Communications in Somalia

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The Hormuud Telecom building in Mogadishu

Communications in Somalia include telecommunications, internet, radio, print, TV, and postal services, largely driven by the private sector. Some telecom companies have expanded internationally. The federal government runs two official radio and TV networks, alongside private and foreign outlets. As internet access grows, print media is being replaced by radio and online news. A National Communications Act was passed in 2012 and officially signed into law in 2017, establishing the National Communications Authority (NCA) to regulate the ICT sector. Somalia ranks first in Africa and seventh globally for the most affordable mobile data.[1][2]

## Telecommunications

[edit]

### General

[edit]

After the start of the long civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure.[3] Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world.[4] Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.[3]

Minister of Post and Telecommunications Mohamud Ibrihim Adan at the 2012 World Conference on International Telecommunications (WCIT) in Dubai.

After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa.[5] These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia.[6] Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.[3]

In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services.[7][8] The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector.[9][10] In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.[11]

Investment in the telecom industry is held to be one of the clearest signs that Somalia's economy has continued to develop.[3] The sector provides key communication services, and in the process facilitates job creation and income generation.[6]

### Regulation

[edit]

Somalia's telecommunication sector is governed by the National Communications Law (also called the Telecoms Act) that was signed into law by president Abdullahi Farmajo on 2 October 2017, after passing the Cabinet and the two Houses of Parliament (Senate and House of the People). It entered into effect immediately.

This Act had a very long way in coming, as its drafting had already started in 2005. It was already approved by the Somali Cabinet in 2012. The new law paves the way for the establishment of a National Communications Regulatory Commission in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors. The bill was passed following consultations between government representatives and communications, academic and civil society stakeholders. According to the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication, the Act is expected to create an environment conducive to investment and the certainty it provides will encourage further infrastructural development, resulting in more efficient service delivery.[12][13]

### Firms

[edit]

Companies providing telecommunications services in Somalia include:

* AirSom Comm Somalia
* Dalkom Somalia
* Gaani Wireless
* Galkom
* Global Internet Company
* Golis Telecom Somalia
* Haatif Telecom Somalia
* Hormuud Telecom
* NationLink Telecom
* Netco
* OnkoTel
* Sahal Telecom Somalia
* Somafone
* Somali Data Network
* Somali Telecom Group
* Somlink Telecom
* Somnet
* Somtel
* Telenet International
* Vizocom
* Wayrah Telecom
* Xiriirka Fone

## Mail

[edit]

The Somali Postal Service (Somali Post) is the national postal service of the Federal Government of Somalia. It is part of the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication.[14]

The national postal infrastructure was completely destroyed during the civil war. In order to fill the vacuum, Somali Post signed an agreement in 2003 with the United Arab Emirates' Emirates Post to process mail to and from Somalia. Emirates Post's mail transit hub at the Dubai International Airport was then used to forward mail from Somalia to the UAE and various Western destinations, including Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Canada.[15]

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. Somali authorities re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU) in 2012 and began participating again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involved the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016.[16]

International postal services for Somalia officially resumed in late 2013, with the assistance of the UPU in developing capacity, providing technical assistance, and furnishing basic mail processing equipment.[17]

## Radio

[edit]

Main article: Media in Somalia § Radio

There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian.[18] The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo.[19] After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government.[20] In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.[21]

Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include radio Dalsan,[22] Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF).[23] In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.[24]

The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.[24]

As of 2007, transmissions for two internationally based broadcasters were also available.[24]

## Television

[edit]

News show on the Somali private channel Horn Cable Television.

