Colonial war

Blanket term relating to various conflicts

"Small war" redirects here. For the 18th century conflict between the Ottomans and Venice, see Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718).

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War
(outline)

History

* Prehistoric
* Ancient
* Thermal
* Gunpowder
* Timeline
* Post-classical
* Castles
* Early modern
* Military revolution
* Pike and shot
* Napoleonic warfare
* Late modern
* Industrial warfare
* Fourth-gen warfare
* AI warfare

Military

* Organization
* Command and control
* Defense ministry
* Reserves
* Ranks

* * *

* Branches:
* Army
* Navy
* Air force
* Marines
* Coast guard
* Border guard
* Special forces
* Cyber force
* Space force

* * *

* Specialties:
* Staff
* Engineers
* Intel
* Recon
* Medical
* Police
* Diving
* Pilot

* * *

* Land units:
* Infantry
* Armor
* Cavalry
* Artillery
* Special forces
* Signal corps

* * *

* Naval units:
* Warships
* Submarines
* Aircraft carriers
* Landing craft
* Auxiliary ships

* * *

* Air units:
* Fighters
* Bombers
* Command
* Close air support
* Electronic-warfare
* Reconnaissance

* * *

* Combat systems:
* Fire-control system
* Fire-control radar
* Director (military)
* Combat information center
* Sonar
* Radar

* * *

* Historical:
* Ship gun fire-control
* Gun data computer
* Torpedo data computer

* * *

* Development:
* Basic training
* Military manoeuvrers
* Combat training

Battlespace

* Aerospace
* Aerial
* Airborne
* Space

* * *

* Land
* Cold-region
* Desert
* Fortification
* Jungle
* Mountain
* Urban
* Subterranean
* Tunnel

* * *

* Sea
* Amphibious
* Blue
* Brown
* Green
* Surface
* Underwater
* Seabed

* * *

* Cyber
* Information

Weapons

* Air defence
* Armor
* Artillery
* Barrage
* Biological
* Camouflage
* Cavalry
* Horses
* Air cavalry
* Chemical
* Combined arms
* Conventional
* Cyber
* Denial
* Disinformation
* Drone / Robot
* Electromagnetic
* Firearms
* Infantry
* Loitering
* Missile
* Music
* Nuclear
* Psychological
* Radiological
* Submarine
* Unconventional

Tactics

List of military tactics

* Aerial
* Airlift
* Air assault
* Airbridge
* Airdrop
* Anti-aircraft
* Anti-sub
* Anti-tank
* Battle
* Cavalry
* Charge
* CQC
* Counterattack
* Counterinsurgency
* Convoy
* Defeat in detail
* Foxhole
* Drone
* Envelopment
* Formation
* Guerrilla
* Naval
* Rapid dominance
* Encirclement
* Investment
* Siege
* Swarm
* Screen
* Tactical objective
* Target saturation
* Trench
* Withdrawal

Operational

* Military operation
* Special
* Operations research
* Blitzkrieg
* Expeditionary
* Deep operation
* Maneuver
* Operational manoeuvre group
* Raid
* Covert
* Stay-behind

Strategy

List of military strategies and concepts

* Military campaign
* Anti-access
* Attrition
* Commerce raiding
* Counter-offensive
* Culminating
* Defence in depth
* Fabian
* Empty fort
* Mosaic
* Deception
* Defensive
* Depth
* Goal
* Nuclear
* Naval
* Offensive
* Scorched earth

Grand strategy

* Asymmetric
* Blockade
* Broken-backed
* Class
* Cold war
* Colonial
* Conquest
* Containment
* Divide and conquer
* Economic
* Endemic
* Fleet in being
* Irregular
* Liberation
* Limited
* Network-centric
* New generation
* Perpetual
* Political
* Princely
* Proxy
* Religious
* Resource
* Strategic
* Succession
* Technology
* Theater
* Total war
* World war

Administrative

* Branch
* Policy
* Staff
* Training
* Service
* Sociology

Organization

* Area of responsibility
* Chain of command
* Command and control
* Doctrine
* Order of battle
* Principles of war
* Economy of force
* Medicine
* Engineers
* Intelligence
* Ranks
* Technology and equipment

Personnel

* Recruitment
* Conscription
* Draft evasion
* Mobilization
* Training
* Specialism
* Soldier
* Morale
* Volunteer
* Women
* Children
* Transgender
* Harassment
* Conscientious objector
* Conscription and sexism
* Counter-recruitment

Logistics

* History
* War economy
* Arms industry
* Materiel
* Supply-chain management
* Military–industrial complex
* Base
* MOB
* FOB
* Outpost

Science

* Power projection
* Loss-of-strength gradient
* Lanchester's laws
* Force multiplication
* Morale

Law

* Belligerent
* Occupation
* Armistice
* Ceasefire
* Court-martial
* Desertion
* Geneva Conventions
* Geneva Protocol
* Islamic rules
* Justice
* Lawful / Unlawful combatant
* Perfidy
* Regular / Irregular
* Jewish laws on war
* Right of conquest
* Right of self-defence
* Rules of engagement
* Self-determination
* Martial law
* War crime
* War and genocide
* War treason

Theory

* Air supremacy
* Appeasement
* Command of the sea
* Deterrence theory
* Full-spectrum dominance
* Overmatch
* Just war theory
* Principles of war
* Philosophy of war
* Security dilemma
* Tripwire force
* Wargaming
* Simulation
* Exercises
* Combat effectiveness
* Center of gravity

Non-warfare

* Arms control
* Counter-insurgency
* Deterrence
* Disaster response
* Grey-zone
* Gunboat diplomacy
* Humanitarian aid
* Law enforcement
* Low-intensity conflict
* Military engineering
* Peacekeeping
* Peacebuilding
* Peace through strength
* Show of force

Culture

* Awards and decorations
* Battle cry
* Warrior
* War film
* Military science fiction
* War novel
* Anti-war movement
* Foot drill
* War song
* Uniform
* Wargame
* Militarization / Militarism
* Antimilitarism
* Camp follower

Books

* Seven Military Classics
* The Art of War
* De re militari
* Strategemata

Related

* Women in war
* War resister
* War studies
* Horses in warfare
* Wartime sexual violence
* Fifth column
* Mercenary
* Pacifism
* Privateer
* Private military company
* Soldiers are murderers

Lists

* Battles
* Military occupations
* Military terms
* Operations
* Sieges
* War crimes
* Wars
* Weapons
* Writers

* v
* t
* e

* v
* t
* e

Spanish colonial campaigns

North Africa

* Canary Islands
* 1402–96
* 1501
* 1586
* 1599
* 1616
* 1640
* 1657
* 1706
* 1740
* 1797
* 1976–1979

* Morocco
* 1260
* 1274–1350/1462
* 1399
* 1478
* 1497
* 1508
* 1st
* 2nd [fr]
* 1517–1525
* 1st [fr]
* 2nd [fr]
* 3rd
* 1578
* 1608–1630s
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd [fr]
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th [fr]
* 7th [fr]
* 1681–1727
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th [fr]
* 7th [fr]
* 8th [fr]
* 1732–1737
* 1st [fr]
* 1774–1775
* 1790–1791
* 1st
* 2nd [fr]
* 1859–1860
* 1893–94
* 1904
* 1907 [fr]
* 1st
* 1909
* 1911
* 1911–12
* 1920–26
* 1940–1945
* 1957–58
* 2002
* 2012

* Western Sahara · Mauritania
* 1885–1900s
* 1905–1910
* 1970–76
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd

