Colombian Aerospace Force

Aerospace warfare branch of Colombia's military

Colombian Aerospace Force

Fuerza Aeroespacial Colombiana

Emblem of the Colombian Aerospace Force

Founded| 15 February 1921; 102 years ago (1921-02-15)
Country|  Colombia
Type| Aerospace force
Role| Aerial warfare
Space warfare
Size|

* 25,000 active personnel
* 270 aircraft [1]

Part of| Colombian Armed Forces
Nickname(s)| FAC
Motto(s)|

* Latin: Sic Itur ad Astra
* "Such is the pathway to the stars"
* Spanish: Somos la Fuerza
* "We are the Force"

March| Colombian Aerospace Force Hymn
Mascot(s)| Capitan Paz
Anniversaries| 8 November
Engagements|

* Colombia–Peru War
* Colombian armed conflict

Website| www.fac.mil.co
Commanders
Commander of the Aerospace Force| Major General Ramsés Rueda Rueda
Deputy Commander and Aerospace Force Chief of Staff| Major General Jorge Tadeo Borbon
Inspector General| Major General Rodrigo Valencia Guevara
Notable
commanders| Major General Alberto Alejandro Pauwels Rodriguez
Insignia
Roundel|
Fin flash|
Flag|
Ensign|
Aircraft flown
Attack| A-29, A-37, AC-47T
Fighter| IAI Kfir
Helicopter| UH-60, UH-1, Bell 212, AH-60
Reconnaissance| SA2-37A/B, Skymaster C-337H, Super King Air, SR-560
Trainer| T-34, Cessna 172S, T-27, T-90, Bell 206, T-6 Texan II
Transport| C-130, C-295, C-212

Military unit

The Colombian Aerospace Force (FAC, Spanish: Fuerza Aeroespacial Colombiana) is the aerospace force of the Republic of Colombia. The Colombian Aerospace Force is one of the three institutions of the Military Forces of Colombia charged, according to the 1991 Constitution, working to exercise and maintain control of Colombia's airspace and to defend its sovereignty, territorial integrity and constitutional order. It is one of the largest air forces in the Americas (after the United States and Brazil) and has increased its activity due to important roles in the fight against narco-terrorism. Its main force includes 21 IAI Kfirs as defense fighters and 12 Cessna A-37 Dragonfly plus 24 Embraer 314 Super Tucano for counterinsurgency.

The FAC has been used in observation and aerial combat missions since the Colombian-Peruvian war of 1932 and also operated during the Second World War in the islands of San Andrés.

The service's name was changed from the Colombian Air Force to the Colombian Aerospace Force in 2023.[2]

## History[edit]

### Creation[edit]

Military aviation began in Colombia in 1919 with the creation of a military aviation school for the Colombian Army. Previously by Law 15 of 1916 of September 7 two commissions were sent overseas to study new technological advancements in aviation, infantry, cavalry, engineering and trains. Officers pertaining to the Colombian Army were also sent to take a course on flight training on techniques and tactics. The school was then created in Colombia along with the Colombian National Army Aviation as a fifth regiment by Law 126 of 1919 of December 31 authorized by President of Colombia, Marco Fidel Suárez. The unit was officially activated on February 15, 1921 in Flandes, Department of Tolima with the support of a French mission led by Lieutenant Colonel Rene Guichard. The Aviation School initially had 3 Caudron G.3 E-2, 3 Caudron G.4 A-2 and four Nieuport Delage 11 C-1. The school was closed due to financial hardships in 1922.

The School of Military Aviation was reopened on November 8, 1924 in Madrid, Department of Cundinamarca with the support of a Swiss mission headed by Captain Henry Pillichody. The aircraft used for training were 4 Wild WT and 8 Wild X performing the first air review on August 7, 1927. Then on December 28, 1928 the first combat aircraft was shown in Colombia, the Curtiss Falcon O-1.