The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On 18 March 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on 4 April 2011.[25] SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.[26]

Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.[24]

As of 2015, the following channels in Somaliland had terrestrial broadcasts: Bulsho TV, Eastern Television Network, Shabelle TV, SBC, Somaliland Space Channel and Somaliland National Television.[27]

## Print

[edit]

In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.[28]

Online news outlets covering Somalia include Garowe Online, Wardheernews, Horseedmedia, Calannka, Jowhar, Hiiraan, Boramanews, Somali Posts and Puntland Post.[29][30][citation needed]

## Telephone

[edit]

See also: Telephone numbers in Somalia

To call in Somalia, the following format is used:[31]

* yxx xxxx, yy xxx xxx or yyy xxx xxx \- Calls within Somalia
* +252 yxx xxxx, +252 yy xxx xxx or +252 yyy xxx xxx \- Calls from outside Somalia

As of the end of 2013, over 52% of Somalia's population used a cellphone.[32]

## Internet

[edit]

* Internet users: 163,185 in 2014 (156th in the world) or 1.51% of the population (156th in the world).[33] According to Global Internet, one of the largest Internet providers in central and southern Somalia, unofficial estimates on local Internet usage are higher, with 2.0% of the population estimated to have Internet access as of 2011.[34]
* Internet hosts: 186 hosts in 2012 (202nd in the world).[24]
* IPv4: 10,240 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 1.0 addresses per 1000 people (2012).[35][36]
* .so is the Internet top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched in November 2010 by the .SO Registry. Regulated by the national Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, the registrar offers several domain name spaces geared toward specific communities and interest groups:[37]
* .so – General usage
* com.so – Commercial enterprises
* net.so – Networks
* org.so – Non-profit organizations[37]
* gov.so – Government agencies

According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.[38]

Somalia established its first ISP in 1999. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.[39]

According to the World Bank, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 1.8% of the population in 2015, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile cellular subscriptions rose much faster, from 1.1 per 100 people in 2000 to 52.5 per 100 people in 2015.[40]

The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.[39]

As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.[39]

Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.[39]

As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dial up or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available across the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.[39]

In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.[41]

In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users.[42][43] Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.[44]

### Starlink

[edit]

Starlink, the satellite internet service operated by SpaceX, became available in Somalia in April 2025. Elon Musk, SpaceX founder, announced the launch on social media, while the Somali government confirmed it had issued a license to the company. According to Mustafa Yasiin, director of communication at the Ministry of Telecommunications, the government had been in discussions with Starlink for over two years. Authorities hoped the service would improve internet quality and expand access to remote areas.[45]

## See also

[edit]

* Somalia portal

* Media of Somalia
* Terrestrial fibre optic cable projects in Somalia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Somalia leads Africa's giants in affordable mobile data prices". 25 August 2020.
2. ^ Gilbert, Paula. "Somalia has Africa's cheapest data prices". Connecting Africa. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
3. ^ a b c d Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War, Shattered Economy – The Wall Street Journal
4. ^ "Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people". Forbescustom.com. Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
5. ^ Christopher J. Coyne, After war: the political economy of exporting democracy, (Stanford University Press, 2008), p. 154.
6. ^ a b The African Executive. "Somalia: The Resilience of a People". Africanexecutive.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
7. ^ "International Association of Money Transfer Networks". Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
8. ^ Yahoo! Finance[permanent dead link]
9. ^ "Paving the Way for a Cashless Society: Somaliland and Mobile Banking". TechChange. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
10. ^ Monty Munford "Guest Post: Could Tiny Somaliland Become the First Cashless Society?", TechCrunch.com (5 September 2010).
11. ^ "Hormuud, Somtel, Nationlink sign interconnection deal". TeleGeography. 23 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
12. ^ Somali President signs telecommunications bill, Garowe Online, 2 October 2017. Accessed on 3 October 2017.
13. ^ "Somali government to establish communications regulatory commission". Sabahi. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
14. ^ Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications Archived 2013-06-03 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Somalia, 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
15. ^ Emirates Post and Somali Post sign agreement to establish money transfer and mail services Archived 2008-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, AMEinfo.com, 30 June 2003. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
16. ^ Reconstruction of Somalia Post, Presentation to the U.P.U., Berne, Somali Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications, 2 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Archived here.
17. ^ "International mail services officially resume in Somalia". Universal Postal Union. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
18. ^ World radio TV handbook, (Billboard Publications., 1955), p.77.
19. ^ Thomas Lucien Vincent Blair, Africa: a market profile, (Praeger: 1965), p.126.
20. ^ "SOMALIA: TNG launches "Radio Mogadishu"". 6 February 2007.
21. ^ Radio Muqdisho.net Archived 2010-11-27 at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ "Radio Dalsan FM 91.5 MHz | Warar Sugan | Somalia News". www.radiodalsan.com. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
23. ^ "Press Freedom Prize goes to Somali radio station Radio Shabelle". En.rsf.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
24. ^ a b c d e Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
25. ^ After 20 years, Somali president inaugurates national TV station[permanent dead link]
26. ^ Somalia launches national TV[permanent dead link]
27. ^ "Terrestrial television spectrum use in the Arab states" (pdf). gsma.com. 2015. p. 44.
28. ^ Ahmed, Majid (11 December 2012). "Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia". Sabahi. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
29. ^ "Somalia". Media Landscapes. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
30. ^ "Somalia media guide". BBC News. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
31. ^ "Somalia (country code +252)" (PDF). ITU. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
32. ^ "Somalia - Telecoms, Mobile and Broadband - Market Insights and Statistics".
33. ^ "Internet Users by Country (2014)".
34. ^ "Internet accessibility growing steadily in Somalia". Sabahi. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
35. ^ Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
36. ^ Population Archived 4 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
37. ^ a b "SO Registry". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
38. ^ "Somalia: Media Law and Policy Review" (PDF). African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST) and the Centre for Law and Democracy. December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
39. ^ a b c d e "Somalia's civil war hides steady growth of internet services". Issue no 345. Balancing Act. Archived from the original on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
40. ^ "World Development Indicators". DataBank. The World Bank. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
41. ^ "Somalia gets 3G mobile service". Shabelle Media Network. 30 December 2012. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
42. ^ "Internet Usage Statistics for Africa". Somali Technology News. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
43. ^ "Somalia gets first fiber optic link to the world". Garowe Online. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
44. ^ "Somalia: Mogadishu Gets International Fiber Connectivity". Issue no 681 15th November 2013. Balancing Act. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
45. ^ Shah, Chandni; Sheikh, Abdi (13 April 2025). "Musk says Starlink now available in Somalia". Reuters. Retrieved 16 April 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* Media and Telecommunications Lansdcape in Somalia[permanent dead link], a infoasaid Archived 28 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine guide, January 2012, 92 pp.