* Algeria [fr]
* 1497
* 1503–1512
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th [fr]
* 5th [fr]
* 1516
* 1559
* 1675–1678 [fr]
* 1707–1708
* 1732
* 1775–1785
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 1790–1792
* 1940s [fr]

Sub-Saharan Africa

* Equatorial Guinea
* 1778–80 [es]
* 1843–1858 [es]
* 1898 [es]
* 1910 [es]
* 1918 [es]
* 1920s–1930s
* 1936

* * *

Europe

* Italy
* 1282–1302
* 1323–1326
* 1429
* 1435–1442
* 1494–1559
* 1613–17
* 1615–17
* 1672–73
* 1672–78
* 1701–10
* 1717–20
* 1734–35
* 1735–38
* 1740–48

* Burgundian Lands
* 1566–1648
* 1583–1588
* 1614
* 1667–1668
* 1672–1678
* 1683–1684
* 1688–1697
* 1701–06

* Iberia·Balearic
* 1228–1231
* 1462
* 1492
* 1499–1501
* 1512−1529
* 1526 [es]
* 1558
* 1568–1571
* 1580–1583
* 1629 [pt]
* 1637 [pt]
* 1640–1668
* 1640–59
* 1701–13
* 1713–14
* 1727
* 1756
* 1762
* 1779–83
* 1781
* 1798
* 1807
* 1936–39

* Charles V Empire (1520s–1556)
* Hungary·Croatia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Germany·Czechia
* Balkans (1538–39)
* Eastern Mediterranean (1571–73)
* Balkans (1565–1572)
* Brittany (1590–1598)
* Iceland (1617)
* Holy Roman Empire (1618–1648)
* Czechia
* Palatinate
* Grisons
* Valtellina
* 1st Italy
* 2nd Italy
* 3rd Italy
* Flanders·Rhineland·4th Italy
* Franche-Comté [fr]
* 5th Italy

* * *

The Americas

* Conquest of Spanish America (1492–XVIII)
* Caribbean Region [1492–1500s]
* Haiti [es]
* Santo Domingo
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* Puerto Rico
* Aruba · Curaçao · Bonaire [es]
* Cuba
* Jamaica
* South America (1500s–XVIII)
* Venezuela [1498-1600s] [es]
* 1529-46
* 1567-1577 [es]
* 1568
* Paraguay·Argentina·Uruguay [1516-1593] [es]
* River Plate basin [es]
* Cordoba [es]
* Tucuman [es]
* Gran Chaco [es]
* Colombia [1525–40]
* Southern Colombia
* Ecuador·Peru·Bolivia [1524–72]
* 1524 raid
* Western Ecuador [es]
* Western Bolivia [es]
* Northern Chile [es]
* Vilcabamba Campaign [es]
* Central Chile [1535-1604]
* Magellan Strait [1578–90]
* Mesoamerica (1500s–XVII century)
* Costa Rica [1502-1560] [es]
* Mexico [1519–21]
* Maya [1523–1697]
* Chiapas
* Guatemala
* Yucatán
* Petén
* Nicaragua [1522–1603]
* El Salvador [1524–39]
* Honduras [1524–39]
* New Mexico (1598–1606)
* Texas (1716–17)
* Alta California (1769–70)
* Pacific Northwest [1774–93]

* Exploration of North America (1500s–1700s)
* Florida (1513–21)
* Eastern Coast (1524–25)
* Chesapeake Bay (1526)
* Gulf Coast (1527–36)
* Southwest (1539–42)
* Mabila
* Mississippi
* Southwest (1540–42)
* New Mexico (1581–1582)
* Great Plains (1594–95)
* New Spain-Indian Wars (1519–1821)
* Taino
* Yaqui
* Mixtón
* Tiguex
* Nachi Cocom Uprising
* Chichimeca
* Guamares [es]
* Apache
* Navajo
* Comanche
* Acaxee
* Tepehuán Revolt
* Tipu
* Saccalum Rebellion [es]
* Tehuantepec Rebellion [es]
* Pueblo
* Talamanca Insurrection
* Tzeltal Rebellion
* Cisteil Rebellion [es]
* Pima
* Karankawa
* Totonicapán Uprising
* Texas theater
* West Missisipi Theater

* Venezuela (1520) [es]
* Santo Domingo (1521)
* Eastern Peru·Bolivia (1530s–XIX) [es]

* Rebellions in Peru (1537s–XVIII) [es]
* 1537–54 [es]
* 1544–48 [es]
* 1564–72
* 1742–52
* 1750 [es]
* 1780–82

* Paraguay (1544) [es]
* Panama (1548–82)
* Southern Chile (1546–XVIII century)
* 1655 uprising
* 1712 uprising
* 1723 uprising
* 1766 uprising)
* 1792 uprising
* Venezuela (1555) [es]
* Orionoco·Amazon·River Plate Basin (1557–XVIII) [pt]
* Peru·Venezuela (1560–61) [es]
* Argentine Northwest [1560–1667]
* Eastern Bolivia (1564–XVII) [es]
* Argentina (1580) [es]
* Florida (1601)
* Hispaniola (1605)
* Bolivia (1622–25)
* Puerto Rico (1649)
* Paraguay (1649–1650) [es]
* Trinidad (1699)
* Uruguay (1702) [es]
* Paraguay (1721–35)
* Natchez, Mississippi (1731)
* Misiones Orientales (1754–56)
* Ecuador (1765)
* Louisiana (1768)
* New Granada (1781)
* Vancouver (1791–95)
* Nootka
* Hispaniola (1793–1795,1801–03)
* Santo Domingo
* Haiti
* Venezuela (1795) [es]
* Venezuela (1797)

* Spanish America Independence (1808–33)
* Bolivia (1809–25)
* Argentina (1810–18)
* Florida (1810)
* Paraguay (1810–11)
* Mexico (1810–25)
* Peru (1811–26)
* El Salvador (1811)
* Uruguay (1811)
* Venezuela (1811–23)
* Chile (1812–27)
* Colombia (1815–16)
* Colombia (1819–20)
* Ecuador (1820–22)
* Mexico (1821–29)
* Santo Domingo (1810)
* Cuba (1811–1812)
* Royalist Spanish American Guerrillas
* Chiloe (1820–26) [es]
* Western Venezuela (1822–31) [es]
* Southern Colombia (1822–26) [es]
* Western Colombia (1822–23) [es]
* Chile·Argentina (1822–32)
* Peru (1824–39)
* Bolivia (1825–28) [es]
* Mexico (1861)
* Dominican Republic (1863–65)
* Peru and Chile (1864–66)
* Chiloe (1864) [es]
* Puerto Rico (1868)
* Cuba (1868–78)
* Cuba (1879–80)
* Cuba (1895–98)
* Puerto Rico (1897)

* * *

East Asia

* East Indies (1519–22)
* Philippines
* East Indies (1522–23)
* East Indies (1527–29)
* East Indies (1542–46)
* Halmahera

* Philippines
* Conquest (1565–75/1876)
* Philippine Sea
* Cebu
* 1st Manila
* 2nd Manila
* Southern-Philippines · North-Borneo (1565–1876)
* 1596
* 1599-1600
* 1602
* 1630
* 1638-46
* 1876-78
* Rebellions (1567–XIX)
* Tondo
* Magalat
* Igorot
* Caquenga's
* Tamblot
* Bankaw
* Irraya
* Dagohoy
* Palaris
* Silang
* Novales
* Palmero
* Cavite
* Anti-Chinese/Japanese campaigns (1574–XVIII)
* 1574
* 1582
* 1596
* 1603
* 1606
* 1639–40
* 1662
* 1663
* 1761–63 [es]
* Manila (1762–64)
* Manila (1769)
* Sulu (1884–86)
* Philippines Independence (1896–98)