### War with Peru[edit]

See also: Colombia-Peru War

The Hawk II F11C-origin, helped in fighting Guepí in Peruvian garrison, which lasted eight hours

On September 1, 1932, Peruvian civilians crossed into Colombian territory and invaded the town of Leticia in the Colombian Amazon claiming that the town was Peruvian territory. The Colombian military aviation only had 11 instructors, four Curtiss-Wright CW-14R Osprey air combat support planes and one Curtiss Falcon O-1. The military aviation then received full financial support from the Congress of Colombia. Colombia bought aircraft from Germany and the United States, while others were activated from the airline operating in Colombia SCADTA (Sociedad Colombo-Alemana de Transporte Aéreo) and their pilots, which included some German citizens, one of these was Major Herbert Boy. The imported aircraft were 4 Junkers F.13, 4 Junkers W 34 and 3 Junkers K 43, 6 Junkers Ju 52, 2 Dornier Merkur II, 4 Dornier Wal, 20 Curtiss Falcon F-8F and 30 Curtiss Hawk II F-11C.

The contingent was then sent to southern Colombia to fight Peruvian forces with the main mission of delivering supplies to the front lines, aerial reconnaissance and air to land attacks. The fleet was divided into three squadrons with Puerto Boy as the main camp site. Support bases were in Caucaya airstrip (Puerto Leguízamo), El Encanto, Puerto Arica, La Pedrera and Tarapacá. The main combat operations started on February 14, 1933 in Tarapacá where the Peruvian garrison was bombed by seven Colombian aircraft and later assaulted by land forces. Later, on March 26, in the village of Guepi eleven Colombian planes and two cannon boats (MC Cartagena y MC Santa Marta) bombarded Peruvian positions and took over the town.

The last military actions of the conflict with Peru were on May 8, 1933 and in which there was an aerial engagement between the two forces. Peruvian planes were attacking the fluvial fleet of Colombia over the Algodón River and were surprised by the Colombian squadron. One of the Peruvian aircraft, a Douglas O-38P was gunned down and taken to Colombian territory. On May 24, 1933 a cease fire was declared after an agreement was reached with the intervention of the League of Nations. The town of Leticia was returned to Colombia. The captured plane was then returned to Peru. As a result of the war, four pilots died in four accidents during non-combat related actions. Among these was one of the German pilots. Four planes were lost in these accidents a Falcon O-1, an Osprey C-14, a Junkers F-13 and a Curtiss F-11.

### World War II[edit]

The AT-6 Texan served during World War II, defending the country's Caribbean coast

The diplomatic breach between Colombia and the Axis countries (Germany, Italy and Japan) was declared on December 18, 1941, when President Eduardo Santos took the decision following the Japanese attack on military bases, naval and U.S. carriers at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Thereafter, the Colombian government introduced special measures to limit and counter the Axis military action in areas of national jurisdiction. On June 23, 1942 a German submarine attacked and sank the Colombian schooner Resolute, 50 miles northwest of the island of San Andrés. The same schooner had rescued some Marine officers and 23 British Royal Navy survivors of a capsized ship, 200 miles north of Cartagena just five days before.

Following these events, the government decided to patrol and monitor the Pacific Coast and the Colombian Caribbean coast. The Palanquero Air Base commanders moved one fighter squadron and a Combat Reconnaissance Squadron, consisting of F-8 Falcon aircraft, to Barranquilla. In 1943, the Falcons were relieved of their mission and replaced by the AT-6 Texan. This squadron was active until 1945, when the AT-6 were transferred back to Palanquero Air Base.

