Communist revolution

Type of revolution

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Communist revolution" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Clockwise from top left:

* Lenin, Trotsky and Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution
* Mao Zedong and leading revolutionaries proclaim the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949
* Viet Minh troops returning to Hanoi after the French withdrawal on 9 October 1954
* A Nepalese Maoist rebel speaks to villagers in the area around Piskar

Part of a series on

Communism

Concepts

* Anti-capitalism
* Class conflict
* Class consciousness
* Classless society
* Collective leadership
* Communist revolution
* Commune
* Communist society
* Critique of political economy
* Free association
* "From each according to his ability,
to each according to his needs"
* Market abolitionism
* Proletarian internationalism
* Labour movement
* Social revolution
* Stateless society
* Wage slavery
* Workers' self-management
* World revolution
* Dictatorship of the proletariat

Economics

* Planned economy
* Gift economy
* Common ownership
* Socialization (Marxism)
* Economic democracy
* Use value

Variants

* Anarchist
* Crypto
* Marxism
* Leninist
* Libertarian
* Pre-Marxist
* Utopian
* Primitive
* Religious
* Christian
* World

History

* Communist League
* First International
* Second International
* Third International
* Fourth International
* Fifth International

Organisations

* Communist party
* list
* WPC
* WFTU
* WFDY
* IUS
* WIDF
* WFSW
* IOR

People

* Mazdak
* More
* Meslier
* Babeuf
* Marx
* Engels
* Morris
* Kropotkin
* Malatesta
* Pannekoek
* Du Bois
* Lenin
* Luxemburg
* Kollontai
* Stalin
* Trotsky
* Lukács
* Thälmann
* Makhno
* Bukharin
* Ho
* Gramsci
* Tito
* Togliatti
* Benjamin
* Khrushchev
* Mao
* Pot
* Zhou
* James
* Padmore
* Sartre
* Hoxha
* Beauvoir
* Nkrumah
* Kim
* Hobsbawm
* Althusser
* Freire
* Pasolini
* Mandel
* Aidit
* Raja
* Fanon
* Castro
* Berger
* Guevara
* Guattari
* Debord
* Amin
* Berlinguer
* Negri
* Guzmán
* Badiou
* Sison
* Newton
* Ali
* Davis
* Holloway
* Hampton
* Žižek
* Sankara
* Öcalan
* Gordillo
* Gilmore
* Marcos
* Hardt
* Dean
* Graeber
* Lordon
* Kelley
* Fisher
* Prashad
* Hatherley
* Moufawad-Paul
* Saito

By region

* Brazil
* Britain
* Cambodia
* Colombia
* France
* India
* Kerala
* Korea
* Nepal
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Russia
* Sumatra
* Vietnam

Symbols

* Hammer and sickle
* Red flag (politics)
* Red star
* "The Internationale"
* "Workers of the world, unite!"

Criticism

* Anti-communism
* Communist propaganda
* Criticism of communist party rule
* Totalitarianism
* Criticism of Marxism

Related topics

* 21st-century communist theorists
* Anti anti-communism
* Anti-communist mass killings
* Anti-fascism
* Communist state
* Communitarianism
* Crimes against humanity
* Genocide
* Cambodian genocide
* Holodomor
* Genocides committed by the Soviet Union
* Mass killings under communist regimes
* Internationalism
* Intentional community
* Left-wing politics
* Old Left
* New Left
* LGBTQ rights
* Marx's theory of alienation
* National communism
* Romania
* Red Scare
* Revolutionary socialism
* Socialist economics
* Socialist mode of production
* Trade union
* War communism
* Worker cooperative

Communism portal
Socialism portal

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Revolution

Characteristics

* Bourgeois
* Colour
* Communist
* Counter-revolutionary
* Democratic
* Nonviolent
* Passive
* Permanent
* Proletarian
* From above
* Wave
* Social

Methods

* Boycott
* Civil disorder
* Civil war
* Class conflict
* Contentious politics
* Coup d'état
* Demonstration
* Human chain
* Direct action
* Guerrilla warfare
* Insurgency
* Mass mobilization
* Mutiny
* Protest
* Rebellion
* Resistance
* Nonviolent
* Civil
* Disobedience
* Riot
* Samizdat
* Strike action
* Tax resistance
* Terror