* Brunei (1578)
* Insulindia (1580–1606)
* 1st
* 2nd
* 3rd
* 4th
* 5th
* 6th
* Cambodia (1593–97)
* Thailand (1624–1636)
* Taiwan (1626)
* Taiwan (1636)
* Tidore (1653–1654)
* Northeastern Borneo (1746–47)
* Philippines–Borneo (1748–64)
* Vietnam (1858–62)
* North Borneo (1881–85)
* China (1900)

Oceania

* Polinesia·Melanesia (1539–42) [es]
* Polinesia·Melanesia (1567–1606) [es]
* Guam · Mariana Islands (1670-99)
* Easter Island (1770–71) [es]
* Tahiti (1772–75) [es]

* * *

Conflicts with Pirats and Privateers

* Mediterranean Sea (1500s–XVIII)
* 1508–1512 [es]
* Libya
* Tunisia
* 1st Algeria
* 2nd Algeria
* English raids (1600s)
* 1605–1630s
* 1st Tunisia
* 2nd Tunisia
* 3rd Tunisia
* 4th Tunisia
* 5th Tunisia
* 6th Tunisia
* 7th Tunisia
* Sale Campaign (1627–68)

* Atlantic Sea
* Basque raids (1497–1804) [es]
* Dutch raids (1566–74) [nl]
* Spanish–Flemish raids (1568–1658)
* Brazil (1583)
* Florida (1715)

* Caribbean (1500s–XIX)
* Bay of Honduras theater (1540–XIX)
* English raids of 1558–1603
* Puerto Rico
* Panama
* Atlantic-Pacific
* Anglo–French–Dutch raids of 1620s–90s
* Providence Island theater
* 1640
* Tortuga theater
* Jamaica theater
* Santo Domingo
* 1st Mexico
* Venezuela [ru]
* Spanish Main
* 2nd Mexico
* Bahamas
* Panama
* Spanish defensive raids (1674–1803)
* British Virgin Islands theater
* Bahamas theater
* Bermudas theater
* West Indies (1814–25)
* 1825

* Sulu · Celebes Seas (1578–XIX)
* Balanguingui (1848)
* Chile (1578–XVIII) [es]
* Valdivia (1670)
* Arica (1681) [es]
* Argentina (1582–1724) [es]
* Nicaragua Lake (1665–XIX)
* Latin American raids (1810–24)
* Pacific (1815–16) [es]
* Pacific (1817–22) [es]
* Pacific South America (1819–21) [es]
* Pacific (1819–21)
* Philippines · North America (1818) [es]

* Somalia · Indian Ocean (2008–present)

* * *

Intercolonial Global Conflicts

* Ottoman–Spanish conflicts (1500s–1782)
* Mediterranean (1515–1577) [tr]
* 1st Algeria
* 2nd Algeria
* 3rd Algeria
* 1st Tunisia
* 4th Algeria
* 5th Algeria
* 2nd Tunisia
* 1st Balearic
* 6th Algeria
* 3rd Tunisia
* Sardinia
* 7th Algeria
* 8th Algeria
* 9th Algeria
* 1st Sicily
* 1st Naples
* 10th Algeria
* 4th Tunisia
* 1st Libya
* 11th Algeria
* 2nd Balearic [fr]
* 2nd Naples
* 1st Morocco [fr]
* 12th Algeria
* 13th Algeria
* 14th Algeria
* 3rd Balearic
* 2nd Sicily
* 2nd Morocco
* 5th Tunisia
* 15th Algeria
* 3rd Morocco
* Malta
* 6th Tunisia
* 3rd Naples
* 7th Tunisia
* Iberian East Indies (1580s)

* Portuguese–Spanish Conflicts (1520s-1820s)
* Guinea (1478)
* Moluccas (1521–29)
* Brazil (1534-36)
* Philippines (1568–69)
* Azores (1583)
* China (1598–1600)
* Uruguay (1680–1724)
* 1680 [es]
* 1704
* 1723–24 [es]
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* South America (1762–63)
* Banda Oriental · Rio Grande do Sul
* River Plate [es]
* Eastern Bolivia [pt]
* Rio Grande do Sul (1767–75)
* 1773 [pt]
* 1774 [es]
* 1775 [es]
* Banda Oriental (1776–77)
* Rio Grande do Sul · Matto Grosso (1801)
* Misiones Orientales [es]
* Banda Oriental (1811–12)

* Anglo-Spanish Conflicts
* 1st War [1585–1604]
* 2nd War [1625–1630]
* 3rd War [1654–1660]
* 4th War [1701–14]
* Anglo-French North America
* 5th War [1717–20]
* 6th War [1726–1729]
* 7th War [1739–48]
* 8th War [1762–63]
* Falklands (1770)
* 9th War [1779–83]
* Eastern United States
* Louisiana
* Florida
* Atlantic
* Nootka Sound (1790–95)
* 10th War [1796–1808]

* Franco–Spanish Conflicts
* Spanish–French Huguenot Conflict
* Florida [1565–1568]
* 1st War [1635–1659]
* Texas (1685–89)
* 2nd War [1688–1697]
* Texas (1714)
* 3th War [1717–20]
* 4th War [1793–95]
* Saint Domingue
* 5th War [1808–15]
* Santo Domingo
* Philippines (1844–45)

* Dutch–Spanish War (1590s–1648)

* Dutch–Portuguese War (1590s–1640s)
* Azores
* Cape St. Vincent
* Macau
* Brazil
* 1625
* 1631
* 1637
* 1637
* 1638
* 1640

* USA–Spanish Empire Conflicts
* USA–New Spain Border Conflict (1783–1819)
* 1st Florida
* 2nd Florida
* Louisiana
* 3rd Florida
* 4th Florida
* 5th Florida
* 1st Texas
* 2nd Texas
* 6th Florida
* 7th Florida
* 3rd Texas
* American Indian Wars
* Cherokee–American War (1783–92)
* Creek War (1813–14)
* Santo Domingo (1800)
* Tamaulipas (1817) [es]
* Peru (1820)
* Cuba (1850–51)
* Spanish–American War (1898)
* Puerto Rico
* Guam

* Russo–Spanish conflicts
* California (1807–1808)
* California (1814–19)
* German–Spanish conflicts
* Venezuela (1546)
* Atlantic (1680–82) [de]
* Sulu · North Borneo (1878–1885)
* Palau · Caroline (1885)
* Morocco (1911)

‹ The template Campaignbox Dutch colonial campaigns is being considered for deletion. ›

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* e

Dutch colonial conflicts

17th century

* Bantam (1601)
* Amboina (1605)
* Malacca (1606)
* Cape Rachado (1606)
* Pulo Buton (1606)
* Mozambique (1607)
* Mozambique (1608)
* Banda Islands (1609–21)
* Johor (1613)
* Jayakarta (1618–19)
* Jayakarta (1619)
* Macau (1622)
* Pescadores (1622–24)
* Salvador (1624)
* Luanda (1624)
* Persian Gulf (1625)
* Salvador (1625)
* Elmina (1625)
* Cuba (1628)
* Batavia (1628–29)
* Recife (1630)
* Jambi (1630)
* Abrolhos (1631)
* Liaoluo Bay (1633)
* Taiwan (1635–36)
* Brazil (1636)
* Liuqiu Island (1636)
* Porto Calvo (1637)
* Elmina (1637)
* Vietnam (1637–43)
* Goa (1638)
* Salvador (1638)
* Mormugão (1639)
* Itamaracá (1640)
* Ceylon (1640)
* Malacca (1641)
* Luanda (1641)
* Taiwan (1641)
* Taiwan (1642)
* Chile (1643)
* Cambodia (1643–44)
* New Netherland (1643–45)
* India (1644-45)
* Tabocas (1645)
* Brazil (1645)
* Philippines (1646)
* Kombi (1647)
* Guararapes (1648)
* Guararapes (1649)
* Taiwan (1652)
* 2nd Recife (1652-1654)
* 2nd Colombo (1654)
* Mannar (1658)
* Malabar (1658-1663)
* New Netherland (1659–63)
* Cape Colony (1659-1677)
* Formosa (1661–62)
* Sulawesi (1666–69)
* Ceylon (1670-1670)
* India (1673)
* Java (1674–80)