### Early 1930s to present[edit]

* In 1936 the first combat monoplanes made of aluminum were purchased by the Colombian Air Force; 3 Seversky P-35/2PA Guardsman.[3]
* While the war was ongoing in southern Colombia, the Air Force built bases in the towns of Buenaventura and Cartagena. The base in Buenaventura was dubbed Air Base of the Pacific and covered the area of the Colombian Pacific region by the Pacific Ocean and began operations on January 26, 1933. The main purpose of this base was to protect the Pacific coast from any maritime intervention since there were reports that the Peruvian protected cruiser BAP Almirante Grau was patrolling the area, as well as two submarines. The Buenaventura base closed in 1949 while the base in Cartagena was handed over to the Colombian Navy in 1936 becoming the ARC Bolívar Naval Base, the most important naval base in Colombia.
* Once the conflict with Peru was over the bases in the Amazon basin were dismantled and the troops sent to new bases like Tres Esquinas Air Force Base in the Department of Caqueta, Palanquero Air Force Base in the Department of Cundinamarca and San José del Guaviare in the Department of Guaviare. Meanwhile, the School of Military Aviation was moved to Cali, and leaving in Madrid the Radiotelegraphy and Maintenance Schools.
* During World War II, North American T-6 Texans and Boeing PT-17 Stearmans were received from the US for pilot training. Soon after World War Two, the Aviación Militar became an independent part of the armed forces, and the Colombian Air Force was created.Thunderbolt F-47D of the Colombian Air Force in 1946

* During the period of La Violencia, The Air Force had the necessity to expand its radius of action, so in 1947 the aeródromo nacional de Apiay was created, named the 17 of November 1948 Base Aérea de Apiay, today it home of the Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 2. In this period, the Air Force became more involved in counterinsurgency tasks and B-26C Invaders were acquired. Also, in 1954, the jet age began for the Colombian Air Force with the arrival of 6 Silver Star T-33 and six Canadian Sabre Mark IV F-86 in 1956. The F-86 were retired from service 1966, while the T-33 continued to operate until 1972 when 18 Mirage 5 fighters arrived in three different versions. Sixteen F-80 Shooting Stars were also delivered.
* In 1952, Hiller UH-12 helicopters arrived to the country, initially acquired for the Ministerio de Obras Públicas, but later assigned to the Air Force. In consequence, in 1954, the first helicopter base was created in Melgar, Tolima. Nowadays this base is known as Base Aérea “Capitán Luis F. Gómez Niño”, home of the Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 4 and the Joint Helicopter School of the Armed Forces. In 1959, with the inauguration of the El Dorado International Airport, the Base Aérea de Transporte Militar was created, later renamed as Base Aérea “Brigadier General Camilo Daza”, home today of the Comando Aéreo de Transporte Militar (CATAM). In 1962 in order to integrate economically and socially the furthest regions of the country the Servicio Aéreo a Territorios Nacionales Satena was created.
* Around 1960 the military transport element expanded, with the acquisition of the C-130 Hercules, other types incorporated during the sixties were, the UH-1 Huey, T-37 Tweet and T-41 Mescalero.
* In 1977, to increase control in the northern part of the country, the Grupo Aéreo del Norte was created in Malambo, Atlántico, home today of the Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 3. In 1979, the Grupo Aéreo del Caribe (GACAR) was created, to defend the sovereignty of San Andrés and Providencia from the pretensions of Nicaragua. In 1983, the Grupo Aéreo de Oriente was created in Marandúa, Vichada to exert more control of the airspace in the eastern part of the country.
* Further expansion took place in the eighties with considerable deliveries of the A-37 Dragonfly, which had earned fame over Vietnam. At the end of the decade a batch of Kfir C2 fighters was delivered from Israel and subsequently upgraded to Kfir C7 by the Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento (CAMAN) in Madrid in the nineties. The Mirages were upgraded to the same standard by CAMAN, with the installation of canards and improved fuel systems. Both types are also equipped for air-to-air refuelling from the FAC's sole Boeing 707 tanker and transport aircraft. The nineties saw the delivery of specialised COIN-aircraft like the OV-10A Bronco and Embraer Tucano trainers, some of the latter are able to carry bombs and unguided rockets. These aircraft operate mainly over the east of the country, where the Los Llanos region has a high level of guerrilla activity. They regularly deploy to Puerto Carreño under the command of the Grupo Aéreo del Oriente formed in 2000. To deal with continuing guerrilla activity, Escuadrones Aerotácticos (tactical squadrons) were formed at the main FAC bases in the late nineties, consisting of several types of helicopters and AC-47 gunships supplied by their respective Grupos.A Colombian Air Force AH-60L Arpía III firing its flares
* Finally in 1990 the Base Aérea de Rionegro, Antioquia is activated, center of operations of the UH-60 Black Hawk, today this base is called Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 5.
* The 1999 'Plan Colombia' emphasizes on technology, rather than on large numbers of new aircraft being procured, although several new UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters entered FAC service in recent years, including a dedicated attack variant developed by the Colombian Air Force in conjunction with Elbit Systems and Sikorsky, the AH-60L Arpía. Other recently acquired types include Schweizer SA2-37A Condors and Cessna 560 Citations equipped with cameras and sensors to monitor guerrilla and narcotic related activities. Technology upgrades are scheduled for the Bronco fleet, the venerable AC-47 gunships and Huey-helicopters.
* The Colombian Air Force monitors the country's airspace and intercepts suspicious flights, occasionally forcing non-compliant aircraft to the ground. A Hawker 800 carrying 1.2 tonnes of cocaine was shot to the sea in 2015.[4]

