Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines

1942–present insurgencies in the Philippines

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The history of communist armed conflicts in the Philippines is closely related to the history of Communism in the Philippines, with various armed conflict linked to the armed wings of the various communist organizations that have evolved since 1930. The two largest conflicts have been the Hukbalahap Rebellion of 1942–1954, and the ongoing rebellion of the New People's Army, which began in 1969 under the auspices of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). But various splinter groups have since separated from the CPP and have had a history of armed conflict with the Philippine government since then.

The Hukbalahap Rebellion was initiated by the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas of 1930 (PKP-1930) and its armed group the Hukbalahap[1]: 44 (HMB) (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan, or "People's Liberation Army"). They went into decline in the early 1950s and was finally put down through a series of reforms and military victories which led to the 1954 surrender of its leader Luis Taruc.

The armed conflict of the New People's Army against the Philippine government can be traced back to March 29, 1969, when Jose Maria Sison's newly formed CPP entered an alliance with a small armed group led by Bernabe Buscayno. But the conflict was still in its infancy in 1972 when Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial law. The declaration and the resulting human rights abuses led to the radicalization of even the moderate opposition against Marcos, significantly swelling the ranks of the New People's Army.[2]: "43"

Major splits away from the Communist Party of the Philippines occurred in 1992 and 1996. A month after Marcos was ousted through the broad-based nonviolent People Power Revolution of February 1986, the unit led by Conrado Balweg formed a splinter group known as the Cordillera People's Liberation Army, whose conflict with the Philippine government formally ended with the closure of peace talks in 2011.[3] 1992 saw what the CPP refers to as the Second Great Rectification Movement, an effort whose stated intent was to "identify, repudiate and rectify the errors of urban insurrectionism, premature big formations of the New People's Army and anti-infiltration hysteria".[4] This resulted in the once monolithic Filipino communist party fragmenting into at least 13 factions during the 1990s,[5][6][7] the most notable being: the alliance that was the Revolutionary Workers' Party (RPM-P), the Revolutionary Proletarian Army (RPA), and the Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB); the Revolutionary People's Army – Mindanao (RPA-M), and the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB, Revolutionary People's Army) of the Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines (MLPP).[6]

## Hukbalahap rebellion (1942–1954)

[edit]

Main article: Hukbalahap Rebellion

The Hukbalahap Rebellion began in 1942 when the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas of 1930 (PKP-1930) formed an armed group called the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (People's Army against the Japanese) to fight against the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. At the end of the war in 1946, the PKP-1930 reconstituted the Hukbalahap as the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan ("Peoples' Liberation Army"), transforming it into the party's armed wing. This conflict ended in 1954 under the presidency of Ramon Magsaysay.[1]: 44

## New People's Army rebellion (1969–present)

[edit]

Main article: New People's Army rebellion

The ongoing rebellion of the New People's Army began in 1969 under the auspices of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), which had been formed the previous year.

This conflict was still in its infancy in 1972 when Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed Martial law, but expanded significantly as even the moderate opposition against Marcos was radicalized.[2]: "43" The Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), then allied with Ferdinand Marcos, was responsible for killing more communists than the Marcos government itself due to a growing youth faction within the party called the Marxist-Leninist Group (MLG) opposing Marcos' imposition of martial law nationwide and attempting to splinter from the PKP.[8]

The CPP went through a series of setbacks and internal conflicts after the ouster of Ferdinand Marcos in 1986, including the breaking away of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army of former priest Conrado Balweg. CPP co-founder Jose Maria Sison went into exile in the Netherlands in 1987 while Benito Tiamzon reportedly became the leader of the party upon successively acquiring the positions of chairman and secretary general in 1986 and 1987 respectively.[9]

In 1992 the CPP went through what it calls the Second Great Rectification Movement, whose stated intent was to "identify, repudiate and rectify the errors of urban insurrectionism, premature big formations of the New People's Army and anti-infiltration hysteria".[4] This resulted in the split of the party into "Re-affirmist" and "Rejectionist" groups, resulting in the formation of at least 13 factions during the 1990s.[5][6][7]