Examples

* English
* Atlantic
* American
* Brabant
* Liège
* French
* Haitian
* Spanish American
* Serbian
* Greek
* 1820
* 1830
* July
* Belgian
* Texas
* 1848
* Italian states
* February
* German
* Hungarian
* Eureka
* Bulgarian unification
* Philippine
* Iranian
* First
* Second
* Young Turk
* Mexican
* Chinese
* Xinhai
* Communist
* Cultural
* 1917–1923
* Russian
* German
* Siamese
* Spanish
* August
* Guatemalan
* Hungarian (1956)
* Cuban
* Rwandan
* Nicaraguan
* Argentine
* Carnation
* Saur
* People Power
* 1989
* Yogurt
* Velvet
* Romanian
* Singing
* Bolivarian
* Bulldozer
* Rose
* Orange
* Tulip
* Kyrgyz
* Arab Spring
* Tunisian
* Egyptian
* Yemeni
* Euromaidan
* Second Arab Spring
* Sudanese

Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism.[1] Depending on the type of government, the term socialism can be used to indicate an intermediate stage between capitalism and communism and may be the goal of the revolution, especially in Marxist–Leninist views.[2] The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism;[3][4] Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class.[5] Thus, in the Marxist view, proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world.

## Theory

[edit]

Karl Marx saw revolution as a necessity for communism, where the revolution would be based on class struggle led by the organised proletariat to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie, followed by the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat.[1]

Leninism argues[6][7] that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of "professional revolutionaries", men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement.[8] Thus meaning that under Lenin's framework a communist revolution is not necessarily a proletarian revolution.[9] Some Marxists, such as Rosa Luxemburg,[10][8] disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin, especially left communists.[11][12][13] Another line of criticisms insist that the entire working class—or at least a large part of it—must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful. To this end, they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships.

## Communist revolutions and coups throughout history

[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2024)

|

The following is a list of successful and unsuccessful communist revolutions and coups throughout history. Among the lesser-known revolutions, a number of borderline revolutions have been included which may or may not have been communist revolutions. The nature of unsuccessful revolutions is particularly contentious since one can only speculate as to the kinds of policies that would have been implemented by the revolutionaries had they achieved victory.

### Successful

[edit]

To arms, everyone!, a Yugoslav Partisan propaganda poster

* 1917–1923: The October Revolution and the subsequent Russian Civil War led to the establishment of the Soviet Union.
* 1921: The Mongolian Revolution ended imperial Chinese rule over Mongolia and established the Mongolian People's Republic.
* 1927–1949: The Chinese Communist Revolution led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and fleeing of the Republic of China to Taiwan.
* 1941–1945: The Yugoslav People's Liberation War led to the defeat of axis powers in the Balkans, abolishment of the Yugoslav monarchy, and the establishment of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia.
* 1942–1945: The National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement in Albania established the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.
* 1944: The Bulgarian coup d'état led to the immediate abolishment of the Bulgarian monarchy, followed soon after by the establishment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
* 1945: The August Revolution forced Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate and established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
* 1946–1954: First Indochina War
* 1948: Czechoslovak coup d'état.
* 1953–1959: The Cuban Revolution overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, reestablishing the Republic of Cuba as a socialist state.
* 1955–1975: Vietnam War
* 1959–1975: Laotian Civil War
* 1961–1974: Angolan War of Independence
* 1961–1979: The Nicaraguan Revolution sees the Sandinistas oust the Somoza government.
* 1963: Les Trois Glorieuses in Congo-Brazzaville.
* 1968–1975: Cambodian Civil War
* 1969: The Corrective Move in South Yemen.
* 1969: The Somali coup d'état led to the formation of the Somali Democratic Republic.
* 1972: Mathieu Kérékou leads a military coup in Benin, leading to the creation of the People's Republic of Benin.
* 1974: Carnation Revolution (while the revolution overthrew the Estado Novo and created a governing alliance between army captains and the Communists,[14] the demands for a workers' democracy were quashed by a new coup on 25 November 1975 that installed a minority government of the center-left Socialist Party[15] with the backing of the United States and its Western allies[16])
* 1974: The 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état.
* 1978: The Saur Revolution leads to the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the start of the Afghan conflict.
* 1979: The New Jewel Movement overthrow's Eric Gairy's government in Grenada, creating the People's Revolutionary Government.
* 1983: The Upper Voltan coup d'état led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré. Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. Blaise Compaoré led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.
* 1996–2006: Nepalese Civil War.

