Communist Party of India

Political party in India

For other uses, see Communist Party of India (disambiguation).

Indian political party

Communist Party of India

Abbreviation| CPI
General Secretary| D. Raja
Lok Sabha Leader| K. Subbarayan
Rajya Sabha Leader| P. Santhosh Kumar
Founder| M. N. Roy
Founded| 26 December 1925 (99 years ago) (1925-12-26)
Headquarters| Ajoy Bhavan
15, Indrajit Gupta Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Newspaper|

Newspapers

* New Age
Mukti Sangharsh
Janayugom
Navayugom
Kalantar
Visalaandhra
Jana Sakthi
Praja Paksham
Nawan Zamana
Nua Dunia
Janashakti
Kembavuta
Yugantar
Kholao Thakhai
Tripurar Katha

Women's wing| National Federation of Indian Women
Labour wing| All India Trade Union Congress, Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union
Peasant's wing| All India Kisan Sabha
Membership|  650,000 (2022)[1][2]
Ideology| Communism
Marxism–Leninism[3]
Political position| Left-wing[4] to far-left[3]
International affiliation| IMCWP
Colours|  Red
ECI Status| State Party[5]
Alliance|

Alliances

*     * I.N.D.I.A. (National)
* Secular Progressive Alliance (Tamil Nadu, Puducherry)
* Secular Democratic Alliance (West Bengal)
* Left Front (Tripura)
* Left Front (West Bengal)
* Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
* Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)
* United Opposition Forum (Assam)
* Left Democratic Front (Maharashtra)
* Maha Vikas Aghadi (Maharashtra)
* MPSA (Manipur)
* INC + (Telangana)

Seats in Lok Sabha|

2 / 543

Seats in Rajya Sabha|

2 / 245

Seats in State legislatures|

22 / 4,036

(Total)

State Legislatures

17 / 140

(Kerala)

2 / 243

(Bihar)

2 / 234

(Tamil Nadu)

1 / 119

(Telangana)

Seats in State Legislative Councils|

1 / 75

(Bihar)

1 / 40

(Telangana)
Number of states and union territories in government|

3 / 31

Election symbol
Party flag
Website
communistparty.in

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People

* M. N. Roy
* M. P. T. Acharya
* Sahajanand Saraswati
* Shripad Amrit Dange
* Abani Mukherji
* Yashpal
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* B. T. Ranadive
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History

Colonial period and partition

* Communism in the independence movement
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* Peshawar
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* Foundation of the CPI
* Tanka movement
* Quit India Movement
* Telangana Rebellion
* 1946 Naval Uprising
* Tebhaga movement
* Punnapra-Vayalar uprising

* * *

Post-independence and Cold War

* 2nd Congress of the CPI
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* Historic Eight Documents
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* * *

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* Bara massacre
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* 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley

Ideologies

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Principles

* Agrarian socialism
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* in Kerala
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Concepts

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The Communist Party of India (CPI) is a political party in India. The CPI considers the December 26, 1925 Cawnpore (Kanpur) conference as its foundation date.[6][7][8] Between 1946 and 1951, the CPI led militant struggles such as the peasant revolt in Telangana, organising guerrilla warfare against feudal lords.[9] The CPI was the main opposition party in India during the 1950s to 1960s.[10] In 1964, a split in the CPI led to the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which eventually emerged as the larger of the two parties. CPI supported the rule of Indira Gandhi, but later changed course and embraced left unity. CPI was part of the ruling United Front government from 1996 to 1998 and had two ministers under Devegowda and Gujral Ministry.

Currently, the CPI has two members in Lok Sabha and two members in Rajya Sabha. In addition, it has 22 MLAs across four states and one in each MLC in Bihar and Telangana. It has the current ECI status of a state party in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Manipur.[11] As of December 2023, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala led by LDF. The CPI have four Cabinet Ministers and a Deputy Speaker in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is in power with SPA coalition led by DMK.

## Name

[edit]

CPI is officially known in Hindi as Bhāratīya Kamyunisṭ Pārṭī (भारतीय साम्यवादी पार्टी), or BhaKaPa (भाकपा).

## History

[edit]

### Formation

[edit]

The Communist Party of India (CPI) was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, which was then known as Cawnpore. S. V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of the CPI. There were many communist groups formed by Indians with the help of foreigners in different parts of the world, Tashkent group of Contacts were made with Anushilan and Jugantar the groups in Bengal, and small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S. A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain), Orissa (led by Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).

The year of formation of CPI is disputed. The Communist Party of India (Marxist), which split from CPI in 1964, considers 17 October 1920 as the founding day of Communist Party of India. On that day, M. N. Roy, Evelyn Trent-Roy, Abani Mukherji, Rosa Fitingov, Mohd. Ali, Mohamad Shafiq, and M. P. T. Acharya met in Tashkent to form the communist movement in India. Neither 1920 nor 1925 are significant dates, because on both of these occasions, the CPI did not adopt a "Party Constitution", which was one of the main prerequisites for membership in the Communist International.[12]

### Involvement in independence struggle

[edit]

Further information: Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement

During the 1920s and the early 1930s the party was poorly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national co-ordination. The government banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party difficult. Between 1921 and 1924, there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement: the Peshawar Conspiracy Cases, the Meerut Conspiracy Case, and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1924, Shripad Amrit Dange, M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Malayapuram Singaravelu, Ghulam Hussain, and R. C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.[13]

Singaravelu Chettiar was released on account of illness. M. N. Roy was in Germany and R. C. Sharma in French Pondichéry, and therefore could not be arrested. Ghulam Hussain confessed that he had received money from the Russians in Kabul and was pardoned. Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani and Dange were sentenced for various terms of imprisonment. This case was responsible for actively introducing communism to a larger Indian audience.[13] Dange was released from prison in 1927. Rahul Dev Pal was a prominent communist leader.

