  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2005  | 25  | 2005
13  | The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2005  | 2  | 2006
14  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Amending Act, 2006  | 25  | 2006
15  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2008  | 5  | 2009
16  | The Code of Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2010  | 41  | 2010
17  | The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 | 13  | 2013
18  | The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 | 1  | 2014

## Sections

[edit]

Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 provides a 9-point checklist which must be used to decide the need for an arrest.[16] In 2014, Arnesh Kumar Guidelines were formulated by the Supreme Court stating arrests should be an exception, in cases where the punishment is less than seven years of imprisonment.[17]

## See also

[edit]

* Courts
* Crime
* Criminal law
* Substantive law
* Judiciary of India
* Indian Penal Code
* Criminal procedure
* Indian Evidence Act
* Government of India
* Law enforcement in India
* Civil Procedure Code, 1908
* Pendency of court cases in India
* Administrative divisions of India
* Category:Sections of the Indian Penal Code

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Bharti, Dalbir (2005). The Constitution and criminal justice administration. APH Publishing. p. 320.
2. ^ Menon, N. R. Madhava; Banerjea, D.; West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences (2005). Criminal Justice India Series: pts. 1-2. Chandigarh. Allied Publishers. p. 229.
3. ^ "Legal experts hail Centre's move to revamp colonial-era IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act". ANI News. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
4. ^ Mowu v. Suptd., Special Jail, 1972 SCC (Cri) 184, 189:(1971) 3 SCC 936
5. ^ Moti Ram v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (1978) 4 SCC 47: 1978 SCC (Cri) 485, 488
6. ^ Black's Law Lexicon, 4th Edn., p. 177
7. ^ "The First Schedule of CrPC". Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
8. ^ "Make acid attacks non-bailable". The Indian Express. 19 July 2013. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
9. ^ "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1932". Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
10. ^ Section 374 (1)
11. ^ Section 379
12. ^ Article 132 (1) of the Constitution of India
13. ^ Section 376
14. ^ Section 375
15. ^ The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Current Publications. 11 May 2015. p. LX. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
16. ^ "No arrests under anti-dowry law without magistrate's nod: SC". The Times of India. 3 July 2013. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
17. ^ "DGP Must Issue Directions to Police To Adhere to SC Guidelines in Arnesh Kumar: Madhya Pradesh HC". The Wire. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.

## External links

[edit]

* Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 – India Code, Government of India

* v
* t
* e

Indian Penal Code

Chapters|

* Chapter I
* Chapter II
* Chapter III
* Chapter IV
* Chapter V
* Chapter VA
* Chapter VI
* Chapter VII
* Chapter VIII
* Chapter IX
* Chapter IXA
* Chapter X
* Chapter XI
* Chapter XII
* Chapter XIII
* Chapter XIV
* Chapter XV
* Chapter XVI
* Chapter XVII
* Chapter XVIII
* Chapter XIX
* Chapter XX
* Chapter XXA
* Chapter XXI
* Chapter XXII
* Chapter XXIII

Capital offence sections|

* 120B (criminal conspiracy)
* 121 (waging war against India)
* 122 (mutiny)
* 194 (false evidence to procure conviction for a capital offence)
* 302, 303 (murder)
* 305 (abetting suicide)
* 364A (kidnapping for ransom)
* 364A (dacoity with murder)
* 376A (rape with murder or resulting in persistent vegetative state of the victim)

Other sections|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 20 (court of law)
* 124A (sedition)
* 144 (unlawful assembly)
* 153A (hate speech)
* 228A (privacy of rape victim)
* 294 (obscenity)
* 295A (blasphemy)
* 299 (culpable homicide)
* 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder)
* 320 (grievous hurt)
* 326A (acid attack)
* 326B (attempted acid attack)
* 377 (unnatural sex offences)
* 420 (fraud)

Defunct|

* 309 (attempted suicide)
* 497 (adultery)

* v
* t
* e

Criminal procedure (investigation)

Criminal investigation|

* Arguido
* Arrest
* Arrest warrant
* Consent search
* Detention
* Exigent circumstance
* Knock-and-announce
* Miranda warning
* Pretextual stop
* Probable cause
* Reasonable suspicion
* Right to silence
* Search and seizure
* Search of persons
* Search warrant
* Suspect
* Terry stop

* Law portal

Criminal prosecution|

* Adversarial system
* Bail
* Bill of attainder
* Criminal jurisdiction
* Diversion program
* Deferred prosecution agreement
* Ex post facto law
* Extradition
* Grand jury
* Habeas corpus
* Indictment
* Inquisitorial system
* Nolle prosequi
* Precognition
* Preliminary hearing
* Statute of limitations

