Commune of Rome

Italian political regime from 1143 to 1398

This article is about the medieval commune. For the present commune, see Rome.

Commune of Rome

Comune di Roma

1143–1398

Banner of Arms[1]

Coat of arms

Status| semi-autonomous city-state
Capital| Rome
Common languages| Medieval Latin
Italian
Historical era| Medieval

• Established

| 1143

• Pope Clement III recognizes a certain autonomy to the city of Rome

| 1188

• Pope Martin V abolishes the city's autonomy, placing it under direct papal control

| 1398

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Papal States

|

| Papal States |

|

The Commune of Rome (Italian: Comune di Roma) was a semi-autonomous, citizen-led political regime established in the city of the same name, whose emergence can be included within the process of constitution of urban communes in Northern Italy (11th-12th centuries). As a political-administrative entity, the Commune of Rome, with its physical headquarters on the Capitoline Hill, was made up of governing and representative bodies (Arengum or Parlamentum, Senate and Council), justice and finance whose jurisdiction presumably included, from north to south, from the Paglia bridge in Radicofani to Ceprano and, from east to west, from Carsoli to the coastline.[2][3]

## History

[edit]

### The quest for autonomy and renovatio Senatus (1143)

[edit]

After two years of conflict with Rome (1141-1143), neighbouring Tivoli had finally been subjected to the authority of Pope Innocent II (1130-1143), who nevertheless forbade the Romans to tear down its walls or to take reprisals against the Tiburtines. For this reason, between August and October 1143, the Roman citizens, encouraged by the reformist preacher Arnold of Brescia, rebelled against the then Pope, Lucius II and proceeded to renew the old Senate on the Capitoline Hill.  This episode, known as the renovatio Senatus, is considered the founding act of the Commune of Rome, but its formation nevertheless responds to a process that began in the 11th century. In fact, the Roman quest for autonomy outside papal authority has as its earliest references the prominent presence of laici potenti in the public courts of the 11th century, the emergence of courts of justice specialized in the resolution of professional disputes, the granting of an important commercial privilege to the Abbey of Monte Cassino in 1127 by six Roman citizens acting on behalf of the city and, above all, the configuration of an armed militia composed of members of noble families that acted independently of papal authority.  In this sense, the citizen nobility gathered in arms against Tivoli forms a key element to understand the evolution of the Commune of Rome, which is nourished by its cadres from the revolt of 1143 onwards.[4]

### Winning autonomy (1143-1188)

[edit]

From its foundation until 1188, the Commune of Rome enjoyed almost complete autonomy from the Papacy, with which it came to dispute its lordships in Latium (Tivoli, Albano Laziale, Tuscolo) based on a policy of communal expansion, as well as the control of cereal production between Viterbo and the Tyrrhenian Sea, the imposition of taxes, the administration of justice in the territories of Sabina, Tuscia and Campagna e Marittima and even the power to consecrate emperors, regardless of the final decision of the Germanic claimants.[5]

### Papal recognition of the Commune

[edit]

In 1188, the Commune of Rome reached an agreement with Pope Clement III (1187–1191) by which it returned to the pontiff some of the powers lost since 1143 (the right to mint coins, royalties, etc.) and also undertook to respect cardinals, clerics and visitors, to return the revenues and properties of the churches previously plundered, to perform military service to the pontiff and to swear allegiance to him as lord of the city. The commune, for its part, obtained from the Papacy not only official recognition of its existence and its territorial aspirations over Tuscolo, but also reparations, donations and financial contributions.[6]

### The election of the sole senator and the appearance of the medianus

[edit]

In 1191, following a popular revolt demanding communal autonomy from the Papacy,  the Commune of Rome saw its system of government modified, represented by the Senate, through the election of a single senator; a collegiate senatorial magistracy, controlled by representatives of opposing aristocratic factions, which could be compared, in a certain way, to that of consul and/or podestà in the rest of the communes of northern Italy. From then on, the Senate began to form a subordinate council, which would eventually split into a general council, composed of the caporioni and the consuls of the Arts of Rome, and a special council, of more restricted composition. Likewise, the services that initially depended on the authority of the Senate began to organize themselves autonomously.[7]

Exceptionally, although notably noticeably, between 1198 and 1205 Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) appointed himself a medianus; a figure whose role was to elect a senator from among the Guelph and/or Ghibelline families who would remain loyal to the pontiff. Such interference would on more than one occasion provoke the noble families to revolt whenever the leadership of the Commune fell to one faction or another, so much so that the split into two opposing parties made the instability of the political environment evident.[7]