On 26 December 1925, a communist conference was organised in Kanpur.[14] Government authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satya Bhakta. At the conference Satyabhakta argued for a 'National communism' and against subordination under the Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan (LKPH) dissolved into the CPI.[15] The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

Soon after the 1926 conference of the Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal, the underground CPI directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[16]

The sixth congress of the Communist International met in 1928. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The Colonial theses of the 6th Comintern congress called upon the Indian communists to combat the 'national-reformist leaders' and to 'unmask the national reformism of the Indian National Congress and oppose all phrases of the Swarajists, Gandhists, etc. about passive resistance'.[17] The congress did however differentiate between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang and the Indian Swarajist Party, considering the latter as neither a reliable ally nor a direct enemy. The congress called on the Indian communists to use the contradictions between the national bourgeoisie and the British imperialists.[18] The congress also denounced the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the executive committee of the Communist International, 3 July 1929 - 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[19]

Portrait of 25 of the Meerut prisoners taken outside the jail. Back row (left to right): K. N. Sehgal, S. S. Josh, H. L. Hutchinson, Shaukat Usmani, B. F. Bradley, A. Prasad, P. Spratt, G. Adhikari. Middle row: R. R. Mitra, Gopen Chakravarti, Kishori Lal Ghosh, L. R. Kadam, D. R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Bannerjee, K. N. Joglekar, P. C. Joshi, Muzaffar Ahmad. Front row: M. G. Desai, D. Goswami, R. S. Nimbkar, S. S. Mirajkar, S. A. Dange, S. V. Ghate, Gopal Basak.

On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. The communist leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years.[20][21]

As of 1934, the main centres of activity of CPI were Bombay, Calcutta and Punjab. The party had also begun extending its activities to Madras. A group of Andhra and Tamil students, amongst them P. Sundarayya, were recruited to the CPI by Amir Hyder Khan.[22]

The party was reorganised in 1933, after the communist leaders from the Meerut trials were released. A central committee of the party was set up. In 1934, the party was accepted as the Indian section of the Communist International.[23]

When Indian left-wing elements formed the Congress Socialist Party in 1934, the CPI branded it as Social Fascist.[17]

The League Against Gandhism, initially known as the Gandhi Boycott Committee, was a political organisation in Calcutta, founded by the underground Communist Party of India and others to launch militant anti-Imperialist activities. The group took the name 'League Against Gandhism' in 1934.[24]

In connection with the change of policy of the Comintern toward popular front politics, the Indian communists changed their relation to the Indian National Congress. The communists joined the Congress Socialist Party, which worked as the left-wing of Congress. Through joining CSP, the CPI accepted the CSP demand for a Constituent Assembly, which it had denounced two years before. The CPI however analysed that the demand for a Constituent Assembly would not be a substitute for soviets.[25]

In July 1937, a clandestine meeting was held at Calicut.[26] Five persons were present at the meeting, P. Krishna Pillai, K. Damodaran, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, N. C. Sekhar and S.V. Ghate. The first four were members of the CSP in Kerala. The CPI in Kerala was formed on 31 December 1939 with the Pinarayi Conference.[27] The latter, Ghate, was a CPI Central Committee member, who had arrived from Madras.[28] Contacts between the CSP in Kerala and the CPI had begun in 1935, when P. Sundarayya (CC member of CPI, based in Madras at the time) met with E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Krishna Pillai. Sundarayya and Ghate visited Kerala at several times and met with the CSP leaders there. The contacts were facilitated through the national meetings of the Congress, CSP and All India Kisan Sabha.[22]

In 1936–1937, the co-operation between socialists and communists reached its peak. At the 2nd congress of the CSP, held in Meerut in January 1936, a thesis was adopted which declared that there was a need to build 'a united Indian Socialist Party based on Marxism-Leninism'.[29] At the 3rd CSP congress, held in Faizpur, several communists were included into the CSP National Executive Committee.[30]

Two communists, E. M. S. Namboodiripad and Z. A. Ahmed, became All India joint secretaries of CSP. The CPI also had two other members inside the CSP executive.[25]

On the occasion of the 1940 Ramgarh Congress Conference, CPI released a declaration called Proletarian Path, which sought to use the weakened state of the British Empire in the time of war and gave a call for general strike, no-tax, no-rent policies and mobilising for an armed revolutionary uprising. The National Executive of the CSP assembled at Ramgarh took a decision that all communists were expelled from CSP.[31]

In July 1942, the CPI was legalised, as a result of Britain and the Soviet Union becoming allies against Nazi Germany.[32] Communists strengthened their control over the All India Trade Union Congress. At the same time, communists were politically cornered for their opposition to the Quit India Movement.[33][34]

CPI contested the Provincial Legislative Assembly elections of 1946 on its own. It had candidates in 108 out of 1585 seats, winning in eight seats. In total, the CPI vote counted 666 723, which should be seen with the backdrop that 86% of the adult population of India lacked voting rights. The party had contested three seats in Bengal, and won all of them. One CPI candidate, Somnath Lahiri, was elected to the Constituent Assembly.[35]

The Communist Party of India opposed the partition of India and did not participate in the Independence Day celebrations of 15 August 1947 in protest at the division of the country.[36]

### After independence

[edit]

The Telangana armed struggle (1946–1952), was a peasant rebellion by communists against the feudal lords of the Telangana region in the princely state of Hyderabad.  Guerrillas of the Telangana armed struggle CPI election campaign in Karol Bagh, Delhi, for the 1952 Indian general election First Council of Ministers, First CPI Ministry in Kerala

During the period around and directly following Independence in 1947, the internal situation in the party was chaotic. The party shifted rapidly between left-wing and right-wing positions. In February 1948, at the 2nd Party Congress in Calcutta, B. T. Ranadive (BTR) was elected General Secretary of the party.[37] The conference adopted the 'Programme of Democratic Revolution'. This programme included the first mention of struggle against caste injustice in a CPI document.[38]

In several areas the party led armed struggles against a series of local monarchs that were reluctant to give up their power. Such insurgencies took place in Tripura, Telangana and Kerala.[39] The most important rebellion took place in Telangana, against the Nizam of Hyderabad. The communists built up a people's army and militia and controlled an area with a population of three million. The rebellion was brutally crushed and the party abandoned the policy of armed struggle. BTR was deposed and denounced as a 'left adventurist'.