## Cordillera People's Liberation Army conflict (February–September 1986)

[edit]

See also: Cordillera People's Liberation Army and Mount Data Peace Accord

A month after Marcos was ousted through the broad-based nonviolent People Power Revolution of February 1986, the unit led by former priest Conrado Balweg broke away from the New People's Army, accusing the latter of incompetence in pursuing its goals.[10] Balweg's splinter group became known as the Cordillera People's Liberation Army (CPLA). The formation of the CPLA also saw the merger of the Tingguian Liberation Force, a splinter group from NPA Abra to form the Cordillera organization.[10] Their stated goal was to fight for the self-determination of the people of Cordillera.[11]

The group began peace talks with the Philippine government later that year, and on September 13, 1986, the CPLA and the Government of the Philippines made a "sipat" (ceasefire) at Mt. Data Hotel, in Bauko, Mountain Province. The agreement between the two entities was called the 1986 Mount Data Peace Accord.[12][13] The conflict formally ended with the closure of peace talks in 2011.[3]

## 1992 Re-Affirmist/Rejectionist split

[edit]

Main article: Second Great Rectification Movement

In 1992, main body of the CPP split into two factions: the reaffirmist faction led by Sison and the rejectionist faction which advocated the formation of larger military units and urban insurgencies. Several smaller factions emerged from the group,[6] the most notable being the RPM/P-RPA-ABB; the MLPP-RHB, and the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa Mindanao (Revolutionary Worker's Party - Mindanao \- Revolutionary Peoples' Army, RWP-M/RPA, sometimes also RPA-M).[14]

The split resulted in a weakening of the CPP-NPA, but it gradually grew again after the breakdown of peace talks in 1999,[15] the unpopularity of the Estrada administration,[16] and because of social pressures arising from the Asian Financial Crisis that year.[17]

## Revolutionary Proletarian Army – Alex Boncayao Brigade conflict (1996–2000)

[edit]

See also: Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines), Revolutionary Proletarian Army, and Alex Boncayao Brigade

Due to the ideological split known as the Second Great Rectification Movement, the Negros Regional Party Committee of the New People's Army broke away from the Communist Party of the Philippines in 1996 and formed the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas ("Revolutionary Workers' Party of the Philippines"). It organized its military arm two months after the split, calling it the Revolutionary Proletarian Army.[18]

The Metro Manila-based urban assassination unit of the New People's Army, known as the Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB; also known as the Sparrow Unit),[19] also broke away from the New People's Army, and allied itself with the RPM-P and RPA in 1997.[20][21][22]

In 1999, the group began peace negotiations with the government, leading to a peace deal which was signed in 2000.[23]

## Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines armed conflict (1998–present)

[edit]

Main article: Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines

In 1998, a group which operates mainly in Central Luzon broke away from the Communist Party of the Philippines, taking up a Marxist-Leninist ideology instead of the CPP's Marxism-Leninism-Maoism. This became the Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines which soon initiated conflict with the Philippine government through its armed wing, the Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB).[24]: 682 [25]

The conflict is still ongoing,[26][27][28] although incidents covered in the media focus more on incidents arising from the rivalry between RHB and NPA.[26]

## Revolutionary Workers’ Party in Mindanao (2000–ongoing peace talks)

[edit]

See also: Revolutionary Workers' Party (Philippines)

Breaking away from the Communist Party of the Philippines during the 1992 split, the group which called itself the CMR (Central Mindanao Region) Rejectionist Group initially joined other rejectionist factions from elsewhere in the country. During peace negotiations with the Estrada administration, however, they split from the other groups and formed the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa sa Mindanao (RPM-M, lit. Revolutionary Workers’ Party in Mindanao). The group quietly began peace negotiations with the Philippine Government in 2003.[29]

## See also

[edit]