18th century

* Java (1704–07)
* Java (1719–23)
* India (1739–41)
* Java (1741–43)
* Penfui (1749)
* Java (1749–57)
* Ceylon (1764-1766)
* Persian gulf (1765)
* India (1781)
* Sumatra (1781)
* Ceylon (1782)
* Gold Coast (1782)
* Cape Colony (1795)

19th century

* Surinam (1804)
* Cape Colony (1806)
* Java (1806–07)
* Moluccas (1810)
* Java (1811)
* Algiers (1816)
* Ambon (1817)
* Palembang (1819)
* Palembang (1821)
* Sumatra (1821–37)
* Borneo (1823)
* Bone (1824–25)
* Java (1825–30)
* Aceh (1831)
* Ahanta (1837–39)
* Bali (1846)
* Bali (1848)
* Bali (1849)
* Palembang (1851–59)
* Montrado (1854–55)
* Nias (1855–64)
* Bali (1858)
* Bone (1858–59)
* Borneo (1859–63)
* Japan (1863–64)
* Pasoemah (1864–68)
* Gold Coast (1869–70)
* Aceh (1873–1904)
* Mandor (1884–85)
* Jambi (1885)
* Edi (1890)
* Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
* Pedir (1897–98)

20th century

* Kerinci (1903)
* Bone (1905–06)
* Bali (1906)
* Bali (1908)
* Venezuela (1908)
* Indonesia (1941–45)
* Indonesia (1946–49)

‹ The template Campaignbox Portuguese colonial campaigns is being considered for deletion. ›

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese colonial campaigns

15th century

* Morocco (1415)
* Morocco (1419)
* Morocco (1437)
* Morocco (1458)
* Morocco (1463–64)
* Morocco (1468)
* Morocco (1471)
* Morocco (1471)
* Guinea (1478)
* Morocco (1487)
* Morocco (1489)
* Morocco (1490)

16th century

* India (1500–1513)
* East Africa (1500-1509)
* Algeria (1501)
* India (1504)
* East Africa (1505)
* East Africa (1505)
* Indian Ocean (1505–17)
* India (1506)
* India (1506)
* Mozambique (1506)
* East Africa (1507)
* India (1507)
* Socotra (1507)
* Arabia (1507)
* Persian Gulf (1507–15)
* India (1508)
* India (1509)
* India (1510)
* Malaysia (1511)
* India (1512)
* Aden (1513)
* Morocco (1513)
* Morocco (1514)
* Morocco (1514)
* Iran (1514-15)
* Morocco (1515)
* Morocco (1515)
* Nigeria (1515-16)
* Morocco (1516)
* East Africa (1517)
* Goa (1517)
* Malaysia (1520)
* Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
* Sumatra (1521)
* Bahrain (1521)
* Insulindia (1521)
* China (1521)
* Sumatra (1522)
* Arabia (1523)
* Malaysia (1523)
* Sumatra (1523–24)
* Insulindia (1525)
* Insulindia (1526)
* India (1526)
* Java (1527)
* Sumatra (1528)
* East Africa (1528)
* Persian Gulf (1529)
* Moluccas (1530–1607)
* India (1531)
* Morocco (1533)
* Persian Gulf (1534)
* Malaysia (1534)
* Tunis (1535)
* Malaysia (1535)
* Malaysia (1536)
* Moluccas (1536)
* Brazil (1534–1536)
* India (1538)
* India (1538)
* Indian Ocean (1538–60)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Ethiopia (1541)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* East Africa (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1543)
* Malaysia (1543)
* Insulindia (1545)
* India (1546)
* India (1547)
* Malaysia (1547)
* Arabia (1548)
* Arabia (1548)
* Jailolo (1550)
* Persian Gulf (1551)
* Malaysia (1551)
* Arabia (1552–54)
* Gulf of Oman (1554)
* Pakistan (1557)
* Sri Lanka (1557–58)
* Brazil (1558)
* India (1559)
* India (1559)
* Jaffna (1560)
* Japan (1561)
* Morocco (1562)
* Morocco (1564)
* Japan (1565)
* Brazil (1567)
* Malacca (1568)
* Mozambique & Zimbabwe (1569-73)
* Sumatra (1569)
* Gambia (1570)
* Goa (1570–1571)
* Chaul (1570–1571)
* Honavar (1571)
* Mangalore (1571)
* Chale (1571)
* India (1570–75)
* Malaysia (1573)
* Malaysia (1574)
* Malaysia (1575)
* Morocco (1578)
* Angola (1580)
* India (1581)
* Arabia (1581)
* Angola (1583)
* Indian Ocean (1586–89)
* Persian Gulf (1586)
* Malaysia (1586)
* Malaysia (1587)
* Sri Lanka (1587–88)
* Mombasa (1589)
* Jaffna (1591)
* Chaul (1594)
* India (1599–1600)

17th century

* Java (1601)
* Myanmar (1605)
* Sumatra (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* Indonesia (1606)
* China (1609)
* India (1612)
* Brazil (1612–1615)
* Persian Gulf (1614)
* Malaysia (1615)
* Gambia (1618)
* Jaffna (1619)
* Coromandel Coast (1619)
* Persian Gulf (1621–22)
* Trincomalee (1622)
* Persian Gulf (1622)
* China (1622)
* Angola (1622)
* Angola (1623)
* Brazil (1624)
* Angola (1624)
* Persian Gulf (1625)
* Brazil (1625)
* Gold Coast (1625)
* Malaysia (1628)
* Malacca (1629)
* Cape of Good Hope (1630)
* Brazil (1630)
* Jambi (1630)
* Brazil (1631)
* East Africa (1632)
* Bengal (1632)
* Arabia (1633)
* Arabia (1633–43)
* Brazil (1636)
* Gold Coast (1637)
* India (1638)
* Brazil (1638)
* India (1638–39)
* India (1639)
* Brazil (1640)
* Morocco (1640)
* Malaysia (1640–41)
* Colombia (1641)
* Angola (1641–48)
* Brazil (1641)
* India (1644–45)
* Brazil (1645)
* Brazil (1645)
* Angola (1647)
* Brazil (1648)
* Brazil (1649)
* Arabia (1650)
* Brazil (1652–54)
* 1st Sri Lanka (1654)
* 2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
* Mannar (1658)
* Malabar (1658–63)
* Margão (1659)
* Angola (1665)
* Brazil (1666)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1671)
* Angola (1681)
* Angola (1691-93)
* India (1693)
* East Africa (1696–98)

18th century

* India (1704)
* Brazil (1710)
* Brazil (1711)
* Angola (1723)
* India (1729–32)
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* India (1746)
* India (1746)
* India (1752)
* Brazil (1756)
* Brazil (1762–63)
* Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
* Morocco (1769)
* Angola (1774–1778)
* Banda Oriental (1776–77)

19th century

* French Guiana (1809)
* China (1809–10)
* Banda Oriental (1816–20)
* Brazil (1821–25)
* China (1846)
* Mozambique (1847–1910)
* China (1849)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Mozambique (1895)
* Mozambique (1895)