Charges and pleas|

* Alford plea
* Arraignment
* Indictment
* Information
* Nolo contendere
* Peremptory plea
* Plea
* Plea bargain
* Presentence investigation
* Suspended sentence

Related areas|

* Criminal defenses
* Criminal law
* Evidence
* Evidence law in the United States
* Legal abuse

* Wiktionary
* Wikibooks
* Wikiquote
* WikiSource
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikinews
* Wikiversity

* v
* t
* e

Law

Core subjects|

* Administrative law
* Civil law
* Constitutional law
* Contract
* Criminal law
* Crime
* Deed
* Doctrine
* Equity
* Evidence
* International law
* Law of obligations
* Private law
* Procedure
* Civil
* Criminal
* Property law
* Public law
* Punishment
* Corporal
* Restitution and unjust enrichment
* Statutory law
* Tort

Disciplines|

* Abortion law
* Agricultural law
* Animal law
* Aviation law
* Amnesty law
* Banking law
* Bankruptcy
* Commercial law
* Competition law
* Conflict of laws
* Construction law
* Consumer protection
* Corporate law
* Cyberlaw
* Drugs law
* Election law
* Energy law
* Entertainment law (Media law)
* Environmental law
* Family law
* Financial law
* Financial regulation
* Health law
* Immigration law
* Intellectual property
* International criminal law
* International labour law
* International human rights
* International slavery laws
* International trade law
* Jurimetrics
* Labour
* Landlord–tenant law
* Law of war
* Legal archaeology
* Legal fiction
* Maritime law
* Marriage law
* Military law
* Music law
* Nationality law
* Probate
* Estate
* Will and testament
* Product liability
* Public international law
* Refugee law
* Space law
* Sports law
* State of emergency
* Tax law
* Transport law
* Trust law
* Unenforced law

Sources of law|

* Charter
* Legal code / Statutory law
* Constitution
* Custom
* Divine law
* Divine right
* Human rights
* Legitimacy
* Letters patent
* Man-made law
* Natural law
* Natural and legal rights
* Case law
* Precedent
* Law reports
* Legal treatise
* Regulations

Law making|

* Ballot measure
* Codification
* Decree
* Edict
* Executive order
* Proclamation
* Legislation
* Delegated legislation
* Regulation
* Rulemaking
* Promulgation
* Ratification
* Repeal
* Treaty
* Concordat
* Statutory law
* Statute
* Act of parliament
* Act of Congress
* Basic structure doctrine

Legal systems|

* Civil law
* Common law
* Chinese law
* Legal pluralism
* Religious law
* Canon law
* Catholic canon law
* Hindu law
* Jain law
* Jewish law
* Parsi law
* Sharia
* Roman law
* Byzantine law
* Socialist law
* Statutory law
* Xeer
* Yassa

Legal theory|

* Anarchist
* Contract theory
* Comparative law
* Expressive function
* Feminist
* Law and economics
* Legal ethics
* Legal formalism
* History
* Libertarian
* International legal theory
* Principle of legality
* Principle of typicality
* Pseudolaw
* Rule of law
* Rule of man
* Sociology

Jurisprudence|

* Adjudication
* Administration of justice
* Admission to practice law
* Constitutionalism
* Criminal justice
* Court-martial
* Disbarment
* Dispute resolution
* Fiqh
* Lawsuit/Litigation
* Legal opinion
* Legal remedy
* Damages
* Deterrence (penology)
* Proportionality
* Reparations
* Legal status
* Judge
* Justice of the peace
* Magistrate
* Judgment
* Judicial activism
* Judicial interpretation
* Judicial misconduct
* Kangaroo court
* Judicial review
* Jurisdiction
* Jury
* Justice
* Practice of law
* Attorney
* Barrister
* Counsel
* Lawyer
* Legal representation
* Prosecutor
* Solicitor
* Question of fact
* Question of law
* Trial
* Trial advocacy
* Trier of fact
* Ultra vires
* Verdict

Legal institutions|

* Barristers' chambers
* Bureaucracy
* The bar
* The bench
* Civil society
* Court
* Ecclesiastical
* Court of equity
* Election commission
* Executive
* Judiciary
* Law enforcement
* Agency
* Legal education
* Law school
* Legal industry by country
* Legislature
* Military
* Police
* Political party
* Tribunal

History|

* History of the legal profession
* History of the American legal profession
* Women in law

* Law portal
* Category
* Index
* Outline

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in India

Law of India|

| Constitution|

* Amendments
* Basic structure
* Directive Principles
* Fundamental Duties
* Fundamental Rights
* Judicial Review

|

Criminal|

* Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita
* Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita
* Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam
* Capital Punishment
* Cognisable offence

