Colonization of Antarctica

Establishing permanent human societies in Antarctica

For the territorial colonization, see Territorial claims in Antarctica.

Territorial claims in Antarctica

Argentina

Australia

Chile

France

New Zealand

Norway

United Kingdom

The population of Antarctica

All-year active research stations (78.61%)

Summer-only active research stations (16.15%)

All-civilian bases (5.24%)

Colonization of Antarctica refers to the territorialization and settlement of the continent Antarctica.

At present the population of Antarctica is limited to scientists and staff of approximate 4,000 people in summer and 1,000 in winter, from 30 countries staying at about 70 bases (40 year-round and 30 summer-only). Of those bases only two are civilian settlements,[1][2] the Argentinian-administered Esperanza Base and Chilean-administered Villa Las Estrellas.

There is a Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.[3]

## Past colonization speculation[edit]

An idea common in the 1950s was to have Antarctic cities enclosed under glass domes. Power and temperature regulation of the domes would come from atomic driven generators outside of these domes. While the Soviets used radioisotope thermal generators in some of their remote Arctic and Antarctic locations,[4] the Americans experimented with nuclear fission, building on their Army nuclear power plant program. The PM-3A nuclear power reactor at McMurdo Station was plagued with reliability issues (achieving an availability factor of only 74%)[5] and was eventually deemed a pollution hazard and consequently shut down and dismantled.[6]

Buckminster Fuller, the developer of the geodesic dome, had raised the possibility of Antarctic domed cities that would allow a controlled climate and buildings erected under the dome.[7] His first specific published proposal for a domed city in 1965 discussed the Antarctic as a likely first location for such a project.[8] The second base at Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (operated 1975–2003) resembles a reduced version of this idea; it is large enough to cover only a few scientific buildings.

In 1971, a team led by German architect Frei Otto made a feasibility study for an air-supported city dome two kilometers across that could house 40,000 residents.[9] Some authors have recently tried to update the idea.[10]

## Future conditions[edit]

Although today Antarctica's environment is very harsh, conditions may become better in the future. It has been suggested that, as a result of long-term effects of global warming, the beginning of the 22nd century will see parts of West Antarctica experiencing similar climate conditions to those found today in Alaska and Northern Scandinavia.[11] Even farming and crop growing could be possible in some of the most northerly areas of Antarctica.

It is suggested that plants and fungi find a favorable environment around Antarctica's volcanoes to grow, a hint as to where the first agricultural efforts could be led.[12] There are about 110 native species of moss in Antarctica, and two angiosperms (Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis). It is believed those native species will disappear with warmer weather and the arrival of stronger species. Humans are responsible for the introduction of 200 to 300 outside species on the continent.[13]

Recently scientific surveys of an area near the South Pole have revealed high geothermal heat seeping up to the surface from below.[14][15]

## Births in Antarctica[edit]

Emilio Marcos Palma (born January 7, 1978) is an Argentine citizen who is the first person known to be born on the continent of Antarctica. He was born in Fortín Sargento Cabral at the Esperanza Base near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and weighed 3.4 kg (7 lb 8 oz). Since his birth, about ten others have been born on the continent.[citation needed]

## See also[edit]

* Antarctic field camps
* Colonialism
* Colonization
* Research stations in Antarctica
* Space colonization
* Territorial claims in Antarctica