## Organization[edit]

Combat Air Commands (Comando Aéreo de Combate or CACOM):

* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 1 (CACOM 1) "CT. Captain Germán Olano Moreno Air Base"
in Palanquero / Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca[5][6]
* Grupo de combate Nº 11
* Escuadrón de Combate 111 Dardos (Kfir C12)
* Escuadrón de Combate Táctico 113 Fantasma (AB212 Rapaz, AC-47T Fantasma, AH-60L Arpía IV)
* Escuadrón de Combate 116 Tango (T-37B, T-37C)
* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 2 (CACOM 2) "CT. Luis Fernando Gómez Niño"
in Apiay / Villavicencio, Meta[7][8]
* Grupo de Combate Nº 21
* Escuadrón de Combate 211 Grifos (A-29B Supertucano)
* Escuadrón de Combate 212 Tucanos (AT-27 Tucano)
* Escuadrón de Combate Táctico 213 (AH-60L Arpía IV, C212-300, C208-675, SA2-37B Vampiro, SR-560)
* Grupo de Combate Nº 22 located in Yopal, Casanare.
* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 3 (CACOM 3) "MG. Alberto Pauwels Rodríguez"
in Malambo / Barranquilla, Atlántico[9][10]
* Grupo de Combate 31
* Escuadrón de Combate 311 Dragones (A-37 Dragonfly).
* Escuadrón de Combate 312 Drakos (A-29B Supertucano).
* Escuadrón de Combate Táctico 313 (AC-47T Fantasma, Bell 212 Rapaz, C-95A, SA2-37B Vampiro, UH-1 Huey II).
* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 4 (CACOM 4) "TC. Luis Francisco Pinto Parra"
in Melgar, Tolima[11][12]
* Grupo de Combate 41
* Escuadrón de Combate 411 Rapaz (Bell 212).
* Escuadrón de Asalto Aéreo 412 (Bell UH-1H/P).
* Eccuadron de Ataque 413 Escorpión (MD 500/530).
* Grupo CSAR.
* Escuela de Helicópteros de las Fuerzas Armadas.
* Escuadrón de Vuelo (Bell UH-1H, Bell 206, Bell OH-58 Kiowa).
* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 5 (CACOM 5) "GR. Arturo Lema Posada"
in Rionegro, Antioquia[13][14]
* Grupo de Combate 51
* Escuadrón de Combate 511 (AH-60L Arpía IV)
* Escuadrón de Operaciones Especiales 512 (Ce208-675, UH-60A/L Halcón)
* Comando Aéreo de Combate No. 6 (CACOM 6) "CT. Ernesto Esguerra Cubides"
in Tres Esquinas, Caquetá[15][16]
* Grupo de Combate 61
* Escuadrón de Combate 611 (AT-27 Tucano, A-29B Supertucano)
* Escuadrón de Combate Táctico 613 (AC-47T Fantasma, Bell 212 Rapaz, C212-300, SA2-37B Vampiro, UH-1H-II, Scan Eagle UAV)

