Commercial diplomacy

Diplomacy focused on development of business between two countries

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Commercial diplomacy is diplomacy that focuses on development of business between two countries.[1][2] It aims at generating commercial gains in the form of trade and inward and outward investment by means of business and entrepreneurship promotion and facilitation activities in the host country.[3] Commercial diplomacy is pursued with the goal of gaining economic stability, welfare, or competitive advantage.[4]

As a term, "commercial diplomacy" emerged in the second half of the twentieth century (e.g., Joseph, 1965;[5] Corbet, 1972[6]), but the concept certainly existed in previous centuries.[7] In literature the concepts of economic diplomacy and commercial diplomacy are often used interchangeably.[4] Definitions of both concepts vary, and consequently the relationship between them is also described differently. Some authors argue that commercial diplomacy is a subset of economic diplomacy.[8] It is certain, however, that both kinds of diplomacy are "irrevocably intertwined" and thus "distinct [but] obviously closely related to [each other]".[9]

## Purpose

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Commercial diplomacy emphasizes the government's role, being defined as "a government service to the business community, which aims at the development of socially beneficial international business ventures".[10][11] It is "the work of diplomatic missions in support of the home country's business and finance sectors and includes the promotion of inward and outward investment, as well as trade".[12] Commercial diplomacy thus includes "all aspects of business support and promotion" including investment, tourism, R&D, and intellectual property.[13]

Commercial diplomacy is designed to influence foreign government policy and regulatory decisions that affect global trade, investment and commerce. It is concerned with government regulations and actions that affect international commerce—including standards in areas such as health, safety, the environment, and consumer protection; regulations covering services such as banking, telecommunications and accounting; competition policy and laws concerning bribery and corruption; agricultural support programs; and industrial subsidies. Potter (2004) argues that commercial diplomacy is a value-creating activity due to its usefulness in dealing with managerial and government concerns.[14]

In this context, commercial diplomacy is profitable in that it makes exporting and operating abroad easier; it is a valuable instrument for export promotion and operating abroad; it enables companies to perform tasks abroad more quickly and increases the amount of exports and company results by providing information about rules, regulations, culture, public tenders and the market of the host country; by providing support during the partner search; and by providing assistance in trade disputes, fairs, and missions. Especially for companies that have financial limitations, access to reliable information and a broad network abroad are essential.[15][14]

## Activities

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Traditional commercial diplomacy activities include facilitating, negotiating, promoting and arbitrating international trade, investment, intellectual property and commerce, and advocating Responsible Commercial Diplomacy (RCD), together with networking, capacity building, intelligence, image campaigns and support.[16][17] These activities are shown in the table below.

Network activities | Intelligence | Image campaigns | Support

|
|
|

Developing business and government contacts | Gathering and disseminating commercial information | Promoting goods and services | In negotiations; contract implementation and problem-solving
State visits | Market research | Participating in trade fairs, introducing potential exporters | Gathering export marketing data
Buyer-seller meetings | Reporting to home country | Sensitizing potential foreign investors | Supervision of violations of IPRs and contracts
Match-making | Consultant to both countries | Gathering export marketing data | Advocacy
Search for partners, distributors, investors, lawyers | Image studies, joint scientific research | Tourism promotion | Coordination of legal action
Personal network |  | Awareness campaigns |

Other activities for commercial diplomacy and rationales that companies need are: need for access to reliable and neutral business information; credibility and image support in foreign markets; partner search; conflict handling; support of home country delegations (state missions); strategic concerns (e.g., energy).[16]

## See also

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* Defence diplomacy

* Economic diplomacy
* Energy diplomacy
* Medical diplomacy
* Public diplomacy

## References

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1. ^ Naray, O. (2008). "Commercial Diplomacy: A Conceptual Overview." Conference paper for the 7th World Conference of TPOs – The Hague, The Netherlands.
2. ^ Stoddard, Edward (2016-06-08). "Tough times, shifting roles: examining the EU's commercial diplomacy in foreign energy markets". Journal of European Public Policy. 24 (7): 1048–1068\. doi:10.1080/13501763.2016.1170190. ISSN 1350-1763. S2CID 156087171.
3. ^ Ruel, H. J. M. and Visser, R. (2012). "Commercial Diplomats as corporate entrepreneurs: explaining role behavior from an institutional perspective", International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy.
4. ^ a b Reuvers, S. and Ruel, H. J. M., "Research on Commercial Diplomacy: Review and Implications" in Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: a conceptual and empirical exploration, Ruel, H. J. M., ed. (Advanced series in Management, Emerald, 2012).
5. ^ Curzon, Gerard. (1965). Multilateral commercial diplomacy; the General agreement on tariffs and trade, and its impact on national commercial policies and techniques. Praeger. OCLC 239350.
6. ^ Corbet, Hugh (1972). "Australian commercial diplomacy in a new era of negotiation". Australian Outlook. 26 (1): 3–17\. doi:10.1080/10357717208444425. ISSN 0004-9913.
7. ^ Otte, T. G. (2016), ""A Kind of Black Hole"?: Commercial Diplomacy Before 1914", The Foreign Office, Commerce and British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 25–68, doi:10.1057/978-1-137-46581-8_2, ISBN 978-1-137-46580-1
8. ^ Okano-Heijmans, M., and Ruel, H. (2011). "Commerciële diplomatie en internationaal ondernemen: Koopman versus dominee in de nieuwe economische wereldorde[permanent dead link]", International Spectator, 65(9), 463-467.
9. ^ Berridge, G. J., A Dictionary of Diplomacy (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001): p. 128.
10. ^ Kotabe, M., and Czinkota, M. R. (1992). "State government promotion of manufacturing exports: A gap analysis", Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), 637-658.
11. ^ Naray, O. (2010). "Commercial Diplomats in the Context of International Business", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 6, 121-148.
12. ^ Ozdem, M. I. (2009). Government Agencies in Commercial Diplomacy: Seeking the Optimal Agency Structure for Foreign Trade Policy. North Carolina State University, p. 8.
13. ^ Naray, O. (2010). "What a good Commercial Diplomat has to know and be capable of", Exchange: The Magazine for International Business and Diplomacy, 2 (December 2010): 8-9.
14. ^ a b Potter, E. H. (2004). "Branding Canada: The Renaissance of Canada's Commercial Diplomacy", International Studies Perspectives, 5, 55-60.
15. ^ Busschers, S. (2012). "The Value of Commercial Diplomacy from an International Entrepreneurs perspective", in Commercial Diplomacy and International Business: a conceptual and empirical exploration, Ruel, H. J. M., ed. (Advanced series in Management, Emerald, 2012).
16. ^ a b Kostecki, M., and Naray, O. (2007). Commercial Diplomacy and international business (Den Haag: Nederlands Instituut voor Internationale Betrekkingen Clingendael, April 2007): p. 41.
17. ^ A Guide to Commercial Diplomacy. United Nations. 2019. doi:10.18356/61e64df4-en. ISBN 9789210041096. S2CID 240650817. Retrieved 2020-08-17. `{{cite book}}`: `|website=` ignored (help)

## Further reading

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* Knopp, H. (2004), Commercial Diplomacy and the National Interest, American Academy of Diplomacy. ISBN 9780967910826.
* Ruël, H., ed., (2012), Commercial Diplomacy in International Entrepreneurship, Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9781780526744.
* United Nations, (2019), A Guide to Commercial Diplomacy, United Nations Publications, doi:10.18356/61e64df4-en.

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