20th century

* Angola (1902–04)
* Angola (1907)
* East Timor (1911–12)
* Angola (1914–15)
* Mozambique (1914-18)
* Angola (1914–1917)
* Mozambique (1917–18)
* Mozambique (1917-18)
* Timor (1942–43)
* India (1954)
* India (1961)
* Africa (1961–74)
* Angola (1961–74)
* Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
* Mozambique (1964–74)

‹ The template Campaignbox Japanese colonial campaigns is being considered for deletion. ›

* v
* t
* e

Military campaigns of the Empire of Japan

Meiji era

* Taiwan (1874)
* Ganghwa (1875)
* Ryukyu (1879)
* Qing-Japanese War (1894–1895)
* Triple Intervention (1895)
* Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901)
* Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910

Taishō era

* Tsingtao (1914)
* German Pacific possesions (1914)
* Siberia (1918–1922)

Shōwa era

* Manchuria (1931–1932)
* China (1937–1945)
* French Indochina (1940)
* coup d'état 1945
* Pacific Theatre (1941–1945)

Colonial war (in some contexts referred to as small war[1]) is a blanket term relating to the various conflicts that arose as the result of overseas territories being settled by foreign powers creating a colony. The term especially refers to wars fought during the nineteenth century between European armies in Africa and Asia.

## Description

[edit]

### Classification

[edit]

Traditionally, wars could be divided into three categories: wars of conquest, wars of liberation, and wars between states.[2] These classifications can likewise be distinguished among colonial wars. Still, the term "colonial war" typically refers to a war of conquest.[3] Wars of conquest, in a colonial context, can be further broken down into two stages: a period of typically brief, regular warfare between an invading power and an indigenous force (which may be, in comparison to the invader, irregular in composition or organization) followed by a period of irregular warfare.[4] Counter-insurgency operations may be undertaken in order to prepare territory for settlement. Once a foothold has been established by an incoming power, it may launch expeditions into neighboring territory in retaliation against hostility or to neutralize a potential enemy.[5]

### Common characteristics

[edit]

The Battle of Isandhlwana, oil painting by Charles Edwin Fripp, portraying a colonial conflict between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire in 1879.[6]

Colonial wars differed from "regular" wars (conflicts between neighboring states) in several ways. The first was that they were more political affairs than military ones.[7] In contrast to regular wars, in which the goals of the belligerents were limited, colonial wars were absolute; conquering powers sought to exert total and permanent control over a territory and its population and ensure lasting stability.[8] In spite of this, resources allotted to colonial campaigns were with few exceptions limited.[9] The meanings of defeat and victory were usually more complicated in colonial wars, as in many cases the invading power would face a belligerent that was not encapsulated by a city, government or ruler. There was often less of a distinction between indigenous citizens and the regular armed forces of defending nations.[10] This lack of centralized authority meant that formal peace agreements were rarely made.[8] Without government structures that could be taken over, administration of conquered peoples and territory was more difficult. To counter this colonial armies would establish or rebuild markets, schools and other public entities following a conflict, as the Americans did in the Philippines following the Spanish–American War.[9][Note 1]

In contrast to indigenous forces, European armies (the most common colonizing forces) were always professional forces, removed from the general population. Tasked with the work of rebuilding and administering colonies, colonial armies were often active while regular armies in mother countries remained idle until conflict arose. As such, soldiers in these armies would develop their own military culture and practices. Most of a colonial soldier's knowledge would come from direct experience and not from a formal military education.[9] European armies were almost always technically superior to the indigenous forces they faced, though this could not always be used to their advantage, as equipment like heavy artillery required roads (often not present) and deploying formations such as cavalry presented great logistical challenges. European armies also maintained good discipline, had high morale, were well trained and were educated in their possible deployments and in performing maneuvers. Regardless of the skill of their commanders, native armies usually lacked such cohesion and understanding of warfare.[12][Note 2] Colonial powers also employed colonial troops in their campaigns, most of whom were of a mixed composition between metropolitan men and officers and indigenous conscripts.[15]

### Historical era

[edit]

Colonial warfare became prevalent in the late 15th century as European powers increasingly seized overseas territories and began colonizing them.[16] The era of colonial wars is generally considered to have ended following the conclusion of the Portuguese Colonial War in 1974, though some consider the Falklands War of 1982 to be the last true colonial war.[3] Colonial wars are considered to be some of the first instances of irregular warfare and resulted in some of the first studies of counter-insurgency practices.[17]

## Policy, strategy, and tactics

[edit]

> "Colonial warfare is the only form of encounter in battle remaining where the forces are sufficiently small that the meaning of conflict is comprehensible to the participant. Whatever else fails, a flanking movement is always possible. In such a campaign you feel the clashing wills of the opposite leaders directly instead of remotely. Colonial warfare retains here what has been lost in the mass conflict of Europe."

Force Publique Major Antoine Duperoux's remarks to war correspondent George Weller following the 1941 Siege of Saïo[18]

Colonial military practices and tactics were usually regarded as secondary to regular warfare by colonial powers. Due to this emphasis on more direct conflicts, imperial operations and development in colonial ventures often received less attention from the armed forces of nations responsible for them.[7] Locally stationed military officials sometimes developed and conducted their own war policies free from metropolitan restraint. Other times, metropolitan policy was implemented at their discretion. French commanders cared little for state policy when conducting their campaigns in Western Sudan in the 1870s and 1880s, while German soldiers in Africa frequently operated contrary to the directions of the colonial bureaucracy. Colonial wars often strained relations between civil and military officials, who competed for control over policy.[19]

As in total war, invading powers often directed actions against indigenous non-combatants and local economies.[1] This included the burning of villages, theft of cattle, and systematic destruction of crops as committed by the French in pacification campaigns in Algeria, and the Germans in the Herero Wars of southern Africa.[20] In extreme cases, some powers advocated for the extermination of troublesome peoples, as the Germans did following the Herero conflict, resulting in the Herero and Namaqua genocide.[21] Such actions were usually undertaken when there was a lack of political or military goals for an invader to achieve (if there was no central government to seize or organized army to subdue) as a means to subjugate local populations.[22] European powers held the common perception that Asians and Africans "only understood the language of violence" so that they would not be subdued but through heavy-handed means. They refused to make concessions to indigenous forces for fear of appearing weak.[23]

Invading powers were much more easily frustrated when an indigenous force chose to wage a guerrilla war instead of committing to pitched battles, such as in the Franco-Hova Wars or the First Indochina War.[8] Indigenous leaders such as Abdelkader ibn Muhieddine of Algeria, Mahmadu Lamine of Senegal, and Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire were able to resist European colonialism for years after disregarding traditional methods and using guerrilla tactics instead.[24] In practice, regular and irregular forms of warfare generally happened within quick succession of one another.[10] A handful of traditional battles were won by indigenous Asian and African forces with numerical superiority or the element of surprise over colonial powers, but over time they faced staggering losses and discouraging defeats. Such trends were marked by the German suppression of the Maji Maji Rebellion, the defeat of the Zulus at the hands of British forces at the Battle of Rorke's Drift, and the destruction of Mahdist cavalry by British Maxim machine guns at the Battle of Omdurman.[24]

Britain and France developed field manuals to prepare soldiers for colonial warfare, whereas Germany lacked a defined system for educating its troops on colonial deployment.[25] Artillery was used by colonizers primarily as a means to demoralize indigenous fighters.[26]

Indigenous forces were usually made up of foot soldiers.[6]

## North America

[edit]

See also: American Indian Wars

The death of British General James Wolfe at the 1759 Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War

The first major colonial wars in North America were fought by Spanish conquistadors.[27]