* v
* t
* e

Somalia articles

History|

| Chronology|

* Laas Geel
* Land of Punt
* Walashma dynasty
* Adal Sultanate
* Ajuran Empire
* Sultanate of the Geledi
* Isaaq Sultanate
* Majeerteen Sultanate
* Sultanate of Hobyo
* Warsangali Sultanate
* Dervish movement
* Italian Somaliland
* Colonial governors
* British Somaliland
* Colonial governors
* Trust Territory of Somaliland
* Ogaden War
* Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991)
* Isaaq genocide
* Rebellion (1986–1992)
* Piracy
* Civil War
* Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)
* (2009–present)

|

By topic|

* Maritime
* Military
* Postal

Geography|

* Cities
* Climate
* Wildlife
* Greater Somalia
* Guardafui Channel
* Hafun
* Waterfalls
* Iskushuban
* Lamadaya
* Mountain ranges
* Cal Madow
* Buur Dhaab
* Mountains
* Bahaya
* Island
* Bajuni Islands

Regions|

* Awdal
* Bakool
* Banaadir
* Bari
* Bay
* Galguduud
* Gedo
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* Sanaag
* Hiran
* Middle Juba
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* Mudug
* Nugal
* Middle Shebelle
* Lower Shebelle
* Togdheer
* Woqooyi Galbeed

States|

* Galmudug
* Khatumo
* Hirshabelle
* Jubaland
* Somaliland
* Puntland
* South West Somalia

Politics|

* Cabinet
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* List

Economy|

* Agriculture
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* Oil industry
* Shilling (currency)
* Communications
* Tourism
* Transportation

Society|

* Anthem
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* Coat of arms
* Deafness
* Demographics
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* Education
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* Flag
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Culture|

* Architecture
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* Media
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* Sports
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* Category
* Portal

* v
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Communications in Africa

Sovereign states|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gabon
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* Ghana
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* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
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* Madagascar
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* Mali
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* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

States with limited
recognition

* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Somaliland

Dependencies and
other territories

* Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
* Madeira (Portugal)
* Mayotte / Réunion (France)
* Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
* Western Sahara