* Communism in the Philippines

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Saulo, Alfredo (1990). Communism in the Philippines: An Introduction. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-403-5.
2. ^ a b John), Kessler, Richard J. (Richard (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300044065. OCLC 19266663.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ a b "Historical Background of Cordillera's Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy". Cordillera.gov.ph. March 1, 1991. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2013.
4. ^ a b Jalandoni, Luis G. (February 8, 2016). "The Revolutionary Struggle of the Filipino People". Retrieved November 5, 2017.
5. ^ a b Pabico, Alecks P. (August 31, 2007). "The Great Left Divide". GMA News. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
6. ^ a b c d "Armed Conflicts: Philippines-CPP/NPA (1969–2017)". Project Ploughshares. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
7. ^ a b "Philippines' communist rebellion is Asia's longest-running insurgency". South China Morning Post. September 16, 2019. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
8. ^ Harvard University Asia Center (September 24, 2022). The Imposition of Dictatorship:Fifty Years Since Marcos'Declaration of Martial Law in thePhilippines. Event occurs at 45:45. Retrieved March 6, 2023.
9. ^ "Tiamzon, moderate, UP scholar, still head of communist party". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. July 5, 1987. p. 2. Retrieved October 20, 2022.
10. ^ a b Dumlao, Artemio (31 January 2013). "Rebels still dream of Cordillera's autonomy". The Philippine Star. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
11. ^ "Former Cordillera Rebel Factions Reunited". Cordillera.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
12. ^ Virgilio M Gaje (2012-02-01). "[PIA News] CPLA commemorates Mount Data peace accord". Archives.pia.gov.ph. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
13. ^ "Historical Background of Cordillera's Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy". Cordillera.gov.ph. 1991-03-01. Archived from the original on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2013-09-04.
14. ^ "PIA daily news in English, Tagalog, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Waray, Pangalatok from around the Philippines". Archived from the original on 2023-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
15. ^ "TIMELINE: The peace talks between the government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, 1986 – present". 24 November 2017.
16. ^ Romero, Paolo. "NPA-influenced barangays up during Estrada's term". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
17. ^ Romero, Paolo; Dumlao, Artemio (July 27, 2001). "NPA strength growing, MILF decreasing". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
18. ^ Peace Talk Philippines (November 28, 2012). "Peace Process with the Rebolusyarnong Partido ng Manggagawa ng Pilipinas – Revolutionary Proletarian Army – Alex Boncayao Brigade (RPM-P/RPA/ABB)". PeaceGovPH. Archived from the original on 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
19. ^ Saracho, Joel (April 27, 1987). "The men they call Sparrows". Manila Standard. Standard Publications, Inc. p. 2. Retrieved November 26, 2020. "...[T]he Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB), the urban guerilla [sic] unit of the New People's Army that the military has labeled the Sparrow Unit."
20. ^ Leifer, Michael (2013). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 51\. ISBN 978-1135129453.
21. ^ Leifer, Michael (May 13, 2013). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781135129453.
22. ^ Peace Talk Philippines (28 November 2012). "Background of the GPH and RPMP/RPA/ABB Peace Process". Retrieved November 3, 2017.
23. ^ "Peace adviser: Deal with RPA-ABB a good model for localized talks". The Philippine Star. March 27, 2019. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
24. ^ Schmid, Alex Peter (2011). The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research – Google Books. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415411578. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
25. ^ "War with the NPA, war without end". Rappler.com. December 1, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
26. ^ a b (Philstar.com) (25 December 2000). "Two more killed in mounting NPA-RHB rivalry in Central Luzon". Philstar.com. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
27. ^ "Suspected RHB rebels fall in Pampanga checkpoint". GMA News Online. June 24, 2010. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
28. ^ Pabico, Alecks P. (August 31, 2007). "PCIJ: Flashback: The Great Left Divide". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
29. ^ "GRP-RPM-M Peace Process".