Up until the American Revolutionary War, most of the colonial conflicts in North America, if they were not amphibious operations, took place in the wilderness.[28] Most of the first British colonists in the region were farmers and merchants, not professional soldiers. At the onset of the Colony of Virginia they underwent military drilling and fortified their settlements. However, this practice was soon abandoned and a militia system was adopted. Regular militias consisted of all able males from 16 to 60 years of age who used their own firearms and served without pay. Training was minimal and occurred once a year, at which point militiamen would have to demonstrate their proficiency with their weapons. In the areas under the greatest threat from Native Americans, the militias would garrison several fortified dwellings, though militiamen usually defended their own homes. From these militias, paid "rangers" were hired to patrol the frontier line and occasionally conduct offensive raids on Native American villages.[29]

With the exception of the raiding expeditions of the French and Indian War, the majority of early colonial campaigns between colonizing powers in North America were fought in order to secure strategic forts. The purpose of nearly all movements against forts was to bring sufficient artillery close enough to breach their walls. As such, any typical attack involved the transport of cannon by a labor force, covered by an escort of troops, which would then be used to secure a compromised fort.[28]

On the American frontier in the United States, experienced Native trackers were employed as auxiliary scouts to gather intelligence on hostile Native Americans' positions and movements. Most Native Americans performed hit-and-run attacks on United States troops and settlers, often with horses. If their camp was discovered, their activities would be disrupted, usually via an early morning surprise assault. Trackers were usually native or mixed-race, though some were white. Indigenous people were often demoralized when they saw other natives working with United States forces.[30]

Native American tribes in west were culturally predisposed to political and military independence. In turn, they struggled to unite against white settlers from the east, and were often distracted from doing so by internal conflicts of their own. Some individual tribes even had trouble uniting among themselves. Still, some managed to form coalitions, such as the alliance between the Sioux, Arapaho, and Cheyenne which dominated the northern region of the Great Plains during the mid-nineteenth century. Regardless, all native peoples were at an economic and industrial disadvantage to the United States.[31]

## Africa

[edit]

See also: Scramble for Africa

French conquest of Algeria

The first colonial wars in Africa occurred between the Portuguese and various coastal inhabitants as the former sought to expand its trading empire with Asia. In spite of their efforts, the Portuguese conquistadors were only able to establish limited territorial holdings in Sub-Saharan regions, facing tropical disease and organized resistance from Africans armed with iron weapons. They were also greatly outnumbered and encountered difficulty in getting their muskets to function in the humid climate.[32]

In the 1600s and 1700s, other European powers such as the Dutch, the British, and the French began to take interest in Africa as a means to supply slaves to their American colonies. They gradually established their own enclaves along the West African coast where they could actively trade with local rulers. This remained the state of affairs up through the early 1800s, as few Europeans showed interest in claiming large territories in the continent.[33]

The European colonial campaigns in Africa were generally conducted by European forces with support from native troops.[1] While European soldiers were generally more reliable, they were susceptible to diseases in tropical climates that local Africans had adjusted to, making it more optimal (less money had to be spent on medical treatment) for the latter to be deployed in Sub-Saharan environments. As such, European formations were often deployed on the continent for limited periods of time, while native units were used for longer expeditions.[34] The powers concurred that the "African methods of warfare" were "inherently cruel". Such logic was used to justify the commission of atrocities in conflict.[23]

African peoples were relatively disjointed, leading European powers to employ a strategy of divide and rule, aggravate internal tensions, and make use of collaborationism.[12] In response, African leaders sometimes formed coalitions.[35] General Thomas Robert Bugeaud oversaw the first deployment of mobile columns in a colonial war in 1840 when he ordered formations to raid and plunder Arab settlements to aid in the French pacification of Algeria upon realizing that local civilians were playing a key role in the war effort.[36]

By the early 20th century, colonial campaigns in Africa had become increasingly "modern". Colonial powers were forced to commit larger bodies of troops for conquest or to suppress rebellion, as the British had to in the Second Boer War or the Italians did in their conquest of Libya. Some of this was due to the fact that in many —but not all— places the technological gap between European armies and native forces had shrunk considerably, mostly with the proliferation of quick-firing rifles.[37] Most of this change was brought on by the evolution of Africans' tactics and strategy. They had abandoned pitched battles and had instead adopted methods of guerrilla warfare. In this fashion, the Boers (in South Africa), the Herero and Nama (in German South-West Africa), the Moroccans, and the Libyans all enjoyed considerable success against their opponents before their eventual respective defeats.[38]

## Asia

[edit]

See also: Western imperialism in Asia

The First Anglo-Sikh War

Asia, like Europe, was home to several powerful empires. Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries both dramatically increased their commercial activities, especially with one another. However, unlike Europe, Asia's military capabilities developed very little. Most Asian armies were drawn up by local ruling elites from fighting classes of men with whom they had personal ties. They were funded by plunder, rent payments, and taxes. However, payment through taxes was frequently undermined by corrupt individuals in imperial bureaucracies, who would embezzle the funds for personal use.[39]

This changed significantly with the widespread adoption of gunpowder between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, giving rise to renewed imperial power in China and Japan. Cannon capable of breaching fortified walls and ending sieges was the principal weapon. However, once the new artillery was incorporated into imperial forces, there was little incentive to experiment with new military technologies or forms of organization. Any major recruitment overhauls were likely to upset local power structures.[40] With the suppression of nomadic steppe raiders (through the use of muskets) and the relatively limited presence of European merchantmen, there was little external pressure to alter their methods of warfare.[41] The Asian empires also began to experience internal divisions. Competition between local elites over tax revenue burdened populaces, contributing greatly to the collapse of the Mughal Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Population growth also strained farmers and their children, breeding sectarian violence in China in the 1770s.[42]

Meanwhile, European states were frequently warring with one another, and developed new weapons and tactics to maintain military dominance. Drilling allowed for the conscription and recruitment of masses of unskilled men who would be disciplined in the performance of maneuvers. New tax systems made it possible to fund standing armies and ensure soldiers a regular salary. Enhanced power structures solidified the control commanders and political leaders had over their forces, making them effective even when operating far from seats of authority.[41] The Industrial Revolution further increased Europeans' technological capabilities.[42]

Ultimately, Asia's antiquated governments and military establishment were unable to match the Europeans' institutions.[42] European military dominance over Asia would become apparent in India in the eighteenth century and in China and Japan in the nineteenth century.[41]

As in Africa, European colonial ventures in Asia were usually bolstered by native soldiers.[1]

## Oceania

[edit]

An illustration of native police in Australia during 1865

See also: Australian frontier wars and New Zealand Wars

The Queensland Native Mounted Police Force regularly employed native trackers against Indigenous Australians' communities. The force was disbanded in the 1890s after all of the native populations had been subjugated.[30]

## See also

[edit]

* Insurgency
* Society of Colonial Wars

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ De Moor and Wesseling label this method tache d'huile and translate it to "oil slick".[9] Angstrom and Widen attribute tache d'huile as "oil spot" to French General Thomas Robert Bugeaud's strategy in Algeria whereby colonial forces would gradually expand their conquests from fortified bases.[11]
2. ^ The warriors of the Zulu Kingdom were an exception to this standard, being well disciplined and capable of precise maneuvers in battle.[13][14]

