Collapsed vein

Medical injury

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Collapsed veins are a common injury that results from repeated use of intravenous injections.

They can result from intravenous chemotherapy[1][2] or when injecting conditions are less than ideal, such as in the context of drug abuse.

## Causes

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Permanent vein collapse occurs as a consequence of:[citation needed]

* Repeated injections, especially with blunt needles.
* Poor injection technique.
* Injection of substances which irritate the veins; in particular, fluids that are hypertonic (high osmolality), vasoactive, irritants, with an extreme pH (very acidic / alkaline),[3] or liquid methadone intended for oral use.

Smaller veins may collapse as a consequence of too much suction being used when pulling back against the syringe's plunger to check that the needle is in the vein. This will pull the sides of the vein together and, especially if inflamed, they may stick together causing the vein to block. Removing the needle too quickly after injecting can have a similar effect.[citation needed]

## Mechanism

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Veins may become temporarily blocked if the internal lining of the vein swells in response to repeated injury or irritation. This may be caused by the needle, the substance injected, or donating plasma.[citation needed]

Individual endothelial cells may change the structure of their cytoskeleton when a vein collapses to better deal with the increased shear stress.[4]

## Prognosis

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Once endothelial swelling subsides, circulation will often become re-established. Collapsed veins may never recover. Many smaller veins are created by the body to circulate the blood, but they are not adequate for injections or IVs.

## See also

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* Phlebitis

## References

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1. ^ "Extravasation What is it? Patient leaflet". Milton Keynes University Hospital. Milton Keynes University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
2. ^ "Guidelines for the Management of Extravasation of a Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy including Cytotoxic Agents" (PDF). NHS England. West Midlands Expert Advisory Group for Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy (SACT). Retrieved 19 July 2023.
3. ^ "Extravasation injuries: prevention and management (neonatal guideline)". NHSGGC Paediatrics for Health Professionals NHSGGC Paediatrics for Health Professionals. NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (NHSGGC). Retrieved 19 July 2023.
4. ^ Haond, C.; Ribreau, C.; Boutherin-Falson, O.; Finet, M. (1999-10-01). "Laminar flow through a model of collapsed veins. Morphometric response of endothelial vascular cells to a longitudinal shear stress non uniform cross-wise". The European Physical Journal Applied Physics. 8 (1): 87–96. Bibcode:1999EPJAP...8...87H. doi:10.1051/epjap:1999233. ISSN 1286-0042.