Transportation and Maintenance:

* Comando Aéreo de Transporte Militar (CATAM) "BG. Camilo Daza Álvarez"
in Bogotá D.C.[17][18]
* Grupo de Transporte Aéreo 81
* Escuadrón de Transporte 811 (C-130B/H, C295M/100)
* Escuadron de Evacuación Médica.
* Grupo de Vuelos Especiales 82
* Escuadrón de Transporte Especial 821 (B707-323C, B737-74V, Beech 300ELINT, Beech 350, Bell 412HP, C-95A, Ce208B, Ce550, F28-3000(C), PA-42-720, PA-42T, RC690D, RC695)
* Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento (CAMAN) "MY. Justino Mariño Cuesta"
in Madrid, Cundinamarca[19][20]
* Grupo de Transporte Aéreo 91
* Escuadrón de Transporte 911 (Beech C90, C212-300)

Air Groups:

* Grupo Aéreo del Caribe (GACAR) "TC. Benjamín Méndez Rey"
on San Andres Island, San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina[21][22]
* Escuadrón de Combate 101
* Escuadrilla de Combate Táctico 1013 (Beech C90)
* Casanare Air Group (GACAS) - Grupo Aéreo de Casanare
* Embraer A-29B Super Tucano[23]
* Grupo Aéreo del Oriente (GAORI) "CR. Luis Arturo Rodríguez Meneses"
in Marandúa, Vichada[24][25]
* Grupo de Combate 111
* Escuadrilla de Combate Táctico 1113 (AC-47T Fantasma, AB212 Rapaz, UH-1H, Scan Eagle UAV)

Training:

* Escuela Militar de Aviación (EMAVI) "Marco Fidel Suárez"
in Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca[26][27]
* Grupo de Educación Aeronáutica
* Escuadrón Básico
* Grupo de Combate 71
* Escuadrón de Combate Táctico 713
* Escuela de Suboficiales FAC (ESUFA) "CT. Andrés María Díaz Díaz"
in Madrid, Cundinamarca[28][29]
* Instituto Militar Aeronáutico (IMA) "CT. José Edmundo Sandoval"
in Bogotá D.C.[30]

Airline:

* Servicio de Aeronavegación a Territorios Nacionales (SATENA)

## Personnel[edit]

As of 2010,[1] the Aerospace Force fields approximately 13,500 personnel, including 2,171 officers, 3,304 Non-commissioned officers, 903 student officers, 4,673 soldiers, these usually allocated to base security, Military Police etc., and 2,382 civilians, the latter usually dedicated to specialized technical or professional activities, e.g. medical, communications, etc.

### Ranks & Insignias[edit]

Further information: Military ranks of the Colombian Armed Forces

The tables below display the rank structures and rank insignias for the Colombian Aerospace Force personnel.[31][n 1]

#### Officers[edit]

Rank group  | General/Flag/Air officers  | Senior officers  | Junior officers  | Officer cadet

|
|
|
|

Colombian Aerospace Force[32]

* v
* t
* e

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General del aire | Mayor general del aire | Brigadier general del aire | Coronel | Teniente coronel | Mayor | Capitán | Teniente | Subteniente
Abbr.  | \-  | GR  | \-  | MG  | BG  | CR  | TC  | MY  | CT  | TE  | ST
English  | \-  | General of the Air | \-  | Major General of the Air | Brigadier General of the Air | Colonel | Lieutenant Colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second Lieutenant

#### Non-Commissioned Officers and Airmen[edit]

Rank group  | Senior NCOs  | Junior NCOs  | Enlisted

|
|
|

Colombian Aerospace Force[32]

* v
* t
* e

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Técnico jefe de comando conjunto | Técnico jefe de comando | Técnico jefe | Técnico subjefe | Técnico primero | Técnico segundo | Técnico tercero | Técnico cuarto | Aerotécnico
Abbr.  | TJCC  | TJC  | TJ  | TS  | TP  | T2  | T3  | T4  | AT  | \-
English  | Joint Command Chief Technician | Command Chief Technician | Senior Chief Technician | Chief Technician | Technician First Class | Technician 2nd Class | Technician 3rd Class | Junior Technician | Airman