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Roy 2013, p. 55.
2. ^ de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 1.
3. ^ a b de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 2.
4. ^ Callwell 1906, p. 26.
5. ^ Callwell 1906, p. 25.
6. ^ a b Bruce 2009, p. 7.
7. ^ a b Rid & Keaney 2010, p. 15.
8. ^ a b c de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 3.
9. ^ a b c d de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 5.
10. ^ a b de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 4.
11. ^ Angstrom & Widen 2014, p. 122.
12. ^ a b de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 6.
13. ^ Callwell 1906, p. 30.
14. ^ Bruce 2009, p. 22.
15. ^ Killingray & Omissi 1999, pp. vii, 9, 10.
16. ^ Bruce 2009, p. 8.
17. ^ Angstrom & Widen 2014, p. 121.
18. ^ Weller 1942, p. 24.
19. ^ Killingray & Omissi 1999, p. 9.
20. ^ Roy 2013, p. 56.
21. ^ Vandervort 2015, p. 187.
22. ^ Callwell 1906, p. 40.
23. ^ a b Kuss 2017, pp. 130–131.
24. ^ a b Daum, Gardner & Mausbach 2003, p. 36.
25. ^ Kuss 2017, p. 125.
26. ^ Kuss 2017, p. 115.
27. ^ Gallay 2015, Introduction.
28. ^ a b Hamilton 1968, p. 1.
29. ^ McCarl 2012.
30. ^ a b Stapleton 2015, p. 28.
31. ^ Brinkley 2007, p. 435.
32. ^ Stapleton 2016, p. xxiii.
33. ^ Stapleton 2016, p. xxiv.
34. ^ Kuss 2017, p. 273.
35. ^ de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 7.
36. ^ Kuss 2017, p. 129.
37. ^ Vandervort 2015, p. 185.
38. ^ Vandervort 2015, p. 186.
39. ^ de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 13.
40. ^ de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 14.
41. ^ a b c de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 15.
42. ^ a b c de Moor & Wesseling 1989, p. 16.

## References

[edit]

* Angstrom, Jan; Widen, J.J. (2014). Contemporary Military Theory: The Dynamics of War (revised ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781136169205.
* Brinkley, Alan (2007). American History: A Survey (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-312492-6.
* Bruce, Robert B. (2009). Fighting Techniques of the Colonial Age: 1776–1914 Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics (illustrated, reprint ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 9780312590925.
* Callwell, C. E. (1906). Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice (3rd ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 464266190 - via Archive Foundation.
* Daum, Andreas W.; Gardner, Lloyd C.; Mausbach, Wilfried, eds. (2003). America, the Vietnam War, and the World: Comparative and International Perspectives (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521008761.
* Gallay, Alan (2015). Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781317487180.
* Hamilton, Edward Pierce (1968). Colonial Warfare in North America. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 80\. Massachusetts Historical Society. pp. 3–15\. JSTOR 25080653.
* Killingray, David; Omissi, David E., eds. (1999). Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers c. 1700–1964 (illustrated ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719057342.
* Kuss, Susanne (2017). German Colonial Wars and the Context of Military Violence. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674977587.
* McCarl, Mary Rhinelander (2012). "The Colonial Wars in America 1607-1763". Society of Colonial Wars.
* de Moor, Jaap A.; Wesseling, H. L., eds. (1989). Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa. Comparative Studies in Overseas History. Vol. VIII (illustrated ed.). BRILL. ISBN 9789004088344.
* Rid, Thomas; Keaney, Thomas, eds. (2010). Understanding Counterinsurgency Warfare: Doctrine, Operations, and Challenges. Routledge. ISBN 9781136976056.
* Roy, Kaushik (2013). The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857 - 1947 (illustrated ed.). A&C Black. ISBN 9781441177308.
* Stapleton, Timothy J. (2016). Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598848373.
* Stapleton, Timothy J. (2015). Warfare and Tracking in Africa, 1952–1990. Warfare, Society and Culture. Vol. 11\. Routledge. ISBN 9781317316909.
* Vandervort, Bruce (2015). Wars Of Imperial Conquest. Routledge. ISBN 9781134223749.
* Weller, George (1942). The Belgian Campaign in Ethiopia: A trek of 2,500 miles through jungle swamps and desert wastes. New York City: Belgian Information Center. OCLC 1452395.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Herron, J. S., ed. (November 1901). "Colonial Army Systems of the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, and Belgium" (34). Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 6209451. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)

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* Maritime history (European)
* Age of Discovery

|

Colonization|

* Antiquity — Imperialism
* Chartered companies
* Interventionism
* Colonialism
* chronology
* history
* empires
* detribalization
* settler colonialism
* wars
* Current: Non-self-governing
* Dependent

Colonial empires
in the modern era|

* Overseas, major: British
* Dutch
* French
* German
* Italian
* Portuguese
* Spanish

* Overseas, minor: American
* Australian
* Austro-Hungarian
* Belgian
* Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
* Danish
* New Zealand
* Norwegian
* Swedish

* Mostly contiguous: American
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Ottoman
* Russian
* South African

Decolonization
and Separatism|

* Independence
* Declaration
* Diplomatic recognition
* Facts on the ground
* Referendum
* Limited
* Namibia exception
* Non-recognition
* Partition
* Unilateral
* Non-interventionism
* Political status
* Rebellion
* List
* Rump state
* Secession
* Self-determination
* League of Nations mandate
* Separatism
* Active
* Political parties
* Historical
* Sovereignty
* Special Committee on Decolonization
* Territorial integrity
* Wars of national liberation
* List

Postcolonialism|

* Nation-building
* Neocolonialism
* Postcolonial international relations

Related concepts|

* Decolonization of knowledge
* Terra nullius
* Plantation
* Settler
* Indigenous peoples
* Internal colonialism
* Uncontacted peoples
* Christianity and colonialism
* Decolonization of public space

* v
* t
* e

French colonial conflicts

16th century|

| North America|

* South Carolina (1562)
* Florida (1562–65)
* Florida (1568)

|

South America|

* Brazil (1531)
* Brazil (1555–67)
* Brazil (1590–04)

|

17th century|

| Africa|

* Morocco (1629)
* Senegal (1659–77)
* Djidjelli (1664)
* Algiers (1682)
* Algiers (1683)
* Algiers (1688)

|

Americas|

* Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
* Brazil (1612–15)
* North America (1627–29)
* West Indies (1635–59)
* Carib Expulsion (1660)
* Texas (1685–89)
* King William's War (1689–97)
* Santo Domingo (1691)

|

Asia|

* Siam (1687–90)

|

18th century|

| Africa|

* West Africa (1758–63)
* Morocco (1765)

|

Americas|

* Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
* Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
* Dummer's War (1721–25)
* Natchez revolt (1729)
* King George's War (1744–48)
* Nova Scotia (1749–55)
* French and Indian War (1754–60)
* North America (1778–83)
* Caribbean (1778–83)
* Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
* Santo Domingo (1795–1809)

|

Asia|

* Burma–France relations (1729–56)
* India (1746–48)
* India (1749–54)
* India (1756–63)
* Vietnam (1777–1820)
* East Indies (1778–83)
* East Indies (1793–1801)
* Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)

|

19th century|

| Africa|

* Indian Ocean (1809–11)
* Algeria (1830–47)
* Algeria (1835–1903)
* Morocco (1844)
* Salé (1851)
* French conquest of Senegal (1854)
* Tunisia (1881)
* Madagascar (1883)
* Ivory Coast (1883–98)
* First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
* Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
* Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
* Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)
* Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)

|

Americas|

* West Indies (1804–10)
* Río de la Plata (1838–40)
* Mexico (1838–39)
* Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
* Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)

|

Asia & Pacific Ocean|

* Moluccas (1810)
* Java (1811)
* Philippines (1844–45)
* Tourane (1847)
* Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
* Tourane (1856)
* French conquest of Vietnam
* Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
* North Vietnam (1873–74)
* Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
* Sino-French War (1884–85)
* North Vietnam (1886–96)
* Second Opium War (1860)
* Japan (1863–64)
* Korea (1866)
* Leewards War (1888–97)
* Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)