In Manipur, the party became a force to reckon with through the agrarian struggles led by Jananeta Irawat Singh. Singh had joined CPI in 1946.[40] At the 1951 congress of the party, 'People's Democracy' was substituted by 'National Democracy' as the main slogan of the party.[41]

A Communist Party was founded in Bihar in 1939. Post independence, the Communist Party achieved success in Bihar (Bihar and Jharkhand). The Communist Party conducted movements for land reform, trade union movement was at its peak in Bihar in the sixties, seventies and eighties. Achievement of communists in Bihar placed the Communist Party in the forefront of left movement in India.[42] Bihar produced some of the legendary leaders like Kishan leaders Sahajanand Saraswati and Karyanand Sharma, intellectual giants like Jagannath Sarkar, Yogendra Sharma, and Indradeep Sinha, mass leaders like Chandrasekhar Singh and Sunil Mukherjee, Trade Union leaders like Kedar Das and others.[43] In the Mithila region of Bihar Bhogendra Jha led the fight against the Mahants and Zamindars. He later went on the win Parliamentary elections and was MP for seven terms.[44][45]

In the early 1950s, young communist leadership was uniting textile workers, bank employees and unorganised sector workers to ensure mass support in north India. National leaders like S. A. Dange, Chandra Rajeswara Rao, and P. K. Vasudevan Nair were encouraging them and supporting the idea despite their differences on the execution. Firebrand Communist leaders like Homi F. Daji, Guru Radha Kishan, H. L. Parwana, Sarjoo Pandey, Darshan Singh Canadian and Avtaar Singh Malhotra were emerging between the masses and the working class in particular.[46] This was the first leadership of communists that was very close to the masses and people consider them champions of the cause of the workers and the poor.

In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the 1st Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power.[47]

In the 1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, the Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process.[48] In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Chinese Communist Party directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.[49]

Liberation of Dadra-Nagar Haveli: The Communist Party of India, along with its units in Bombay, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, decided to start armed operations in the area in the July 1954. Both the areas were liberated by the beginning of August. Communist leaders like Narayan Palekar, Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez, Cunha, and others emerged as the famous Communist leaders of this movement. Thereafter, the struggle to liberate Daman and Diu was begun by the Communist Party in Gujarat and other forces.[50]

Goa Satyagraha: The countrywide Goa satyagraha of 1955–1956 is among the unforgettable pages in the history of freedom struggle, in which the communists played a major and memorable role. The CPI decided to send batches of satyahrahis since the middle of 1955 to the borders of Goa and even inside. Many were killed, many more others arrested and sent to jails inside Goa and inhumanly treated. Many others were even sent to jails in Portugal and were brutally tortured. The satyagraha was led and conducted by a joint committee known as Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti. S. A. Dange, Senapati Bapat, S. G. Sardesai, Nana Patil and several others were among the prominent leaders of the Samiti. Satyagraha began on 10 May 1955, and soon became a countrywide movement.[51]

Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist).[52] The impacts of the Sino-Soviet split contributed to this party split.[53]: 121

During the period between 1970 and 1977, the CPI was allied with the Congress party. In Kerala, they formed a government together with Congress as part of a coalition known as the United Front, with the CPI-leader C. Achutha Menon as Chief Minister. This government continued governing throughout the emergency period and was responsible for the many acts of repression throughout the period carried out against political opponents in the guise of fighting naxals, manifesting most infamously in the Rajan case. The United Front government also used this opportunity to pursue class struggle by punishing those from the managerial classes, money lenders, bosses with anti-labour stances, ration shopkeepers and truckers engaged in black marketing, under stringent provisions of MISA and DIR.[54]

In the 1980s, the CPI opposed the Khalistan movement at Punjab.[55][56][57][58]

In 1986, the CPI's leader in Punjab and MLA in the Punjabi legislature Darshan Singh Canadian was assassinated by Sikh extremists. Altogether about 200 communist leaders out of which most were Sikhs were killed by Sikh extremists in Punjab.[59][60]

## Present situation

[edit]

Left parties' regional control

State/s which has/had chief ministers from both the CPI(M) and the CPI.

State/s which had chief ministers from the CPI(M).

States which have Governments of coalition of parties including Left parties like CPI(M), CPI, CPI(ML)L and AIFB.

States which did not have/had a chief minister from the CPI(M) or the CPI.

Mural in Thiruvananthapuram

The CPI was recognised by the Election Commission of India as a 'National Party'. Until 2022, CPI happened to be the only national political party from India to have contested all the general elections using the same electoral symbol. Owing to a massive defeat in 2019 Indian general election where the party saw its tally reduced to two MPs, the Election Commission of India sent a letter to CPI asking for reasons why its national party status should not be revoked.[61][62][63][64][65] Due to repeated poor performances in elections, the Election Commission of India withdrew its national party status on 10 April 2023.[11]

On the national level, they supported the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government along with other parliamentary Left parties, but without taking part in it. Upon attaining power in May 2004, the United Progressive Alliance formulated a programme of action known as the Common Minimum Programme.[66][67] The Left bases its support to the UPA on strict adherence to it. Provisions of the CMP mentioned to discontinue disinvestment, massive social sector outlays and an independent foreign policy.

On 8 July 2008, the General Secretary of the CPI(M), Prakash Karat, announced that the Left was withdrawing its support over the decision by the government to go ahead with the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act. The Left parties combination had been a staunch advocate of not proceeding with this deal citing national interests.[68]

In West Bengal, the CPI participates in the Left Front. It also participated in the state government in Manipur. In Kerala, the party is part of Left Democratic Front. In Tripura the party is a partner of the Left Front, which governed the state until 2018. In Tamil Nadu it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance and in Bihar it is the part of Mahagathbandhan. It is involved in the Left Democratic Front in Maharashtra. In February 2022, CPI and Congress formed an alliance in Manipur named Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance.[69][70] The current general secretary of CPI is D. Raja.

## Presence in states

[edit]

As of 2020, the CPI is a part of the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala.[71] CPI have four Cabinet Ministers in Kerala. In Tamil Nadu, it is part of the Secular Progressive Alliance coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front governed West Bengal for 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 25 years (1993–2018)

### State Governments

[edit]

S.No  | State/  | Govt Since  | Chief Minister  | Alliance  | Coalition Seats in Assembly  | Last election

|
|
|
|
|
|

Portrait  | Name  | Party  | Seats  | Since
1  | Kerala | 26 May 2016  |  | Pinarayi Vijayan |  | CPI(M) | 62  | 26 May 2016 | Left Democratic Front |

97 / 140

| 6 April 2021
Seats won by CPI in state legislative assemblies State legislative assembly  | Last election  | Contested
seats  | Seats won  | Alliance  | Result  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|

Bihar Legislative Assembly | 2020 | 6  |

2 / 243

|  | Mahagathbandhan | Opposition  | [72]
Kerala Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 23  |

17 / 140

|  | Left Democratic Front | in government  | [73]
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly | 2021 | 6  |

2 / 234

|  | Secular Progressive Alliance | in Government  | [74]
Telangana Legislative Assembly | 2023 | 1  |