### Unsuccessful

[edit]

A barricade thrown up by Communard National Guard on 18 March 1871 during the Paris Commune.

* 1871: Paris Commune
* 1915–1920: Jungle Movement of Gilan
* 1916: Easter Rising
* 1918: Finnish Civil War
* 1918–1925: Canadian Labour Revolt
* 1918: Aster Revolution
* 1918–1919: German Revolution of 1918–19
* 1918: Red Week
* 1918: Luxembourg communist revolution
* 1918–1920: Estonian War of Independence
* 1919–1923: Irish soviets

Communists driving through the streets of Budapest after the proclamation of the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

* 1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic
* 1919: Bender Uprising
* 1920: Georgian coup attempt
* 1921: Proština rebellion

Memorial erected to the September Uprising.

* 1923: September Uprising
* 1923: Hamburg Uprising
* 1924: Tatarbunary Uprising
* 1924: Estonian coup d'état attempt
* 1932: 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising
* 1935: Brazilian communist uprising
* 1936–1937: Spanish Revolution of 1936
* 1942–1954: Hukbalahap Rebellion
* 1945: Saigon Commune
* 1946–1954: Hukbalahap rebellion
* 1946–1949: Greek Civil War
* 1946–1951: Telangana Rebellion
* 1948–1949: Jeju uprising
* 1948–1989: Communist insurgency in Burma
* 1948–1960: Malayan Emergency
* 1948: Madiun Affair
* 1960–1996: Guatemalan Civil War
* 1962–1990: Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* 1965–1983: Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1968–1989: Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* 1970: Teoponte Guerrilla
* 1971: JVP insurrection
* 1971: Sudanese coup d'état

A Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter of the Brazilian Air Force conducting anti-communist operations in Araguaia.

* 1972–1974: Araguaia Guerrilla War
* 1975: 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état
* 1979–1992: Salvadoran Civil War
* 1982: Amol uprising
* 1987–1989: JVP insurrection
* 2021–2023: Eswatini protests

### Ongoing

[edit]

* 1964–present: Colombian conflict
* 1967–present: Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
* 1969–present: New People's Army rebellion and communist armed conflicts in the Philippines
* 1972–present: Maoist insurgency in Turkey
* 1980–present: Internal conflict in Peru
* 1990–present: DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey
* 2021–present: Myanmar civil war (2021–present)

### Table of revolutions

[edit]

Start date  | End date  | Duration  | Event(s)  | State  | Rebel group  | Revolutionary base area | Deaths  | Result  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

18 March 1871 | 28 May 1871 | (72 days)[17] | Paris Commune[17][18] |  France |

* Communards
* National Guards

| Paris | 7,544 killed overall[19][20] | Revolt suppressed[21]

* Disbanding the Second National Guard
by the French government

1 October 1915[22] | 5 June 1920[23] | (4 years, 249 days)  | Jangal Movement |  Qajar Iran | Jangal revolutionaries[24][25] | Gilan province |  | Establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic[22] | [a]
24 April 1916 | 29 April 1916 | (6 days)  | Easter Rising |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |  Irish rebel forces

* Irish Citizen Army[27]

| Dublin | 485 killed[28][29][30] | Unconditional surrender of rebel forces,[31] execution of most leaders.[32] | [b]
7 November 1917 | 7 November 1917 | (1 day)[33] | October Revolution |  Russia |  Bolsheviks
Petrograd Soviet
Left SRs
Red Guards
Anarchists[34] | Petrograd | Few wounded Red Guard soldiers[35] | Bolshevik victory
Start of the Russian Civil War[36] |
27 January 1918 | 15 May 1918 | (109 days)  | Finnish Civil War[37] |  Finland |