## Aircraft[edit]

### Current inventory[edit]

An IAI Kfir on take off Colombian KC-767 lifting off from Heathrow airport A FAC Boeing 737 at Zürich Airport A Bell 206 fly over during the Colombian Bicentennial A CASA CN-235 in Flight Aircraft  | Origin  | Type  | Variant  | In service  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Combat Aircraft
IAI Kfir | Israel | multirole  |  | 19  | 2 aircraft provide training[33]
Basler BT-67 | United States | attack / reconnaissance  | AC-47T | 6[33] | modified DC-3 with turboprop engines, and mounted guns for CAS.
A-37 Dragonfly | United States  | light attack / COIN |  | 12[34] |
EMB 314 Super Tucano | Brazil | light attack / COIN |  | 23[33] |
Reconnaissance Aircraft
Cessna 208 | United States | reconnaissance  |  | 6[33] |
Cessna Citation V | United States  | surveillance  | Ultra | 5[33] |
CASA CN-235 | Spain | reconnaissance  |  | 1[33] |
Tanker
Boeing KC-767 | United States | aerial refueling / transport  | MMTT | 1[33] | tanker transport conversion by Israeli Aerospace Industries
Transport
Boeing 727 | United States | VIP transport |  | 1[33] |
Boeing 737 | United States  | VIP transport  |  | 4[33] |
C-130 Hercules | United States  | transport  | C-130B/H | 8[33] |
CASA C-212 | Spain | transport  |  | 4[33] |
CASA C-295 | Spain  | utility transport  |  | 7[33] |
Cessna 208 | United States | utility transport  |  | 10[33] |
Embraer EMB 110 | Brazil | utility / transport  |  | 2[33] |
Turbo Commander | United States | transport  |  | 2[33] | one provides maritime patrol
Super King Air | United States | transport  | 90/350 | 11[33] | 3 provide electronic warfare
Piper PA-34 | United States | light transport  |  | 1[33] |
Piper PA-31T | United States | light transport  |  | 1[33] |
Helicopters
Bell 212 | United States | utility  |  | 11[33] |
Bell UH-1 | United States | utility  |  | 49[33] | 2 are Bell 205’s
Sikorsky UH-60 | United States | SAR / COIN | U/M/AH-60L | 24[33] |
MD 500 Defender | United States | light utility  | 530 | 4[33] |
Trainer Aircraft
Bell 206 | United States | rotor-craft trainer  |  | 47[33] |
Cessna T-37 | United States | jet trainer  |  | 17[33] |
EMB 312 Tucano | Brazil | advanced trainer  |  | 14[33] |
Beechcraft T-6 Texan II | United States | advanced trainer  | T-6C | 5  | 3 on order[33]
UAV
Boeing Insitu ScanEagle | United States | surveillance |  | 6[35][36] |
Elbit Hermes 450 | Israel | surveillance |  | 6[37] |
Elbit Hermes 900 | Israel  | surveillance  |  | 2[37] |

### Former aircraft[edit]

Previous aircraft operated by the Aerospace Force consisted of the Gavilán G358, OV-10A Bronco, IAI Arava.[38][39]

## Aircraft identification[edit]

Super Tucano of the Colombian Aerospace Force. These aircraft were acquired in 2006

The aircraft used by the Colombian Aerospace Force are identified with the letters "FAC" followed by three or four numbers that are painted on the tail, nose and nose landing gear doors. The serial numbers are assigned according to the aircraft's primary role as follows:

* 001 Avión Presidencial
* 002 to 100 trainer
* 101 to 200 liaison
* 201 to 300 helicopter
* 301 to 500 miscellaneous
* 501 to 600 light transport
* 601 to 700 transport
* 701 to 800 advanced trainer
* 801 to 900 fighter-bomber
* 901 to 1000 crew-trainer
* 1001 to 1300 transport
* 2001 to 2300 Close support
* 2501 to 2600 bomber
* 3001 to 3100 Fighter
* 3101 to 3200 COIN
* 4001 to 4600 helicopter
* 5001 to 5600 liaison
* 5701 to 5800 recon/ELINT

## See also[edit]

* List of airports in Colombia
* Agrupación de Comandos Especiales Aéreos

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Colombia is not a member of NATO, so there is not an official equivalence between the Colombian military ranks and those defined by NATO. The displayed parallel is approximate and for illustration purposes only.