1 / 119

|  | INC+ | in Government  | [75]
Seats won by CPI in state legislative councils State legislative assembly  | Last election  | Contested
seats  | Seats won  | Alliance  | Result  | Ref.

|
|
|
|
|
|

Bihar Legislative Council | 2020  | 1  |

1 / 75

|  | Mahagathbandhan | Opposition  | [76]

## List of members of parliament

[edit]

### List of Rajya Sabha (Upper House) members

[edit]

Main article: List of Rajya Sabha members

No.  | Name  | State  | Date of appointment  | Date of retirement

|
|
|
|

1  | P. P. Suneer | Kerala | 2 July 2024 | 1 July 2030
2  | P. Sandosh Kumar | Kerala | 4 April 2022 | 3 April 2028

### List of Lok Sabha (Lower House) members

[edit]

Main article: List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha

No.  | Name  | Constituency  | State

|
|
|

1  | K. Subbarayan | Tiruppur | Tamil Nadu
2  | Selvaraj V | Nagapattinam | Tamil Nadu

## Leadership

[edit]

The 24th Party Congress of Communist Party of India was held from 14 to 18 October 2022 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh.[77]

### General Secretary

[edit]

* D. Raja

### National Secretariat

[edit]

1. D. Raja
2. Amarjeet Kaur
3. K. Narayana
4. Bhalchandra Kango
5. Pallab Sen Gupta
6. Binoy Viswam
7. Syed Azeez Pasha
8. Nagendra Nath Ojha
9. Rama Krushna Panda
10. Annie Raja[78]
11. Girish Chandra Sharma[79]

## List of general secretaries and chairmen of the CPI

[edit]

Article XXXII of the party constitution says:

> "The tenure of the General Secretary and Deputy General Secretary, if any, and State Secretaries is limited to two consecutive terms—a term being of not less than two years. In exceptional cases, the unit concerned may decide by three-fourth majority through secret ballot to allow two more terms. In case such a motion is adopted that comrade also can contest in the election along with other candidates. As regards the tenure of the office-bearers at district and lower levels, the state councils will frame rules where necessary."[80]

General secretaries and chairmen[81][82][83][84][85] Number | Photo | Name | Tenure

|
|
|

1st  |  | Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate | 1925–1933
2nd  |  | Gangadhar Adhikari | 1933–1935
3rd  |  | Puran Chand Joshi | 1936–1948
4th  |  | B. T. Ranadive | 1948–1950
5th  |  | Chandra Rajeswara Rao | 1950–1951
6th  |  | Ajoy Ghosh | 1951–1962
Chairman  |  | Shripad Amrit Dange | 1962–1981
7th  |  | E. M. S. Namboodiripad | 1962–1964
(-)  |  | Chandra Rajeswara Rao | 1964–1990
8th  |  | Indrajit Gupta | 1990–1996
9th  |  | Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan | 1996–2012
10th  |  | Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy | 2012–2019
11th  |  | D. Raja | 2019–Incumbent

## Party Congress

[edit]

Party Congress[86][87][88][89][90][91][92][81][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100] Party Congress | Year | Place

|
|

Founding Conference  | 1925 December 25 – 28 | Cawnpore
1st  | 1943 May 23–1 June | Bombay
2nd | 1948 February 28–6 March | Calcutta
3rd  | 1953 December 27 – 1954 January 4 | Madurai
4th  | 1956 April 19 – 29 | Palghat
5th  | 1958 April 6 – 13 | Amritsar
6th  | 1961 April 7 – 16 | Vijayawada
7th  | 1964 December 13 – 23 | Bombay
8th  | 1968 February 7 – 15 | Patna
9th  | 1971 October 3 – 10 | Cochin
10th  | 1975 January 27–2 February | Vijayawada
11th  | 1978 March 31–7 April | Bathinda
12th  | 1982 March 22 – 28 | Varanasi
13th  | 1986 March 2 – 17 | Patna
14th  | 1989 March 6 – 12 | Calcutta
15th  | 1992 April 10 – 16 | Hyderabad
16th  | 1995 October 7 – 11 | Delhi
17th  | 1998 September 14 – 19 | Chennai
18th  | 2002 March 26 – 31 | Thiruvananthapuram
19th  | 2005 March 29–3 April | Chandigarh
20th  | 2008 March 23 – 27 | Hyderabad
21st  | 2012 March 27 – 31 | Patna
22nd  | 2015 March 25 – 29 | Puducherry
23rd  | 2018 April 25 – 29 | Kollam
24th  | 2022 October 14 – 18 | Vijayawada

## Principal mass organisations

[edit]

* All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)
* All India Youth Federation (AIYF)
* National Federation of Indian Women (NFIW)
* All India Kisan Sabha – AIKS (peasants organisation)
* Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union – BKMU (agricultural workers)
* Indian People's Theatre Association – IPTA (cultural wing)
* All India State Government Employees Confederation (State government employees)
* Indian Society for Cultural Co-operation and Friendship (ISCUF)
* All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO)
* Progressive Writers' Association (PWA)
* All India Adivasi Mahasabha (Tribal Wing)
* All India Dalit Rights Movement (AIDRM)
* Tamil Nadu Oppressed People's Movement
* People's Service Corps
* Ganamukti Parishad

In Tripura, the Ganamukti Parishad is a major mass organisation amongst the Tripuri peoples of the state.

## Former chief ministers

[edit]

Former chief ministers[101][102][103] Photo | Name | Tenure | State

|
|
|

| E. M. S. Namboodiripad | (1957 – 1959)  | Kerala
| C. Achutha Menon | (1969 – 1970; 1970 – 1977)
| P. K. Vasudevan Nair | (1978 – 1979)

## Notable leaders

[edit]