### The 1234 revolt in defense of communal autonomy

[edit]

While the historian Paolo Brozzi paints an accurate picture of the Roman revolt of 1234, the causes of the revolt are unknown. However, it is noted that it was led by Senator Luca Savelli, his collaborators Pietro Parenzo and Giovanni Cenci, and the merchant classes in response to the poor relations between the Commune and Pope Gregory IX. The demands of the popolo grasso were to extend the communal jurisdiction to Anagni, Segni, Velletri, Viterbo and Montalto to the detriment of the Papacy and to annul the peace of 1188 in order to recover powers such as the free election of the Senate, the minting of coins or the right to collect taxes.  Having requested military assistance against the Romans, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen came to the aid of Gregory IX and together they finally defeated the communal troops at Viterbo.[8]

The implications of the revolt of 1234 ended with the restitution to the Papacy of all the territorial conquests made by the Commune, the liberation of the prisoners, the payment of compensation due for the sacking of St. John Lateran and the cardinal's houses, the recognition of the privilege of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the tax immunity of the Roman churches and the promise not to harass pilgrims or clerics and to be at peace with the emperor and with the cities of Campagna e Marittima, Sabina, etc. However, despite the considerable obligations demanded by the Pope, he for his part renounced the right to freely elect the senators of the corporation, the right to mint coins and the collection of gabelles, so that by this act the papal authority implicitly returned and recognized the powers for which the Commune had risen up against its lord.[9]

### Popular phase (1252-1347)

[edit]

Between 1252 and 1347, Rome experienced no less than a dozen political changes, mostly due to popular movements of varying intensity that interrupted the government of the barons for short periods of time, so that power fell into the hands of a college of magistrates with unknown functions called boni viri reformatores reipublicae (1256), boni homines (1266; 1312; 1327; 1342), anziani (1305), priores (1338),  or shared functions with podestà and/or foreign princes. This last trend was not different from that of the rest of the Italian cities in which placing part of the power in the hands of foreign podestà and/or foreign princes (symbolically, in this case) sought the execution of reforms favorable to the citizen nobility and the components of Arts and Crafts. In the Roman case, however, the election of foreign officials was a novelty, since the origin of communal offices until 1252 was always local. However, from the election of Brancaleone degli Andalò as podestà (1252-1259) onwards, the Roman commune would experience a series of personalist mandates, such as those of Charles I of Anjou (1263-1266; 1268-1278; 1281-1284) or Robert I of Anjou (1313-1326; 1328-1336).[10][11]

With the transfer of the papal seat to Avignon under Pope Clement V (1305-1314), Rome was plunged into power struggles between barons and populars until the arrival of the outsiders Giovanni da Ignano and Paganino della Torre, who served in 1305 as senator and captain of the people, respectively, with the aim of restoring order.[12]

Five years later, Pope Clement V consented to the repeal of the Fundamenta of Pope Nicholas III and the election of Louis of Savoy as senator, who unsuccessfully dedicated himself to ending the conflict between the Orsini and Colonna families, who returned to hold and share power in the city from 1312. The brief appointment of Jacopo Arlotti of the Stefaneschi as Capitano del popolo, seen as a mandate of punishment against the great families involved in the disorders, was followed in 1313 by the papal appointment of Robert of Naples as senator.[12]

### The Rome of Cola di Rienzo (1347-1354)

[edit]

Engulfed in internal divisions of an aristocratic nature, Rome witnessed in 1347 the rise of a figure who sought to end the baronial hegemony of the Commune: Cola di Rienzo. His figure, although shrouded in shadow, is one of the best known by Italian medievalist historiography thanks to the Cronica del Anonimo Romano, which narrates several of the political events that took place in the Eternal City between 1325 and 1357.[13]

