Cognitive orthotics

Reminder systems for people with cognitive impairment

Cognitive orthotics are software-based personal reminder systems for people with cognitive impairment, such as memory loss. Individuals with cognitive impairments frequently encounter substantial challenges in developing independence skills, including vocational abilities and daily living activities.[1] Individuals with mild intellectual disabilities typically attain adequate skills for independence.[1] Conversely, those categorized as moderately intellectually disabled seldom reach this degree of autonomy.[1] Historically, training programs for individuals with moderate intellectual disabilities have served as the traditional means to instill and support independent living skills.[1] However, the effectiveness of these programs has shown varying degrees of success.[1] Many daily routine tasks involve a series of steps, and even if each step is simple, the quantity of steps can make the process challenging for an individual with cognitive impairments.[1] A mistake in any step or an error in the sequence can lead to the entire process being deemed unacceptable.[1] For over thirty years, computers have been utilized in the rehabilitation of individuals with brain injuries. Initially, researchers delved into the potential of developing a "prosthetic memory."[2] However, by the early 1980s, the focus shifted towards addressing brain dysfunction through repetitive practice.[3] Only a few psychologists were developing rehabilitation software for individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in a scarcity of available programs.[3] Cognitive rehabilitation specialists opted for commercially available computer games that were visually appealing, engaging, repetitive, and entertaining, theorizing their potential remedial effects on neuropsychological dysfunction.[3] The outcomes of initial computer-based rehabilitation interventions were restricted and, in several aspects, fell short of expectations.[3] While repetitive practice improved performance in the specific task practiced, this effect did not extend to other tasks.[3]

People who can benefit from cognitive orthotics include the elderly, people who have experienced TBIs, and anyone who experiences memory loss. These devices may be installed on personal digital assistants. They may include elements of adaptive programming or artificial intelligence, to accommodate the needs of the individuals more appropriately.

## See also

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* Assistive technology
* Dementia
* Orthotics
* Memory aid

## References

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1. ^ Yanna, James V., "Cognitive Orthotics for Students with Cognitive Disabilities" (2005). Dissertations. 1077. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/1077
2. ^ Fowler R, Hart J, Sheehan M. A prosthetic memory: an application of the prosthetic environment concept. Rehabil Counseling Bull. 1972;15:80–85.
3. ^ Smith, R. J.; Bryant, R. G. (1975-10-27). "Metal substitutions incarbonic anhydrase: a halide ion probe study". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 66 (4): 1281–1286. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(75)90498-2. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 3.

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