* Abdul Sattar Ranjoor – Founding state secretary of the CPI in Jammu and Kashmir
* Ajoy Ghosh – Former general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* Amarjeet Kaur – General Secretary of AITUC and National Secretary of CPI
* Annabhau Sathe – Samyukta Maharashtra movement leader
* Annie Raja – General Secretary of NFIW and National Executive Member of CPI
* Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan – Former general secretary
* Aruna Asaf Ali – Freedom fighter
* Binoy Viswam – Former Member of Rajya Sabha, Former minister in the Government of Kerala and current State Secretary of CPI Kerala State Committee
* Bhan Singh Bhaura – Parliamentarian from Punjab and Founder President Khet Mazdoor Sabha
* Bhargavi Thankappan – Parliamentarian
* Bhupesh Gupta – Parliamentarian
* C. Achutha Menon – Finance minister in first Kerala ministry Former chief minister of Kerala
* C. Divakaran – Senior leader, former minister and National Council Member from Kerala
* Chandra Rajeswara Rao – former general secretary, Telangana freedom fighter
* Chaturanan Mishra parliamentarian & former Central Minister of India
* Chittayam Gopakumar – Deputy Speaker of Kerala Legislative Assembly and State council member
* C. K. Chandrappan – Parliamentarian & former Kerala state secretary of the party
* C. N. Jayadevan – Senior leader, parliamentarian
* Dhanwantri – one of the founder of communist party in Jammu & Kashmir
* Darshan Singh Canadian – Trade Unionist, fight against Khalistan movement
* D. Pandian – Parliamentarian & former Tamil Nadu state secretary
* D. Raja – parliamentarian & General secretary of the party
* E. Chandrasekharan Nair – Senior leader and former Minister in the Government of Kerala
* Geeta Mukherjee – Parliamentarian & Former Vice President of National Federation of Indian Women
* Govind Pansare – Prominent activist and lawyer
* Gurudas Dasgupta – Parliamentarian & Former General Secretary of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) and Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union
* Hajrah Begum – former general secretary of NFIW
* Hasrat Mohani – founding member
* Hijam Irabot – Founder leader of CPI in Manipur
* Hirendranath Mukherjee-Parliamentarian & He was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1990 and Padma Vibhushan in 1991 by the President of India for his lifelong services
* Ila Mitra – Peasant Movement Leader from West Bengal
* Indrajit Gupta – Parliamentarian, former general secretary and a former central minister
* Jagannath Sarkar – former National Secretary, freedom fighter, builder of communist movement in Bihar and Jharkhand
* Junu Das – Prominent leader of CPI
* Kalpana Datta – freedom fighter
* Kalyan Roy – Parliamentarian
* Kanam Rajendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* K.N. Joglekar – founding member of CPI
* Kunwar Mohammad Ashraf
* Meghraj Tawar – Former Rajasthan MLA and leader of the CPI
* M. Kalyanasundaram – Parliamentarian
* M. N. Govindan Nair – Kerala state secretary during the first communist ministry and a freedom fighter
* Mohit Banerji – Prominent Leader
* Nallakannu – former Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party
* N. E. Balaram – Founding leader of the communist movement in Kerala, India
* Pannyan Raveendran – Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* Parvathi Krishnan – Parliamentarian
* P. Krishna Pillai – Founder and First secretary of CPI in Kerala
* P. K. Vasudevan Nair – Former Chief minister of Kerala, Former AISF general secretary, Former AIYF general secretary
* Puran Chand Joshi – first general secretary of the Communist Party of India
* P. S. Sreenivasan – Former Minister of Kerala
* Rajaji Mathew Thomas – Journalist, former MLA and CPI National council Member, from Kerala
* Ramendra Kumar – Former Parliamentarian, national executive member, national president AITUC
* Rosamma Punnoose – Freedom Fighter
* R.Sugathan – Prominent trade unionist, mass leader and member of Kerala Legislative assembly
* Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate – First general secretary of CPI, freedom fighter
* Satypal Dang\- He was a legislator of Punjab State Legislative Assembly, representing the Communist Party of India for four terms and a Minister of Food and Civil Supplies in the United Front ministry led by Justice Gurnam Singh and Padma Bhushan Awardee.
* S. S. Mirajkar – Trade Unionist, Freedom fighter
* Suhasini Chattopadhyay – founding member of CPI
* Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy – former general secretary of the party & parliamentarian
* Shripad Amrit Dange – Freedom fighter & former chairman of the party
* Thoppil Bhasi – Writer, film director & parliamentarian
* T. V. Thomas – Minister in first Kerala ministry
* Veliyam Bharghavan – Parliamentarian & Former Kerala state secretary of the party
* Vidya Munshi – Journalist
* Vimla Dang – leader of CPI
* V. S. Sunil Kumar – Former Agriculture Minister in Kerala
* V. V. Raghavan -CPI Central Secretariat Member, two-time Loksabha Member from Thrissur Kerala, Rajya sabha Member, Former Agriculture minister of Kerala

## General election results

[edit]

Main article: Electoral history of the Communist Party of India

### Lok Sabha

[edit]

Year  | Legislature  | Total Lok Sabha constituencies  | Seats won / Seats Contested  | Change in seats  | Total Votes  | Percentage of votes  | Change in vote %  | Reference

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1951–52 | 1st Lok Sabha | 489  |

16 / 49

| New  | 3,487,401  | 3.29%  | New  | [104]
1957 | 2nd Lok Sabha | 494  |

27 / 110

|  11  | 10,754,075  | 8.92%  |  5.63%  | [105]
1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 494  |

29 / 137

|  2  | 11,450,037  | 9.94%  |  1.02%  | [106]
1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | 520  |

23 / 109

|  6  | 7,458,396  | 5.11%  |  4.83%  | [107]
1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 518  |

23 / 87

|  | 6,933,627  | 4.73%  |  0.38%  | [108]
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 542  |

7 / 91

|  16  | 5,322,088  | 2.82%  |  1.91%  | [109]
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 529(542*)  |

10 / 47

|  3  | 4,927,342  | 2.49%  |  0.33%  | [110]
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | 541  |

6 / 61

|  4  | 6,363,430  | 2.71%  |  0.22%  | [111][112]
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 529  |

12 / 50

|  6  | 7,734,697  | 2.57%  |  0.14%  | [113]
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | 534  |

14 / 42

|  2  | 6,851,114  | 2.49%  |  0.08%  | [114][115]
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 543  |

12 / 43

|  2  | 6,582,263  | 1.97%  |  0.52%  | [116]
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | 543  |

9 / 58

|  3  | 6,429,569  | 1.75%  |  0.22%  | [117]
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | 543  |

4 / 54

|  5  | 5,395,119  | 1.48%  |  0.27%  | [118]
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 543  |

10 / 34

|  6  | 5,484,111  | 1.41%  |  0.07%  | [119]
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | 543  |

4 / 56

|  6  | 5,951,888  | 1.43%  |  0.02%  | [120]
2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | 543  |

1 / 67

|  3  | 4,327,460  | 0.79%  |  0.64%  | [121]
2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 543  |