Rienzo, born in Rome around 1313 into a poor family, belonged to the guild of notaries and was married to the daughter of a notable. His great wit and eloquence, combined with the vast culture accumulated from reading Livy, Virgil, Dante Alighieri and Petrarch, soon earned him an important position among the magistrates of the city, whose government had been in the hands of the popular Stefano Colonna since 1338. On the occasion of the death of Pope Benedict XII (1334-1342), Rienzo took the lead in an embassy parallel to the official one, led by Stefano, with the aim of obtaining from the new pontiff, Pope Clement VI (1342-1352), the proclamation of the jubilee year. Thanks to his friendship with Petrarch and the latter's connections with Cardinal Colonna at the Avignon See, Rienzo was appointed notary of the Apostolic Camera and returned to Rome in 1344 to attack the misrule of the thirteen priors from his position in the communal assectamentum, while attracting the people with his harangues. After the discovery in 1347 of the lex regia de impero on a bronze plaque in St. John Lateran, Rienzo claimed for Rome the powers that belonged to it de jure, fascinated by the idea of restoring the greatness of the Roman Empire.[14]

### Final period (late 14th century)

[edit]

When Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377, ending the Avignon period, he found a city in the grip of anarchy due to the struggles between the noble and popular factions, and in which his power was now more formal than real. Forty years of instability followed, characterized at a local level by the conflict of power between the Commune and the Papacy, and at an international level by the great Western Schism between the Roman Popes and the Avignon antipopes, at the end of which Martin V of the Colonna family, the only Roman Pope of the fifteenth century, was elected Pope by mutual agreement between the parties . His return and that of the Papal institution to Rome was strongly desired and obtained by Catherine of Siena.  Martin V succeeded in bringing order to the city, reconstituting its now lost civic identity, and laying the foundations for its rebirth.[15][16]

## Battles

[edit]

* 1145 – Battle against Tivoli, Italy.
* 1167 – Battle of Monte Porzio against Holy Roman Emperor, Tusculum and Albano Laziale.
* 1170 – Destruction of Albano Laziale.
* 1191 – Destruction of Tusculum.

## See also

[edit]

* History of Rome#Roman Commune
* 14 regions of Medieval Rome

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "ITALIA - Capitale e città principali". digilander.libero.it (in Italian).
2. ^ Wilcox, Charlie (2013-12-24). "Historical Oddities: The Roman Commune". The Time Stream. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
3. ^ Wickham, Chris (2015). Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150 (Oxford Studies in Medieval European History) (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 442\. ISBN 978-0199684960.
4. ^ Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2010): "Il comune romano" en Roma medievale, Roma, Laterza, pp. 118-121; Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2011): L'altra Roma. Una storia dei romani all'epoca dei comuni (secoli XII-XIV), Roma, Einaudi, pp. 149-157 y pp. 260-261.
5. ^ Carocci, S. (2001): Il nepotismo nel medioevo, Roma, Viella, p. 50.
6. ^ Docs. 41, 42 43 y 44 en Bartoloni, F. (1948): Codice diplomatico del Senato Romano, Roma, Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo; Brezzi, P. (1947): Ibíd., pp. 371-374
7. ^ a b Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2011): Ibíd., pp. 270-271; Maire Vigueur, J. C. (2010): Ibíd., p. 153.
8. ^ Brezzi, Paolo. Roma e l'impero medioevale (774-1252). Bologna : Cappelli, 1947. pp. 419–420.
9. ^ Brezzi, Paolo. Roma e l'impero medioevale (774-1252). Bologna : Cappelli, 1947. pp. 421–425.
10. ^ Duprè Theseider, E. (1952): pp. 13-21 y pp. 26-30; Gatto, L. (1999): pp. 402-403 y p. 405
11. ^ Duprè Theseider, E. (1952): pp. 31-40 y pp. 43-57; Gatto, L. (1999): pp. 408-410.
12. ^ a b Theseider, Eugenio Dupré (1939). I papi di. Avignone e la questione romana. Felice de Monnier. pp. 87–101.
13. ^ Miglio, Massimo. Scritture, scrittori e storia: Per la storia del Trecento a Roma.
14. ^ Gatto, Ludovico. Storia di Roma nel Medioevo: Dall’avvento di Costantino al “Sacco di Roma” del 1527, oltre mille anni di vicende della Città Eterna, tra politica, religione, società ed economia. pp. 453–456\. ISBN 9788822711472.
15. ^ N. Kelly, John. Grande dizionario illustrato dei papi. ISBN 88-384-1326-6.
16. ^ "Cola di Rienzo". www.homolaicus.com. Retrieved 2025-03-24.