* Finnish Reds[38]
* Soviet Russia[39]

| Finland  | 38,300 killed[40] | Finnish Whites victory  |
2 August 1918 | 11 June 1925 | (6 years, 314 days)  | Canadian Labour Revolt |  Canada |

* One Big Union[41]
* Communist Party of Canada

| Canada  |  | Failure of the revolt  |
28 October 1918 | 31 October 1918 | (4 days)  | Aster Revolution |  Austria-Hungary

* Kingdom of Hungary

|  Hungarian National Council

* Hungarian Social Democratic Party
* Soldiers' Councils

| Hungary  |  | Revolutionary victory

* Hungary terminated Austria-Hungary
* End of the First World War in Hungary
* Establishment of First Hungarian People's Republic[42][43]

29 October 1918 | 11 August 1919 | (287 days)  | German Revolution of 1918–19[44][45] |  German Empire (1918)
German Republic (1918–1919) |  Communist revolutionaries:

* SPD (until 9 Nov. 1918)
* USPD (from 9 Nov. 1918)[44]
* Spartacus League [46]
* KPD
* IKD[47]
* Revolutionary Stewards[48]
* FVdG

Soviet Republics:

* People's State of Bavaria (until March 1919)
* Bavarian Soviet Republic[49][50][51]
* Bremen Soviet Republic[52]
* Saxon Soviet Republic[53]
* Würzburg Soviet Republic
* Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic

| Various regions of Germany  | 150–196[54] |

* Fall of the German Empire
* Suppression of leftist uprisings, including the Spartacist uprising
* End of the First World War
* Establishment of the Weimar Republic

9 November 1918 | 14 November 1918 | (6 days)  | Red Week |  Netherlands |  Faction of the Social Democratic Workers' Party[55] |  |  | No revolution  |
10 November 1918[56] | 14 January 1919 | (66 days)  | Luxembourg communist revolution |  Luxembourg | Assorted communists, socialists, and liberals  |  |  | French Army victory[56]

* Abdication of Marie-Adélaïde
* 1919 Luxembourg referendum

28 November 1918 | 2 February 1920[57] | (1 year, 67 days)  | Estonian War of Independence |  Estonia |  Estonian Worker's Commune[58]
RSFSR
Red Latvian Riflemen |  | 3,988+ killed[59][60][61] | Treaty of Tartu:[57]

* Independence of Estonia[57]
* Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia

29 January 1919[62] | 24 May 1923 | (4 years, 116 days)  | Irish soviets[63][64][65] |  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1919–1921)
Irish Free State (1921–1923) |  Irish soviets  | Ireland |  |

* Soviets shutdown
* Majority of individuals involved arrested

| [c]
23 March 1919 | 1 August 1919 | (132 days)  | Hungarian Soviet Republic[d][45] |  Hungarian Republic |  Hungarian Soviet Republic[66] | Hungary  | 6,670 killed[67] |

* Collapse of the Hungarian Soviet Republic
* Romanian occupation of most of Hungary
* Treaty of Trianon
* Miklós Horthy takes power as Regent of Hungary

| [e]
27 May 1919 | 27 May 1919 | (1 day)  | Bender Uprising |  Romania |  Red Guards
Ukrainian SSR | Tighina  | 150[69] | Romanian–French victory  |
2 May 1920 | 3 May 1920 | (2 days)  | 1920 Georgian coup attempt |  Democratic Republic of Georgia |  Georgian Bolsheviks | Georgia  | Several killed  | Government Victory[70][71][72]

* Treaty of Moscow signed[73]

1 March 1921 | 11 July 1921 | (133 days)  | Mongolian Revolution of 1921 |  Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Outer Mongolia |  Mongolian People's Party[74] | Outer Mongolia |  | Mongolian communist victory:[75][76]

* Collapse of the Bogd Khanate
* End of Chinese control over Mongolia
* Creation of the Mongolian People's Republic