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Ministerio de Defensa Nacional, Colombia (November 2010). "Logros de la Política de Consolidación de la Seguridad Democrática, 2010" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
2. ^ https://bnn.network/breaking-news/colombian-air-force-transforms-into-colombian-aerospace-force-to-embrace-new-horizons-president-petro/
3. ^ (in Spanish)[1]
4. ^ "Video Shows Shootdown of Hawker 800".
5. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 1 – Puerto Salgar (Cundinamarca) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.1 Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ (in Spanish) Capitán Germán Olano Moreno
7. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 2 – Apiay (Meta) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.2 Archived 2013-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ (in Spanish) Capitán Luis F. Gómez Niño
9. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 3 – Malambo (Atlántico) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.3
10. ^ (in Spanish) Mayor General Alberto Pauwels Rodríguez
11. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 4 – Melgar (Tolima) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.4
12. ^ (in Spanish) Teniente Coronel Luis Francisco Pinto Parra
13. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 5 – Rionegro (Antioquia) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.5 Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine
14. ^ (in Spanish) Coronel Fernando Arturo Lema Posada
15. ^ (in Spanish) CACOM 6 – Tres Esquinas (Caquetá) – Comando Aéreo de Combate No.6 Archived 2012-02-29 at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ (in Spanish) Capitán Ernesto Esguerra Cubides Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today
17. ^ (in Spanish) CATAM – Aeropuerto El Dorado (Bogotá D.C) – Comando Aéreo de Transporte Militar Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ (in Spanish) Brigadier General (H) Camilo Daza Álvarez
19. ^ (in Spanish) CAMAN – Madrid (Cundinamarca) – Comando Aéreo de Mantenimiento Archived 2018-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
20. ^ (in Spanish) Mayor (H) Justino Mariño Cuesta
21. ^ (in Spanish) GACAR – San Andrés Isla (San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina) – Grupo Aéreo del Caribe
22. ^ (in Spanish) Teniente Coronel Benjamín Méndez Rey
23. ^ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. January 2017. p. 21.
24. ^ (in Spanish) GAORI – Marandúa (Vichada) – Grupo Aéreo del Oriente Archived 2018-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
25. ^ (in Spanish) Coronel Luis Arturo Rodríguez Meneses
26. ^ (in Spanish) EMAVI – Santiago de Cali (Valle) – Escuela Militar de Aviación
27. ^ (in Spanish) Marco Fidel Suárez
28. ^ (in Spanish) ESUFA – Madrid (Cundinamarca) – Escuela de Suboficiales FAC
29. ^ (in Spanish) Captain Andres Maria Diaz Diaz
30. ^ (in Spanish) IMA – Instituto Militar Aeronáutico Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine
31. ^ Congreso de la República de Colombia (28 July 2010). "Ley 1405 de 2010 Nuevos Grados Militares" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
32. ^ a b "Grados Militares Fuerza Aérea Colombiana". fac.mil.co (in Spanish). Colombian Air Force. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "World Air Forces 2023". Flightglobal Insight. 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
34. ^ "Two Colombian airplanes burst into flames after colliding midair, both pilots killed". TimesNow. 2023-07-02.
35. ^ "Fuerza Aérea Colombiana activa escuadrón de aeronaves remotamente tripuladas en el Departamento de Nariño". www.fac.mil.co (in Spanish). Colombian Air Force. 11 May 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
36. ^ "Colombian Air Force activates drone squadron". www.forecastinternational.com. Forecast International. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
37. ^ a b Saumeth, Erich (12 February 2018). "Colombia y sus Elbit Hermes 900". www.infodefensa.com (in Spanish). IDS, S.L. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
38. ^ Sands, Glenn. "Colombian Air Force retires OV-10A Broncos". Air Forces Monthly (#325): 19.
39. ^ Herk, Hans van. "Colombia Air Force retirements". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 2023-01-12.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air force of Colombia.