|

20th century|

| Africa|

* Wadai War (1906–11)
* Casablanca (1907)
* Morocco (1911–12)
* Zaian War (1914–21)
* Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
* Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
* Rif War (1920–26)
* Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
* Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
* Tunisian independence (1952–56)
* Algerian War (1954–62)
* Cameroon War (1955–64)
* Suez Crisis (1956)
* Ifni War (1957–58)
* Bizerte crisis (1961)

|

Asia|

* Boxer Rebellion (1901)
* Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
* Vietnam (1916)
* Vietnam (1917–18)
* Vietnam (1918–21)
* Syria (1919–21)
* Cilicia (1920–21)
* Syria (1925–27)
* Vietnam (1930)
* Vietnam (1930–31)
* Vietnam (1940)
* Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
* Indochina (1945)
* South Vietnam (1945–46)
* First Indochina War (1946–54)

|

Pacific|

* Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)

|

* v
* t
* e

Colonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire

17th
century|

* Ireland (1593–1603)
* Virginia (1609–1646)
* Swally (1612)
* Hormuz (1622)
* Saint Kitts (1626)
* Quebec (1628)
* Pequot War (1634–1638)
* Irish Rebellion (1641)
* Confederate War (1641–1653)
* Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653)
* Acadia (1654–1667)
* Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
* Jamaica (1655–1739)
* 1st Tangier (1662)
* 2nd Tangier (1664)
* King Philip's War (1675–1678)
* Child's War (1686–1690)
* Siam (1687)
* Williamite War (1688–1691)
* King William's War (1688–1697)
* Ghana (1694–1700)

18th
century|

* Queen Anne's War (1702–1713)
* Tuscarora War (1711–1715)
* Yamasee War (1715–1717)
* Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–1725)
* War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–1742)
* King George's War (1744–1748)
* Carnatic wars (1746–1763)
* Nova Scotia (1749–1755)
* French and Indian War (1754–1763)
* Seven Years' War (1756–1763)
* Bengal War (1756–1765)
* Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761)
* Jamaica (1762)
* Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)
* Pontiac's War (1763–1766)
* Regulator Movement in North Carolina (1765–1771)
* First Carib War (1769–1773)
* Rohilkhand (1773–1774)
* Lord Dunmore's War (1774)
* American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
* First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)
* Second Anglo-Mysore War (1779–1784)
* Gold Coast (1781–1782)
* Assam (1786)
* Australian frontier wars (1788–1934)
* Nootka Sound (1789)
* Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792)
* Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806)
* Rohilkhand (1794)
* Cape Colony (1795)
* Jamaica (1795–1796)
* Grenada (1795–1796)
* Ceylon (1795)
* Kandyan Wars (1796–1818)
* Irish Rebellion (1798)
* Malta (1798–1800)
* Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799)
* Dwyer's guerrilla campaign (1799–1803)
* Polygar Wars (1799–1805)

19th
century|

* Newfoundland (1800)
* Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)
* Castle Hill convict rebellion (1804)
* Surinam (1804)
* Cape Colony (1806)
* Río de la Plata (1806–1807)
* Egypt (1807)
* Froberg mutiny (1807)
* Santo Domingo (1808–1809)
* Martinique (1809)
* Persian Gulf (1809)
* Guadeloupe (1810)
* Reunion (1810)
* Mauritius (1810)
* Seychelles (1810)
* Spice Islands (1810)
* Java (1810–1811)
* Xhosa Wars (1811–1879)
* USA (1812–1815)
* Palembang (1812)
* Yogyakarta (1812)
* Sambas (1812–1813)
* Nepal (1814–1816)
* Guadeloupe (1815)
* Cape Colony (1815)
* Algiers (1816)
* Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818)
* Persian Gulf (1819)
* Guiana (1823)
* Anglo-Ashanti wars (1824–1901)
* First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)
* Black War (Van Diemen's Land) (1828–1832)
* Jamaica (1831–1832)
* Malacca (1831–1833)
* Lower Canada (1837–1838)
* Upper Canada (1837–1838)
* Aden Expedition (1839)
* Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
* First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)
* First Opium War (1839–1842)
* New Zealand Wars (1845–1872)
* First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846)
* Río de la Plata (1845–1850)
* Canton (1847)
* British Honduras (1847–1901)
* Ceylon (1848)
* Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849)
* Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)
* Kombo (1853-1855)
* Eureka Rebellion (1854)
* Åland War (1854–1856)
* Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857)
* Second Opium War (1856–1860)
* Indian Rebellion (1857–1859)
* Revolt of Rajab Ali (1857–1858)
* Kagoshima (1863)
* Ambela campaign (1863–1864)
* Shimonoseki (1864)
* Duar War (1864–1865)
* Fenian Rebellion in Canada (1866–1871)
* Abyssinia (1868)
* Manitoba (1870)
* Perak (1875–1876)
* Anglo-Zulu War (1879)
* Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–1880)
* Basutoland (1880–1881)
* First Boer War (1880–1881)
* Mahdist War (1881–1899)
* Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)
* Saskatchewan (1885)
* Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885)
* Central Africa (1886–1889)
* Hazara (1888)
* Mashonaland (1890)
* Hunza–Nagar Campaign (1891)
* Anglo-Manipur War (1891)
* Pahang Uprising (1891–1895)
* Matabeleland (1893–1894)
* North Borneo (1894–1905)
* Chitral Expedition (1895)
* Jameson Raid South Africa (1896)
* Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)
* Matabeleland (1896–1897)
* Benin Expedition (1897)
* Siege of Malakand (1897)
* First Mohmand campaign (1897–1898)
* Tirah campaign (1897–1898)
* Six-Day War (1899)
* Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901)
* Second Boer War (1899–1902)

20th
century|

* Somaliland (1900–1920)
* West Africa (1901–1902)
* Tibet expedition (1903–1904)
* Bambatha Rebellion (1906)
* Maritz rebellion (1914–1915)
* Tochi (1914–1915)
* Nyasaland (1915)
* Nigeria (1915)
* Peshawar (1915)
* Mohmand (1916–1917)
* Quebec (1917)
* Nigeria (1918)
* Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
* Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)
* Iraqi Revolt (1920)
* Malabar rebellion (1921)
* Kurdistan (1922–1924)
* Transjordan (1923)
* Pink's War (1925)
* Ikhwan revolt (1927–1930)
* Tirah (1930–1931)
* Barzani revolt (1931–1932)
* Second Mohmand campaign (1935)
* Arab revolt in Palestine (1936–1939)
* Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)
* Ethiopia (1943)
* Jewish revolt in Palestine (1944–1948)
* Indochina (1945–1946)
* Indonesia (1945)
* Sarawak (1946–1950)
* Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
* Kenya Emergency (1952–1960)
* Oman (1954–1959)
* Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959)
* Suez Crisis (1956)
* Oman (1962–1976)
* Brunei (1962)
* Sarawak (1962–1990)
* Malaysia (1962–1966)
* Aden (1963–1967)
* Falklands (1982)

* v
* t
* e

Colonial conflicts in the Italian Empire

East Africa|

* Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887
* Mahdist War in Sudan
* Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96
* Banadir Resistance
* Somaliland campaign
* Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36
* World War II Campaign

North Africa|

* Italo-Turkish War
* Senussi campaign
* Second Italo-Senussi War
* World War II campaign

South America|

* Italian Blockade of Venezuela

Asia|

* Boxer Rebellion
* Italian Invasion of Anatolia
* Siberian intervention

Europe|

* Italian Intervention in Northern Russia (it)
* Occupation of Constantinople

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* Czech Republic

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