2 February 1921 | 5 April 1921 | (63 days)  | Proština rebellion |  Italy | Civilians led by Ante Ciliga[77]

* Communist Party of Italy

| Istria | Unknown  | Government victory:

* Civilians arrested
* Village of Šegotići burned to the ground

| [f]
3 March 1921[79] | 8 April 1921[80] | (37 days)  | Labin mining strike and rebellion |  Italy |  Labin Republic | Istria | 5[81] | Government victory:

* Strike suppressed
* Miners acquitted of crimes[82]

| [g]
14 September 1923 | 29 September 1923 | (16 days)  | September Uprising |  Bulgaria |  BCP
BZNS
Anarchists |  | 841 killed[83] | Bulgarian government victory:

* Rebellion crushed; rebels withdraw to the Balkan Mountains

23 October 1923[84] | 24 October 1923 | (2 days)  | Hamburg Uprising |  Weimar Republic |  Communist Party of Germany | Hamburg | 99 killed[84] | Government victory  |
15 September 1924[85] | 18 September 1924[86] | (4 days)  | Tatarbunary Uprising |  Romania |  Tatarbunary Revolutionary Committee[87] | Tatarbunary | 3,000 killed[86] | Revolt quelled by the Romanian government  |
1 December 1924 | 1 December 1924 | (1 day)[88] | 1924 Estonian coup attempt |  Estonia |  Communist Party of Estonia[89][90] |  | 151 killed  | Estonian government victory  |
1 August 1927[91][92] | 1 October 1949[93][94] | (22 years, 62 days)  |

* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution[93]

|  China |  Chinese Communist Party

* Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (1927–1937)[91]
* People's Liberation Army (1946–1950)[95]

|  Communist-controlled China | cca. 8 million | Communist victory:

* Beginning of the Cross-Strait conflict

| [h]
22 January 1932[97] | February 1932 | (11 days)  | 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising |  Republic of El Salvador |  Communist Party of El Salvador
Pipil rebels  | Western El Salvador:

* Ahuachapán
* La Libertad
* Santa Ana
* Sonsonate

| 10,000 – 40,000[98] | Revolt suppressed, ethnocide of Pipil people[99] | [i]
23 November 1935 | 27 November 1935 | (5 days)  | Brazilian communist uprising of 1935 |  Brazil |  National Liberation Alliance

* Brazilian Communist Party[100]

| Natal, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro | 150+ killed  | Government victory  |
19 July 1936 | 25 May 1937 | (311 days)[101] | Spanish Revolution of 1936 |  Spain |  CNT-FAI[102][103]

UGT[104]

| Various regions of Spain – primarily Madrid, Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of Levante, Spain.  |  | Suppressed after ten-month period.  |
22 June 1941[105] | 29 November 1945 | (4 years, 161 days)  | Yugoslav People's Liberation War |  Yugoslavia |  Yugoslav Partisans |  | 850,000–1,200,000[106] | Yugoslav Partisan–Allied victory:

* Defeat of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the Balkans
* Defeat and overthrow of the Independent State of Croatia, Government of National Salvation, Chetniks, and other Axis collaborators[107]
* Communist-led Partisans abolish the Yugoslav Serb monarchy[108]
* Establishment of Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the rule of Josip Broz Tito

29 March 1942[109] | 2 September 1945 | (3 years, 158 days)  | Hukbalahap Rebellion
(First phase) |  Japan

*  Philippines

|  Hukbalahap[110] | Central Luzon |  | Huk victory:

* End of the Japanese occupation in 1945
* Tension rises between the U.S-backed government and the Huks[111]
* Rebellion resumes in 1946

16 September 1942[112] | August 1945 | (2 years, 320 days)  | National Liberation Movement[112] |  Albanian Kingdom |  National Anti-Fascist Liberation Movement[113] | Albania |  | Establishment of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania |
9 September 1944 | 9 September 1944 | (1 day)  | 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état |  Bulgaria |  Fatherland Front

* BCP
* NOVA
* BZNS

|  |  | Fatherland Front victory:

* Abolishment of the monarchy on 8 September 1946
* Establishment of the People's Republic of Bulgaria on 15 September 1946.