Civil and Personal|

* Code of Civil Procedure
* Modern Hindu law
* Christian Personal law
* Muslim Personal Law
* Uniform Civil Code

Historic|

* Code of Criminal Procedure
* Hindu Personal Law
* History of Indian law
* Indian Penal Code

Judiciary|

* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* Judges
* High Courts
* Chief Justices
* Judges
* District Courts
* Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
* District Munsiff Court
* Subordinate Courts
* Gram Nyayalayas
* Lok Adalat
* Tribunals
* Judicial activism
* Pendency of court cases

Ministries & departments|

| Central|

* Law Commission
* Ministry of Home Affairs
* Ministry of Law and Justice

|

States|

* Bihar
* Kerala
* Maharashtra
* Tamil Nadu
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Police|

* Police ranks
* Commissioner
* Director general
* National Police Memorial
* Police brutality
* Police Complaints Authority

Crimes|

* Against children
* Against women
* Caste related
* Corruption
* Human rights
* Mass surveillance
* Rape
* Suicide
* Organised
* Drugs
* Black money
* Hawala
* Paid media
* Scandals
* Terrorism

Bar|

* Bar Council
* Attorney General
* Solicitor General
* Additional Solicitor General
* Advocate General

Law enforcement agencies of India

* v
* t
* e

Indian Intelligence Agencies

National Security Council|

* National Security Council
* National Security Advisor
* Joint Intelligence Committee
* National Technical Research Organisation

Internal security|

* Intelligence Bureau
* Central Bureau of Investigation
* National Investigation Agency
* All India Radio Monitoring Service
* Narcotics Control Bureau

External intelligence|

* Research and Analysis Wing
* Aviation Research Centre
* Radio Research Centre
* Electronics and Technical Services

Defence intelligence|

* Defence Intelligence Agency
* Directorate of Military Intelligence
* Directorate of Naval Intelligence
* Directorate of Air Intelligence
* Image Processing and Analysis Centre
* Directorate of Signals Intelligence
* Joint Cipher Bureau
* Information Management and Analysis Centre

Economic intelligence|

* Economic Intelligence Council
* Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
* Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation
* Directorate General of Economic Enforcement

Intelligence Co-ordination|

* Multi Agency Centre (MAC)
* Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

* v
* t
* e

Law enforcement in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Mass surveillance in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Crime in Asia

Sovereign states|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Russia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste (East Timor)
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

States with
limited recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Northern Cyprus
* Palestine
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan

Dependencies and
other territories|

* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Hong Kong
* Macau

* Category
* Asia portal

* v
* t
* e

Social issues in India

Economy|

* Communications
* Famine
* Farmers' suicides
* Labour
* Land reforms
* Debt bondage
* National Pension System
* Poverty
* BPL
* Public distribution system
* Remittances
* Slums
* Clearance
* Standard of living
* Street vendors
* Transport
* Universal basic income
* Urbanisation
* Unemployment
* Widening income gap

Education|

* Literacy
* Ragging

Environment|

* Conservation
* Climate change
* Manual scavenging
* Natural disasters
* Water supply and sanitation
* Water disputes

Family|

* Cohabitation
* Domestic violence
* Dowry system
* Family planning
* Joint family
* Infertility
* Nuclear family
* Polyandry
* Polygyny

Children|

* Abortion
* Child labour
* Child marriage
* Child prostitution
* Child trafficking
* Female foeticide
* Female infanticide
* Street children

Women|

* Acid attack
* Bride burning
* Devadasi
* Dowry death
* Eve teasing
* Women's health
* Feminism
* Menstrual taboo
* Prostitution
* Rape
* Sati
* Sexism

Caste system|

* Caste politics
* Caste-related violence
* Dalit
* Reservation

Communalism|

* Proposed states and territories
* Ethnic relations
* Religious violence
* Secularism
* Separatist movements

Crime|

* Corruption
* Groom kidnapping
* Human trafficking
* Illegal housing
* Illegal immigration
* Illegal mining
* Organised crime
* Terrorism
* Vigilantism
* Cybercrime

Health|

* Diabetes
* Epidemics
* HIV/AIDS
* Leprosy
* Malnutrition
* Obesity
* Suicide
* Tuberculosis

Media|

* Censorship
* Internet
* Films about social issues
* Freedom of expression
* Social impact of Indian television drama
* Fake news

Other issues|

* Colourism
* Feudalism
* Gambling
* Sexuality
* LGBT
* Homosexuality
* Hijra
* Human rights
* Prohibition
* Superstitions
* Disability
* Police brutality