## References[edit]

1. ^ Esperanza Base — Antarctica — Atlas Obscura
2. ^ Esperanza Base: Antarctic Hospitality
3. ^ Joyner, Christopher C. (1992). Antarctica and the Law of the Sea, p. 49. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 0-7923-1823-4.
4. ^ Grigoriev, Alexander. The Status of Work on RTGs Decommissioning and Activity of the International Coordination Group to Perform the Work (PDF) (Report). International Atomic Energy Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-02-20.
5. ^ "Nuclear Power at McMurdo Station, Antarctica".
6. ^ Elzinga, Aant (1993). "Antarctica: The Construction of a Continent by and For Science". In Elisabeth Crawford, Terry Shinn, & Sverker Sörlin (Eds.), Denationalizing Science: The Contexts of International Scientific Practice, pp. 73-106. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
7. ^ Marks, Robert W. (Aug. 23, 1959). "The Breakthrough of Buckminster Fuller". The New York Times, pp. SM14, SM15, SM42, SM44.
8. ^ Fuller, Buckminster (Sep. 26, 1965). "The Case for Domed Cities Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
9. ^ Walker, Derek (1998). Happold: The Confidence to Build, p. 63. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-419-24070-5.
10. ^ Alexander Bolonkin and Cathcart, Richard B. (May 2007). "Inflatable ‘Evergreen’ dome settlements for Earth’s Polar Regions". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 9 (2), 125-132.
11. ^ "How to survive the coming century". NewScientist.
12. ^ "An ice age can make your home pretty inhospitable..." Science.org.au. 19 April 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
13. ^ Tom Hart (15 September 2015). "Polar invasion: how plants and animals would colonise an ice-free Antarctica". Theconversation.com. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
14. ^ Dinar, Athena. "Discovery of high geothermal heat at South Pole". www.phys.org/news. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
15. ^ Fox, Douglas. "High Heat Measured under Antarctica Could Support Substantial Life". www.scientificamerican.com/article. Scientific American. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

## External links[edit]

* Frei Otto's domed city design

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Antarctica

Geography|

* Antarctic sea ice
* Climate
* Climate change
* Ice shelves
* Geology
* Glaciers
* Mountains
* Tundra
* Volcanoes

| Regions|

* Biogeographic realm
* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* ice sheet
* shield
* Extreme points
* Floristic Kingdom
* Islands
* South Pole
* South magnetic pole
* West Antarctica
* ice sheet

|

Bodies of Water|

* Antarctic/Southern Ocean
* Lake CECs
* Lake Mercer
* Lake Vostok
* List of rivers
* McMurdo Sound
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* Weddell Sea

Life|

* Flora
* Microorganisms
* Wildlife
* Birds
* Mammals
* Krill

History|

* Expeditions
* Heroic Age
* World War II
* Colonization
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Years

Politics|

* Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
* Military activity
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Society|

* Antarctica Day
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* Demographics
* Economy
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* Firefighting
* Flags
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* Midwinter Day
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* Religion
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* Time
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* Women

Famous explorers|

* Roald Amundsen
* Richard E. Byrd
* Douglas Mawson
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* Category
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Colonization, decolonization, and neocolonialism

By region|

| Exploration|

* Americas
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* Antarctica — World oceans

|

Colonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* European colonies
* Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Oceania
* Antarctica

Decolonization|

* Americas
* Africa
* Asia
* Oceania

General
topics|

| Exploration|

* Maritime history (European)
* Age of Discovery

|

Colonization|

* Antiquity — Imperialism
* Chartered companies
* Interventionism
* Colonialism
* chronology
* history
* empires
* detribalization
* settler colonialism
* wars
* Current: Non-self-governing
* Dependent

Colonial empires
in the modern era|

* Overseas, major: British
* Dutch
* French
* German
* Italian
* Portuguese
* Spanish

* Overseas, minor: American
* Australian
* Austro-Hungarian
* Belgian
* Couronian (Polish-Lithuanian)
* Danish
* New Zealand
* Norwegian
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* Mostly contiguous: American
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Ottoman
* Russian
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Decolonization|

* Wars of national liberation — Predecessors of sovereign states
* in Europe
* in South America
* Independence referendum
* Sovereign states formation dates

Postcolonialism|

* Independence
* Internal colonialism
* Nation-building
* Neocolonialism
* Postcolonial international relations

Related concepts|

* Decolonization of knowledge
* Terra nullius
* Plantation
* Settler
* Indigenous peoples
* Uncontacted peoples
* Christianity and colonialism

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