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Communism in the Philippines

Events|

* Communist armed conflicts
* Hukbalahap
* New People's Army
* First Great Rectification Movement
* Second Great Rectification Movement

Organizations|

| Communist groups|

* Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930
* Socialist Party of the Philippines
* Communist Party of the Philippines
* New People's Army
* National Democratic Front
* Hukbalahap
* Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas
* Revolutionary Proletarian Army
* Alex Boncayao Brigade
* Marxist–Leninist Party of the Philippines
* Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan
* Cordillera People's Liberation Army

|

Labor unions|

* Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina
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Peasant groups|

* Aguman ding Maldang Talapagobra
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Political parties|

* Partido Obrero de Filipinas
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Mass organizations|

* Kabataang Makabayan
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* League of Young Communists of the Philippines
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People|

| Early thinkers and
labor leaders|

* Isabelo de los Reyes
* Hermenegildo Cruz
* Lope K. Santos
* Dominador Gómez
* Pascual H. Poblete

|

PKP members|

* Crisanto Evangelista
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* Vicente Lava
* José Lava
* Jesus Lava
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* Pedro Castro
* Jorge Frianeza
* Pedro Abad Santos

Peasant leaders|

* Juan Feleo
* Casto Alejandrino
* Jacinto Manahan
* Jaime Tadeo
* Mateo del Castillo

Hukbalahap|

* Luis Taruc
* Peregrino Taruc
* Silvestre Liwanag
* Agaton Bulaong
* Bernardo Poblete
* Felipa Culala

Communist Party
of the Philippines|

* Jose Maria Sison
* Fidel Agcaoili
* Nilo Tayag
* Bernabe Buscayno
* Antonio Zumel
* Benito Tiamzon
* Wilma Tiamzon
* Gregorio Rosal
* Filemon Lagman
* Emmanuel Lacaba
* Edgar Jopson
* Conrado Balweg
* Luis Jalandoni

Related topics|

* Anarchism in the Philippines
* Domino theory
* Labor history in the Philippines
* Peasant movement in the Philippines
* Philippine resistance against Japan
* Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)
* Anti-Subversion Act of 1957
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Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos

10th President of the Philippines and 10th First Lady of the Philippines

Family|

* Josefa Edralin & Mariano Marcos and Remedios Trinidad & Vicente Lopez-Romualdez (parents)
* Imee, Bongbong, Irene & Aimee (children)
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Education|

* University of the Philippines and U.P. College of Law (Ferdinand)
St. Paul's College of Tacloban and Philippine Women's University (Imelda)

Political career|

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Presidency
(1965–1986)|

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Post-presidency|

* 1st district of Leyte (1995–1998)
* Operation Big Bird
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Kleptocracy|

* Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
* Marcos mansions
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* Coco Levy Fund scam
* Golden Buddha theft
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Controversies|

* Human rights abuses
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Cultural depictions|

* Iginuhit ng Tadhana (The Ferdinand E. Marcos Story)
* Kumander Dante
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Ongoing armed conflicts

Africa|

| Central|

* Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
* Anglophone Crisis
* Bakassi conflict
* Cabinda War
* Central African Republic Civil War
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* Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ituri conflict
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* Kivu conflict
* M23 campaign
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency

|

East|

* ADF insurgency
* Ethiopian civil conflict
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* Oromo conflict
* War in Amhara
* Ethnic violence in South Sudan
* Insurgency in Mozambique
* Somali Civil War
* Operation Atalanta

North|

* Insurgency in Egypt
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* War in the Sahel
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West|

* Communal conflicts in Nigeria
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* Bakassi conflict
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Americas|

| North|

* Jamaican political conflict
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* Gang war in Haiti

|

South|

* Colombian conflict
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* Internal conflict in Peru
* Mapuche conflict
* Armed conflict for control of the favelas

Asia|

| East|

* Korean conflict

|

Central|

* Xinjiang conflict

South|

* Afghan conflict
* Islamic State–Taliban conflict
* Republican insurgency

* Internal conflict in Bangladesh

* Insurgency in Northeast India
* Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

* Insurgency in Pakistan
* Insurgency in Balochistan
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts
* Insurgency in Sindh
* Sectarian violence in Pakistan

South-
east|

* Myanmar conflict
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* Kachin conflict
* Kalay clashes
* Karen conflict
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* Conflict in Rakhine State
* Rohingya conflict
* Conflicts in the Philippines
* Communist
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* Papua conflict
* South Thailand insurgency