* v
* t
* e

Telecommunications

History|

* Beacon
* Broadcasting
* Cable protection system
* Cable TV
* Communications satellite
* Computer network
* Data compression
* audio
* DCT
* image
* video
* Digital media
* Internet video
* online video platform
* social media
* streaming
* Drums
* Edholm's law
* Electrical telegraph
* Fax
* Heliographs
* Hydraulic telegraph
* Information Age
* Information revolution
* Internet
* Mass media
* Mobile phone
* Smartphone
* Optical telecommunication
* Optical telegraphy
* Pager
* Photophone
* Prepaid mobile phone
* Radio
* Radiotelephone
* Satellite communications
* Semaphore
* Phryctoria
* Semiconductor
* device
* MOSFET
* transistor
* Smoke signals
* Telecommunications history
* Telautograph
* Telegraphy
* Teleprinter (teletype)
* Telephone
* The Telephone Cases
* Television
* digital
* streaming
* Undersea telegraph line
* Videotelephony
* Whistled language
* Wireless revolution

Pioneers|

* Nasir Ahmed
* Edwin Howard Armstrong
* Mohamed M. Atalla
* John Logie Baird
* Paul Baran
* John Bardeen
* Alexander Graham Bell
* Emile Berliner
* Tim Berners-Lee
* Francis Blake
* Jagadish Chandra Bose
* Charles Bourseul
* Walter Houser Brattain
* Vint Cerf
* Claude Chappe
* Yogen Dalal
* Donald Davies
* Daniel Davis Jr.
* Amos Dolbear
* Thomas Edison
* Philo Farnsworth
* Reginald Fessenden
* Lee de Forest
* Elisha Gray
* Oliver Heaviside
* Robert Hooke
* Erna Schneider Hoover
* Harold Hopkins
* Gardiner Greene Hubbard
* Bob Kahn
* Dawon Kahng
* Charles K. Kao
* Narinder Singh Kapany
* Hedy Lamarr
* Roberto Landell
* Innocenzo Manzetti
* Guglielmo Marconi
* Robert Metcalfe
* Antonio Meucci
* Samuel Morse
* Jun-ichi Nishizawa
* Charles Grafton Page
* Radia Perlman
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov
* Tivadar Puskás
* Johann Philipp Reis
* Claude Shannon
* Almon Brown Strowger
* Henry Sutton
* Charles Sumner Tainter
* Nikola Tesla
* Camille Tissot
* Alfred Vail
* Thomas A. Watson
* Charles Wheatstone
* Vladimir K. Zworykin
* Internet pioneers

Transmission
media|

* Coaxial cable
* Fiber-optic communication
* optical fiber
* Free-space optical communication
* Molecular communication
* Radio waves
* wireless
* Transmission line
* telecommunication circuit

Network topology
and switching|

* Bandwidth
* Links
* Network switching
* circuit
* packet
* Nodes
* terminal
* Telephone exchange

Multiplexing|

* Space-division
* Frequency-division
* Time-division
* Polarization-division
* Orbital angular-momentum
* Code-division

Concepts|

* Communication protocol
* Computer network
* Data transmission
* Store and forward
* Telecommunications equipment

Types of network|

* Cellular network
* Ethernet
* ISDN
* LAN
* Mobile
* NGN
* Public Switched Telephone
* Radio
* Television
* Telex
* UUCP
* WAN
* Wireless network

Notable networks|

* ARPANET
* BITNET
* CYCLADES
* FidoNet
* Internet
* Internet2
* JANET
* NPL network
* TANet
* Toasternet
* Usenet

Locations|

* Africa
* Americas
* North
* South
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* Oceania
* Global telecommunications regulation bodies

* Telecommunication portal
* Category
* Outline
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Internet censorship and surveillance by country

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Congo DR
* Congo RO
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mauritania
* Morocco (Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Niger
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* South Africa
* Sudan
* Swaziland
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Greenland
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Puerto Rico
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Cambodia
* China
* East Timor
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Malaysia
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* North Korea
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestinian territories
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Turkmenistan
* United Arab Emirates
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany (YouTube video blocking)
* Georgia
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea

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