## Sources

[edit]

* Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol IV, Part 2.
* John of Salisbury. The Historia Pontificalis

* v
* t
* e

List of historic states of Italy

Pre-Roman period|

* Etruscan civilization
* Etruria
* Samnites
* Latins
* Osci
* Celts
* Cisalpine Gaul
* Veneti
* Ligures
* Nuragic civilization
* Umbri
* Magna Graecia
* Iapygians
* Picentes

Ancient Rome|

* Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
* Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC)
* Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD)
* Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD)

Medieval
and
Early Modern
states|

| Barbarian kingdoms
(476–774)|

* Odoacer's rule (476–493)
* Ostrogothic rule (493–553)
* Vandal rule (435–534)
* Lombard rule (568–774)
* Duchy of Benevento
* Duchy of Friuli
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Duchy of Tridentum
* Duchy of Tuscia

|

Byzantine Empire (584–751)|

* Exarchate of Ravenna (584–751)
* Duchy of Rome (533–751)
* Duchy of Perugia (554–752)
* Duchy of the Pentapolis (554–752)
* Exarchate of Africa (585–698)

Papal States
(754–1870)|

* Patrimony of Saint Peter
* Campagna e Marittima Province
* Holy See
* Commune of Rome
* Duchy of Castro
* Duchy of Ferrara
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
* Duchy of Urbino

Holy Roman Empire
and other
independent
states|

* Bishopric of Bressanone
* Corsican Republic
* City of Fiume and its District
* County of Gorizia
* Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
* County of Guastalla
* County of Santa Fiora
* Duchy of Guastalla
* Kingdom of Italy
* Ancona
* Ceva
* Finale
* March of Friuli
* Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
* Ivrea
* Istria
* Mantua
* Milan
* March of Montferrat
* Duchy of Montferrat
* Trieste
* Turin
* Tuscany
* Verona
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Milan
* Duchy of Mantua
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara
* Duchy of Merania
* Duchy of Mirandola
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio
* County of Novellara and Bagnolo
* Principality of Piombino
* Duchy of Reggio
* Marquisate of Saluzzo
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Bishopric of Tarantasia
* Prince-Bishopric of Trento
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Savoyard state
* Savoy
* County of Savoy
* Piedmont
* Duchy of Aosta
* County of Nice
* County of Tenda

Republic of Venice
(697–1797)|

* Dogado
* Domini di Terraferma
* Stato da Màr

Other Republics
(c. 1000–1797)|

* Republic of Cospaia
* Republic of Florence
* Republic of Lucca
* Republic of Massa
* Republic of Siena
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Noli
* Republic of Pisa
* Republic of Ancona

Southern Italy
(774–1139)|

| Byzantine|

* Duchy of Amalfi
* Duchy of Gaeta
* Catepanate of Italy
* Longobardia
* Theme of Lucania
* Duchy of Naples
* Theme of Sicily and Byzantine Sicily
* Duchy of Sorrento

|

Arab|

* Emirate of Bari
* Muslim Sicily

Lombard|

* Principality of Benevento
* Principality of Salerno
* Principality of Capua

Norman|

* County of Apulia and Calabria
* County of Aversa
* County of Sicily
* Principality of Taranto

Sardinia
(from the 9th century)|

* Judicates
* Agugliastra
* Arborea
* Cagliari
* Gallura
* Logudoro
* Oristano
* Republic of Sassari
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861)

Kingdom of Sicily
(1130–1816) and
Kingdom of Naples
(1282–1816)|

* State of the Presidi
* Duke of San Donato
* Duchy of Sora
* Duchy of Bari
* County of Lecce
* Principality of Taranto
* Terra Sancti Benedicti
* Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)
* Hospitaller Malta
* Gozo
* Malta Protectorate
* Crown Colony of Malta

French Revolutionary
and Napoleonic eras
(1792–1815)|

| Republics|

* Cisalpinia
* Cispadania
* Italy
* Liguria
* Lucca
* Parthenopea
* Piedmont
* Rome
* Subalpinia
* Transpadania

|

Monarchies|

* Benevento
* Etruria
* Guastalla
* Italy
* Lucca and Piombino
* Massa and Carrara
* Naples
* Pontecorvo
* Benevento
* Tuscany
* Elba
* Corsica

Post-Napoleonic
states|

* Duchy of Genoa (1815–1848)
* Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1814–1829)
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1814–1859)
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1814–1859)
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1815–1859)
* Italian United Provinces (1831)
* Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
* Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
* Roman Republic (1849–1850)
* United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1814–1860)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1861)
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
* Papal States (1814–1870)

| Post-unification|

* Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
* Italian Empire (1882–1960)
* Free State of Fiume (1920–1924)
* Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
* Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template