West|

* Abkhazia conflict
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* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency
* Iraq conflict
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* Kurdish separatism in Iran
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* Western Iran clashes
* Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* Syrian civil war
* Turkish intervention

Europe|

| East|

* Abkhazia conflict
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict
* Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian invasion of Ukraine

|

West|

* Dissident Irish republican campaign
* Loyalist feud

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Armed conflicts involving Philippines

Early modern|

* Mactan
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* Piracy in Sulu and Celebes
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* Manila (1574)
* Borneo expedition
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* 1st
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* 1st
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* Manila
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* Cochinchina expedition
* Cavite

Late modern|

* Philippine Revolution
* Spanish–American War
* Philippine–American War
* Moro (1902−1913)
* World War II
* Japanese invasion
* Allied invasion
* Hukbalahap
* Kamlon
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* Vietnam War
* Islamic State

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* t
* e

Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia

South Asia|

| India|

* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
* Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
* Religious violence in India

|

Pakistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
* 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
* India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
* Kargil War (1999)
* Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
* Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
* Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
* Religious violence in Pakistan

Sri Lanka|

* JVP insurrection (1971)
* Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)
* JVP insurrection (1987–1989)

Others|

* Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
* Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
* Operation All Clear

East Asia|

| China|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
* Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
* Tibetan unrest (2008)

|

Korea (North
and South)|

* Korean conflict
* Maritime border incidents
* 1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
* 2017–2018 crisis

Taiwan|

* Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)

Southeast Asia|

| Cambodia|

* Cambodian–Thai border
* 2008–2013 crisis
* 2025–present conflict

|

Indonesia|

* Papua conflict (1962–present)
* Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
* East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)

Myanmar|

* Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
* Karen conflict
* Kachin conflict
* Rohingya conflict
* Civil war (2021–present)

Philippines|

* Moro Conflict (1968-2019)
* ISIL Insurgency (2014-present)
* New People's army conflict (1969-present)

Thailand|

* South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
* Cambodian–Thai border
* 2008–2013 crisis
* 2025–present conflict

East Timor|

* Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
* East Timor genocide
* 1999 crisis
* 2006 crisis

Others|

* Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
* FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
* Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
* 2013 Lahad Datu standoff

Central Asia|

| Afghanistan|

* Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
* Afghan conflict
* Civil War
* 1989–1992
* 1992–1996
* 1996–2001
* 2001–2021 War
* Republican insurgency

|

Kazakhstan|

* Ethnic conflicts

Kyrgyzstan|

* 1990 Osh clashes
* 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
* 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes

Tajikistan|

* Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
* Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)

Uzbekistan|

* Fergana massacre (1989)
* Andijan massacre (2005)

West Asia|

| Azerbaijan|

* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
* First War
* 2016 conflict
* Second War

|

Bahrain|

* Bahraini uprising (2011)

Iran|

* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
* Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
* Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
* Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* South Lebanon (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Syrian arena (2012–2024)
* Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)

Iraq|

* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
* Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
* Iraqi conflict
* Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* ISIL insurgency (2017–present)

Israel|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Iran–Israel (1985–present)
* Syrian arena (2012–2024)

Lebanon|

* South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
* Lebanon War (2006)
* Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
* Lebanon conflict (2008)

Palestine|

* Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
* Second Intifada (2000–2005)
* Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
* Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)

Saudi Arabia|

* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war (1979–present)
* Qatif conflict
* Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)

Syria|

* Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
* Regional spillover

Turkey|

* Maoist insurgency
* DHKP/C insurgency
* Kurdish–Turkish conflict
* Turkey–ISIL conflict

Yemen|

* Civil war (1994)
* al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
* Houthi (2004–2015)
* South Yemen (2009–2015)
* Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
* Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
* Civil War (2014–present)

Inter-continental
conflict|

* Sinai insurgency (2011–present)

Related topics|

* War on terror
* Operation Inherent Resolve
* Arab Spring
* Arab Winter
* Colour revolutions

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