2 / 49

|  1  | 3,576,184  | 0.59%  |  0.20%  | [122]
2024 | 18th Lok Sabha | 543  |

2 / 30

|  | 3,132,683  | 0.49%  |  0.10%  | [123]
All time-CPI Lok Sabha seat count

## State Legislative assembly results

[edit]

Year  | State  | Total
assembly seats  | Seats won /
Seats contested  | Change
in seats  | Votes  | Vote %  | Change in
vote %

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2023 | Telangana | 119  |

1 / 1

| 1  | 80,336  | 0.34  | 0.07
Chhattisgarh | 90  |

0 / 3

|  | 6,594  | 0.04  |
2022 | Uttar Pradesh | 403  |

0 / 35

|  | 64,011  | 0.07%  |  0.09%
Uttarakhand | 70  |

0 / 4

|  | 2,325  | 0.04%  |
Manipur | 60  |

0 / 2

|  | 1,032  | 0.06%  |  0.68%
Himachal Pradesh | 68  |

0 / 1

|  | 627  | 0.01%  |  0.03%
Punjab | 117  |

0 / 7

|  | 7,440  | 0.05%  |
Gujarat | 182  |

0 / 3

|  | 2,688  | 0.01%  |  0.01%
2021 | Assam | 126  |

0 / 1

|  | 27,290  | 0.84%  |  0.14%
Kerala | 140  |

17 / 23

|  2 | 1,579,235 | 7.58% |  0.54%
Puducherry | 30  |

0 / 1

|  | 7,522  | 0.90%  |  0.2%
Tamil Nadu | 234 |

2 / 6

|  2 | 504,537 | 1.09% |  0.3%
West Bengal | 294  |

0 / 10

|  1  | 118,655  | 0.20%  |  1.25%
2020 | Bihar | 243  |

2 / 6

|  2  | 349,489  | 0.83%  |  0.57%
2019 | Andhra Pradesh | 175  |

0 / 7

|  | 34,746  | 0.11%  | —
Jharkhand | 81  |

0 / 18

|  | 68,589  | 0.46%  |  0.43%
Maharashtra | 288  |

0 / 16

|  | 35,188  | 0.06%  |  0.07%
Odisha | 147  |

0 / 3

|  | 29,235  | 0.12%  |  0.39%
2018 | Chhattisgarh | 90  |

0 / 7

|  | 48,255  | 0.34%  |  0.32%
Rajasthan | 200  |

0 / 16

|  | 42,820  | 0.12%  |  0.06%
Tripura | 60  |

0 / 1

|  1  | 19,352  | 0.82%  |  0.85%

* N/A indicates Not Available
* indicates in government or in Coalition government

Results from the Election Commission of India website. Results do not deal with partitions of states, defections and by-elections during the mandate period.

* : 12 seats in Assam and 1 in Meghalaya did not vote.

State | No. of candidates 2019 | No. of elected 2019 | No. of candidates 2014 | No. of elected 2014 | No. of candidates 2009 | No. of elected 2009 | Total no. of seats in the state

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | (25)(2014)/42(2009)
Arunachal Pradesh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
Assam | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14
Bihar | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 40
Chhattisgarh | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11
Goa | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2
Gujarat | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 26
Haryana | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 10
Himachal Pradesh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4
Jammu and Kashmir | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6
Jharkhand | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 14
Karnataka | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 28
Kerala | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 20
Madhya Pradesh | 4 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 29
Maharashtra | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 48
Manipur | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2
Meghalaya | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2
Mizoram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Nagaland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Odisha | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 21
Punjab | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 13
Rajasthan | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 25
Sikkim | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | 8 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 39
Tripura | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2
Telangana | 2 | 0 |  |  |  |  | 17
Uttar Pradesh | 12 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 80
Uttarakhand | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5
West Bengal | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 42
Union Territories:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Chandigarh | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Daman and Diu | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Delhi | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7
Lakshadweep | 1[124] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Puducherry | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1
Total: | 50 | 2 | 67 | 1 | 56 | 4 | 543

[125][126] [127] [128]

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Politics portal
* Communism portal
* Socialism portal
* Organized Labour portal

* Politics of India
* List of political parties in India
* List of communist parties in India
* List of communist parties
* Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
* Left Front (West Bengal)
* Left Front (Tripura)

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ "സിപിഐ തളർച്ചയിൽ; താങ്ങ് കേരളം, തമിഴ്നാട്; ബംഗാളിലും ത്രിപുരയിലും പടുകുഴിയിൽ". Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies (Oxford University Press, 2014).
* Devika, J. "Egalitarian developmentalism, communist mobilization, and the question of caste in Kerala State, India." Journal of Asian Studies (2010): 799–820. online
* D'mello, Vineet Kaitan. "The United Socialist Front: The Congress Socialist Party and the Communist Party of India." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 73. (2012) online Archived 16 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
* Haithcox, John Patrick. Communism and Nationalism in India (Princeton UP, 2015).
* Kautsky, John H. Moscow and the Communist Party of India: A Study in the Postwar Evolution of International Communist Strategy. (MIT Press, 1956).
* Kohli, Atul. "Communist Reformers in West Bengal: Origins, Features, and Relations with New Delhi." in State Politics in Contemporary India (Routledge, 2019) pp. 81–102.
* Lockwood, David. The communist party of India and the Indian emergency (SAGE Publications India, 2016).
* Lovell, Julia.  Maoism: A Global History (2019)
* Masani, M.R. The Communist Party of India: A Short History. (Macmillan, 1954). online
* Overstreet, Gene D., and Marshall Windmiller. Communism in India (U of California Press, 2020)
* Paul, Santosh, ed. The Maoist Movement in India: perspectives and counterperspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2020).
* Pons, Silvio and Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th-Century Communism (Princeton UP, 2010) pp 180–182.
* Singer, Wendy. "Peasants and the Peoples of the East: Indians and the Rhetoric of the Comintern," in Tim Rees and Andrew Thorpe, International Communism and the Communist International, 1919–43. (Manchester University Press, 1998).
* Steur, Luisa. "Adivasis, Communists, and the rise of indigenism in Kerala." Dialectical Anthropology 35.1 (2011): 59–76. online
* N. E. Balaram, A Short History of the Communist Party of India. Kozikkode, Cannanore, India: Prabhath Book House, 1967.
* Samaren Roy, The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern. Calcutta: Firma KLM Private, 1986.