* Air Force Bases in Colombia at GlobalSecurity.org
* (in Spanish) Fuerza Aérea Colombiana
* (in Spanish) Colombia: Seguridad & Defensa, Unofficial site
* (in Spanish) Aviacol.net: History of the Colombian Air Force

* v
* t
* e

Military of Colombia

Service Branches|

* Army
* Aerospace Force
* Navy ("Armada")
* Comando de Guardacostas

Army|

* 1st Division
* 2nd Division
* 3rd Division
* 4th Division
* 5th Division
* 6th Division
* 7th Division
* 8th Division
* Airborne Unit
* OMEGA
* AFEUR
* Ranks & Insignias
* Lancero

Navy|

* Active Ships
* Decommissioned Ships
* Almirante Padilla frigate
* Type 209 submarine
* ARC Gloria (School /Flagship)
* Navy Ranks & Insignias
* Marine Infantry Ranks & Insignias

Aerospace Force|

* Ct. German Molano Air Base
* Ct. Luis Gomez Air Base
* Maj. Alberto Pauwels Rodríguez Air Base
* Lt Col. Luis Pinto Air Base
* BG Arturo Lema Posada Air Base
* Ct.Ernesto Esguerra Air Base
* BG. Camilo Daza Álvarez Air Base
* My.Justino Marino Air Base
* Cl. Luis Rodriguez Air Base
* Lt Col. Benjamín Méndez Rey Air Base
* Marco Fidel Suárez Air Base (EMAVI)
* Ranks & Insignias

Wars and Conflicts|

* Gran Colombia-Peru War
* Supremes War
* Gran Colombia-Ecuador Conflict
* Colombia-Peru War
* La Violencia Era
* Korean War
* Colombian internal conflict

Related dependencies|

* COTECMAR
* Indumil
* SATENA

* Military ranks of the Colombian Armed Forces
* Ministry of National Defense
* National Police of Colombia
* DAS

* v
* t
* e

Air forces of Latin America

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

* v
* t
* e

List of air forces

* Abkhazia
* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Algeria
* Angola
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Bahamas
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Belize
* Benin
* Bolivia
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Botswana
* Brazil
* Brunei
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia
* Cameroon
* Canada
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Chile
* China
* Colombia
* Congo
* Congo DR
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Djibouti
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Eritrea
* Estonia
* Ethiopia
* Finland
* France
* Gabon
* Georgia
* Germany
* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea-Bissau
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Ivory Coast
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Lithuania
* Madagascar
* Malaysia
* Mali
* Malta
* Mauritania
* Mexico
* Moldova
* Mongolia
* Montenegro
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Myanmar
* Namibia
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* North Korea
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Qatar
* Romania
* Russia
* Rwanda
* Saudi Arabia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Singapore
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* South Sudan
* Spain
* Sri Lanka
* Sudan
* Suriname
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Tanzania
* Thailand
* Togo
* Transnistria
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* Venezuela
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

* v
* t
* e

List of space forces and space commands

Space forces|

* China
* Colombia
* France
* Iran
* North Korea
* Russia
* Spain
* United States

Space commands|

* Australia
* Brazil
* France
* India
* Italy
* Japan
* NATO
* NORAD
* Peru
* Russia
* South Korea
* United Kingdom
* United States

Ranks and insignia of space forces

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War space race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Iran
* North Korea
* Russia
* Spain
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African and Pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EGSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* AEM
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

South America|

* ALCE
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian and Pan-Arab|

* APSCO
* Arabsat

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* SSD
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KARI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO 2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* LAPAN
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

Southwest Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSC
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESRTC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR 2
* BelSPo
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSC
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NSC
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA 2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* United States

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template