* v
* t
* e

India topics

History

| Overviews|

* Timeline
* Years

* Astronomy
* Clothing
* Coinage
* Economics
* LGBTQ
* Linguistics
* Maritime
* Mathematics
* Metallurgy
* Military
* Paper currency
* Postal
* Science and technology

|

Ancient |

* Stone Age
* Indus Valley Civilisation
* Vedic period
* Mahajanapadas
* Mauryas
* Indo-Greek Kingdom
* Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
* Indo-Parthian kingdom
* Kushan Empire
* Alchon Huns
* Seleucid–Mauryan war

Middle Kingdoms|

* Middle kingdoms
* Chola

Middle Ages|

* Medieval India
* Hoysala
* Pala
* Kakatiya
* Delhi Sultanate
* Vijayanagara

Early Modern|

* Mughals
* Marathas
* European trade
* Bengal War

Late modern|

* Colonial
* Princely state
* East India Company
* Plassey
* 1857 rebellion
* British Raj
* Railways
* Economy
* Army
* Commander-in-Chief
* Zamindari
* Bengal Renaissance
* Political reforms
* Partition of Bengal
* Independence movement
* 1943 famine
* World War II
* Partition

Republic|

* Integration
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Five-Year Plans
* Sino-Indian War
* Indo-Pakistani wars
* Green Revolution
* White Revolution
* Naxal Insurgency
* Smiling Buddha
* Space programme
* The Emergency
* Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)

Contemporary|

* History of India (1947–present)
* Economic liberalisation
* Pokhran-II
* COVID-19 pandemic

Geography

| Geology|

* Fossil Parks
* Geology of India
* Indian Plate

|

Heritage|

* National Geological Monuments of India
* Sacred groves of India
* Sacred mountains of India
* Sacred rivers of India
* Stones of India

Environment|

* Biogeographic classification
* Biosphere reserves
* Climate
* Climate change
* Earthquakes
* Ecoregions
* Environmental issues
* Fauna
* Forests
* Flora
* Geology
* National parks
* Protected areas
* Wildlife
* sanctuaries

Landforms|

* Beaches
* Canals
* Coasts
* Desert
* ECZ
* Extreme points
* Glaciers
* Highest point by states
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Mountain passes
* Plains
* Indo-Gangetic
* Eastern coastal
* Western coastal
* Rivers
* Valleys
* Volcanoes
* Waterfalls

Regions|

* Central
* East
* North
* Northwest
* Northeast
* South
* Southwest
* Southeast
* West

Subdivisions|

* Autonomous administrative divisions
* Borders
* Towns
* Cities
* Districts
* Municipalities
* States and union territories

See also|

* National monuments of India
* National parks of India
* Nature worship in Indian-origin religions
* World Heritage Sites in India
* Culture of India
* History of India
* Tourism in India

Politics

| Government|

* Agencies
* Energy policy
* Foreign relations
* Parliament
* Lok Sabha
* Rajya Sabha
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister
* Union Council of Ministers
* Civil Services
* Cabinet Secretary
* State governments
* State legislative assemblies
* State legislative councils
* Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
* Chief Ministers
* Chief Secretaries

|

Law|

* Constitution
* Penal Code
* Fundamental rights, principles and duties
* Human rights
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice
* High Courts
* District Courts

Enforcement|

| Federal|

* Border Security Force (BSF)
* Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
* Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
* Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
* National Security Guard (NSG)
* Railway Protection Force (RPF)
* Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
* Special Protection Group (SPG)

|

Intelligence|

* Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
* Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
* Enforcement Directorate (ED)
* Intelligence Bureau (IB)
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
* Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
* National Investigation Agency (NIA)
* Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)

Military|

* Army
* Navy
* Air Force

Politics|

* Censorship
* Citizenship
* Elections
* Democracy
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* Reservations
* Scandals
* Scheduled groups
* Secularism
* Women in politics

Economy

| Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

|

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion
* BSE
* NSE
* India INX

History|

* COVID-19 impact
* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* By net worth
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

States|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Hospitals
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water
* Power

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI
* PFRDA

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Society and culture

| Society|

* Caste system
* Corruption
* Crime
* Demographics
* Indians
* Education
* Universities in India
* Medical colleges in India
* Law colleges in India
* Engineering colleges in India
* Ethnic relations
* Health
* Languages
* Life expectancy
* Literacy
* Poverty
* Prisons
* Religion
* Socio-economic issues
* Standard of living
* Water supply and sanitation
* Women
* Sexuality
* Youth

|

Culture|

* Arts and entertainment
* Architecture
* Blogging
* Cinema
* Comics
* Webcomics
* Cuisine
* wine
* Dance
* Dress
* Folklore
* Festivals
* Literature
* Media
* television
* Martial arts
* Music
* Painting
* Physical culture
* Public holidays
* Sculpture
* tallest
* Sport
* Traditional

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template