### Primary sources

[edit]

* G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume One, 1917–1922. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1971.
* G. Adhikari (ed.), Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India: Volume Two, 1923–1925. New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1974.
* V. B. Karnick (ed.), Indian Communist Party Documents, 1930–1956. Bombay: Democratic Research Service/Institute of Public Relations, 1957.
* Rao, M. B., Ed. Documents Of The History Of The Communist Party Of India(1948–1950), Vol. 7 (1960) online

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Communist Party of India.

* Official website
* CPI web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
* Works by or about Communist Party of India at the Internet Archive
* Communist Party of India at the Encyclopædia Britannica

* v
* t
* e

Communist Party of India

General secretaries|

* Sachchidanand Vishnu Ghate
* Gangadhar Adhikari
* Puran Chand Joshi (1935–1947)
* B. T. Ranadive (1948–1950)
* Ajoy Ghosh (1951–1962)
* Chandra Rajeswara Rao (1962–1990)
* Indrajit Gupta (1990–1996)
* Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan (1996–2012)
* S. Sudhakar Reddy (2012–2019)
* D. Raja (2019–)

Chief Ministers|

* E. M. S. Namboodiripad
* P. K. Vasudevan Nair
* C. Achutha Menon

Related organisations|

* All India Trade Union Congress
* All India Youth Federation
* All India Students Federation
* National Federation of Indian Women
* All India Kisan Sabha
* Bharatiya Khet Mazdoor Union
* All India State Government Employees Federation

History|

* Foundation of the Communist Party of India
* 1964 split in the Communist Party of India
* Electoral history

Links to related articles

* v
* t
* e

Political parties in India

National parties|

* Aam Aadmi Party
* Bahujan Samaj Party
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Indian National Congress
* National People's Party

State parties|

* AJSU Party
* All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* All India Forward Bloc
* All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
* All India N.R. Congress
* All India United Democratic Front
* Apna Dal (Soneylal)
* Asom Gana Parishad
* Bharat Rashtra Samithi
* Biju Janata Dal
* Bodoland People's Front
* Communist Party of India
* Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
* Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
* Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Goa Forward Party
* Hill State People's Democratic Party
* Indian National Lok Dal
* Indian Union Muslim League
* Indigenous People's Front of Tripura
* Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
* Janasena Party
* Janata Dal (Secular)
* Janata Dal (United)
* Jannayak Janta Party
* Janta Congress Chhattisgarh (J)
* Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
* Kerala Congress (M)
* Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
* Maharashtra Navnirman Sena
* Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
* Mizo National Front
* Naam Tamilar Katchi
* Naga People's Front
* Nationalist Congress Party
* Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
* Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party
* People's Party of Arunachal
* People's Democratic Front
* Rashtriya Janata Dal
* Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party
* Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
* Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
* Revolutionary Goans Party
* Revolutionary Socialist Party
* Samajwadi Party
* Shiromani Akali Dal
* Shiv Sena
* Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)
* Sikkim Democratic Front
* Sikkim Krantikari Morcha
* Telugu Desam Party
* Tipra Motha Party
* Trinamool Congress
* United Democratic Party
* United People's Party, Liberal
* Voice of the People Party
* Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
* Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party
* Zoram Nationalist Party
* Zoram People's Movement

Unrecognized
parties|

* Ahila India Naadalum Makkal Katchi
* All India Rajakulathor Peravai
* Akali Dal (Waris Punjab De)
* Ambedkarite Party of India
* Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam
* Gana Suraksha Party
* Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
* Apna Dal
* Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
* Bahujan Mukti Party
* Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh
* Bharatiya Tribal Party
* Communist Marxist Party
* Congress (Secular)
* Democratic Azad Party
* Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra)
* Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
* Goa Vikas Party
* Gondwana Ganatantra Party
* Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
* Hamro Sikkim Party
* Hindustan Janta Party
* Hindustani Awam Morcha
* Ikkjutt Jammu
* Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
* Indian National League
* Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party
* Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference
* Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party
* Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
* Jannayak Janta Party
* Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
* Jharkhand Party
* Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party
* Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement
* Kerala Congress (Balakrishna Pillai)
* Kerala Congress (Jacob)
* Kerala Congress (Thomas)
* Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi
* Lok Insaaf Party
* Loktantrik Janata Dal
* Mahan Dal
* Makkal Needhi Maiam
* Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
* Marxist Co-ordination Committee
* National Secular Conference
* NISHAD Party
* Pattali Makkal Katchi
* Puratchi Bharatham Katchi
* Puthiya Needhi Katchi
* Puthiya Tamilagam
* Raijor Dal
* Rashtriya Lok Morcha
* Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
* Republican Party of India (Athawale)
* Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala (Bolshevik)
* Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
* Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
* Shiv Sangram
* Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
* Sikkim National People's Party
* Social Democratic Party of India
* Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
* Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
* Swabhimani Paksha
* Swatantra Bharat Paksh
* Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
* Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
* Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
* Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi
* Telangana Jana Samithi
* Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance
* United Goans Democratic Party
* Uttarakhand Kranti Dal
* Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi
* Vikassheel Insaan Party
* Welfare Party of India

* v
* t
* e

Left Democratic Front

Members|

| National Parties|

* Communist Party of India (Marxist)

|

State Parties|

* Communist Party of India
* Nationalist Congress Party
* Kerala Congress (M)
* Janata Dal (Secular)

Registered
Unrecognised
Parties|

* Kerala Congress (B)
* Congress (Secular)
* Indian National League
* Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)
* National Secular Conference
* Loktantrik Janata Dal
* Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy
* Kerala Congress (Skaria Thomas)
* Janadhipathya Kerala Congress

Leaders|

* E. M. S. Namboodiripad
* E. K. Nayanar
* V. S. Achuthanandan
* Pinarayi Vijayan
* Kodiyeri Balakrishnan
* Prakash Karat
* S. Ramachandran Pillai
* M. B. Rajesh
* C. Achutha Menon
* Pannyan Raveendran
* Kanam Rajendran
* K. E. Ismail
* A. K. Saseendran
* Thomas Chandy
* K. Krishnankutty
* Mathew T. Thomas
* R. Balakrishna Pillai
* Kadannappalli Ramachandran
* P. T. A. Rahim
* M. P. Veerendra Kumar
* K. R. Gowri Amma
* Skaria Thomas
* Francis George

Chief Ministers of Kerala|

* E. K. Nayanar
* V. S. Achuthanandan
* Pinarayi Vijayan

* v
* t
* e

Marxism–Leninism

Concepts|

* Administrative-command system
* Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Anti-fascism
* Anti-revisionism
* Central planning
* Soviet-type economic planning
* Commanding heights of the economy
* Developed socialism
* Dialectical logic
* Dialectical materialism
* Foco
* Labour aristocracy
* Marxist–Leninist atheism
* Partiinost'
* People's democracy
* People's democratic revolution
* Popular front
* Proletarian internationalism
* Self-criticism
* Social fascism
* Socialism in one country
* Socialist patriotism
* Soviet
* Theory of the productive forces
* Third Period
* Wars of national liberation

State forms|

* People's democratic state
* National democratic state
* Socialist state
* State of socialist orientation
* Socialist state of the whole people

Class system|

* Dictatorship of the proletariat
* People's democratic dictatorship

Political system|

| Party|

* Central committee
* General Secretary of the Communist Party
* Politburo
* Secretariat
* Vanguardism

|

State|

* Permanent organ of the supreme state organ of power
* Special committees of the supreme state organ of power
* Supreme executive and administrative organ
* Supreme state organ of power
* Leading role of the party
* Transmission belt
* Unified power
* Unified state apparatus

Hybrid|

* Civilian control of the military
* Collective leadership
* Cult of personality
* Democratic centralism

Variants|

* Cuban
* (Fidelismo
* Guevarism)
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Hoxhaism
* Husakism
* Juche
* (Songun
* Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
* Kimjongunism)
* Kadarism
* Khrushchevism
* Maoism
* (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
* Gonzalo Thought
* Naxalism
* Prachanda Path
* Mao-spontex
* Islamic Maoism
* Pantherism
* (Intercommunalism)
* New Synthesis
* Mulelism)
* Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
* National
* Pol Potism
* African
* (Sankarism
* Machelism
* Nkrumaism)
* Socialism with Chinese characteristics
* (Dengism
* Three Represents
* Scientific Outlook on Development
* Xi Jinping Thought)
* Stalinism
* (Neo-Stalinism)
* People's Multiparty Democracy
* American
* (Bill of Rights socialism
* Browderism
* Marcyism
* New Communism)
* Dubčekism
* Zachariadism
* Brezhnevism
* Taistoism
* Titoism
* (Đilasism
* Rankovićism)

People|

* Joseph Stalin
* Mao Zedong
* John Maclean
* James Connolly
* Ernst Thälmann
* Khorloogiin Choibalsan
* Ehmetjan Qasim
* José Díaz
* Maurice Thorez
* Palmiro Togliatti
* Dolores Ibárruri
* Harry Pollitt
* Rajani Palme Dutt
* Ho Chi Minh
* Võ Nguyên Giáp
* Earl Browder
* Nikita Khrushchev
* Walter Ulbricht
* Josip Broz Tito
* Mátyás Rákosi
* Lazar Kaganovich
* Georgi Dimitrov
* Bolesław Bierut
* Willie Gallacher
* Valko Chervenkov
* Klement Gottwald
* Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
* Enver Hoxha
* Kaysone Phomvihane
* Khalid Bakdash
* Leonid Brezhnev
* Deng Xiaoping
* Pol Pot
* Nikos Zachariadis
* Che Guevara
* Fidel Castro
* Agostinho Neto
* Mengistu Haile Mariam
* Kim Il Sung
* Chin Peng
* Sanzō Nosaka
* Nicolae Ceaușescu
* Gustáv Husák
* János Kádár
* Maurice Bishop
* Erich Honecker
* Władysław Gomułka
* Samora Machel
* Thomas Sankara
* Mathieu Kérékou
* Siad Barre
* Nur Muhammad Taraki
* Alfonso Cano
* Pushpa Kamal Dahal
* Rohana Wijeweera
* Abimael Guzmán
* Gus Hall
* Gennady Zyuganov
* Xi Jinping

Theoretical works|

* Foundations of Leninism
* Dialectical and Historical Materialism
* The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
* Britain's Road to Socialism
* Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
* A Critique of Soviet Economics
* Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
* Guerrilla Warfare

History|

* Soviet Union (1927–1953
* 1953–1964
* 1964–1982
* 1982–1991)
* Great Break
* Collectivization in the Soviet Union
* Industrialization in the Soviet Union
* Great Purge
* Spanish Civil War
* Great Patriotic War
* Greek Civil War
* Cold War
* Eastern Bloc
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* China (1949–1976
* 1976–1989
* 1989–2002
* 2002–present)
* Tito–Stalin split
* Korean War
* De-Stalinization
* Warsaw Pact
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Vietnam War
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Sino-Soviet split
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Great Leap Forward
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Black Power movement
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Cultural Revolution
* Prague Spring
* Naxalite insurgency
* New People's Army rebellion
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* Sino-Albanian split
* Internal conflict in Peru
* Nepalese Civil War
* Revolutions of 1989

By country|

* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Angola
* Benin
* Bulgaria
* Cambodia (Democratic Kampuchea
* People's Republic of Kampuchea)
* China
* Congo
* Cuba
* Czechoslovakia (Czechia
* Slovakia)
* East Germany
* Ethiopia
* Grenada
* Hungary
* Laos
* Mongolia
* Mozambique
* North Korea
* Poland
* Romania
* Somalia
* Soviet Union (Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Byelarus
* Estonia
* Georgia
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* Russia
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Ukraine
* Uzbekistan)
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Croatia
* Macedonia
* Montenegro
* Serbia
* Slovenia)

Organizations|

* Albanian Party of Labour
* Comecon
* Comintern
* Chinese Communist Party
* Communist Party of Brazil
* Communist Party of Cuba
* Communist Party of India
* Communist Party of India (Marxist)
* Communist Party of Kampuchea
* Communist Party of the Philippines
* Communist Party of the Russian Federation
* Communist Party of the Soviet Union
* Communist Party of Vietnam
* Communist Party of Malaya
* Indochinese Communist Party
* Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
* Lao People's Revolutionary Party
* Nepal Communist Party
* Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
* Sandinista National Liberation Front
* Shining Path (Militarized Communist Party of Peru)
* Workers' Party of Korea
* Portuguese Communist Party

Related topics|

* Bolshevism
* Leninism
* Trotskyism

See also|

* All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
* Anti-communism (Mass killings)
* Cold War
* Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes (Mass killings)
* Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule
* MAGA Communism
* Marxist schools of thought
* National Bolshevism
* Nazi-Maoism
* New class
* Post-Marxism–Leninism
* Red fascism
* Red Scare (Second)
* Second World
* State capitalism
* State socialism
* State ideology of China
* State ideology of the Soviet Union
* Third-Worldism
* Totalitarianism

* Socialism portal
* Communism portal

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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