16 August 1945 | 30 August 1945 | (15 days)  | August Revolution[114] |  Empire of Vietnam |  Việt Minh | Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam |  | Việt Minh victory:

* Abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại[115]
* Abolishment of the Vietnamese monarchy[116]
* Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

6 September 1945[117] | 25 June 1950 | (4 years, 293 days)  | Korean Revolution[j] |  Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea |

* Communist Party of Korea (1945–1946)[119]
* New People's Party of Korea (1946–1946)[119]

* * *

* Workers' Party of South Korea (1946–1949)[120]
* Workers' Party of North Korea (1946–1949)[121]

* * *

* Workers' Party of Korea (from 1949)[122]

|  |  |

* Proclamation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948[123]
* Start of the Korean War

| [k]
May 1946 | 17 May 1954[126] | (8 years, 17 days)  | Hukbalahap Rebellion
(Second phase) |  Republic of the Philippines |  Communist Party of the Philippines[127]

* People's Liberation Army

| Central Luzon | Nearly 6,000 killed  | Philippine government victory:

* End of the rebellion
* Capture of Luis Taruc in 1954
* Beginning of communist insurgency in the Philippines in the 1960s

4 July 1946[128] | 25 October 1951[129] | (5 years, 114 days)  | Telangana Rebellion |  Hyderabad State (1946–1948)

Union of India (1948–1951)[130][131]

|  Telangana peasants
Andhra Mahasabha
Communist Party of India |  |  | Withdrawal of rebellion:

* Dissolution of Hyderabad State[132]
* Dissolution of communes and guerrilla squads
* Land reforms are enacted
* Ban on the Communist Party of India lifted[133]

19 December 1946 | 1 August 1954 | (7 years, 226 days)  | First Indochina War |  French Indochina |  DR Vietnam

* Việt Minh

Lao Issara (1945–1949)
Pathet Lao (1949–1954)[134] Khmer Issarak[134]

* United Issarak Front (1950–1954)[135]

|  | 400,000–842,707 total killed
[136][page needed]
[137][page needed]
[138] | DR Vietnam-allied victory:[139]

* 1954 Geneva Conference
* Departure of the French from Indochina
* State of Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia achieve independence
* Vietnam was partitioned between North (controlled by the Việt Minh) and South (controlled by the State of Vietnam)
* Start of the Vietnam War

| [l]
21 February 1948[140] | 25 February 1948[141] | (5 days)  | 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état |  Czechoslovak Republic |

* Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
* pro-communist faction of the Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers' Party

|  |  | Appointment of a communist-dominated government[141] |
2 April 1948[142] | 16 April 1989[143] | (41 years, 15 days)  | Communist insurgency in Burma |

* Union of Burma (1948–1962)
* Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988)
* Union of Burma (1988–1989)

* Communist Party of Burma (1948–1989)
* Communist Party (Burma) (1948–1978)
* Shan State Communist Party (1956–1958)[144]
* Communist Party of Arakan (1962–1986)

|  Shan State | 3,000+ killed  | Burmese government victory[143] |
3 April 1948[145][146] | 13 May 1949[147] | (1 year, 41 days)  | Jeju uprising[148] |

* United States Army Military Government in Korea (until August 1948)
* South Korea (from August 1948)

|  Workers' Party of South Korea | Jeju Island | 30,000–100,000 killed[149][147][150] | Uprising suppressed[147] | [m]
16 June 1948 | 31 July 1960 | (12 years, 46 days)  | Malayan Emergency |

* Federation of Malaya
*  Federated Malay States

|  Malayan Communist Party

* Malayan National Liberation Army

| British Malaya  | 11,107[153][154] | British-allied victory:

* Independence of the Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957
* Insurgency continues

18 September 1948[155] | 19 December 1948[156] | (93 days)  | Madiun Affair |  Indonesia |  People's Democratic Front:[157]

* PKI
* PS
* PBI
* SOBSI
* Pesindo

| Madiun | 1,920+ killed[158][159] | Rebellion suppressed  |
26 July 1953[160][161] | 1 January 1959[162][161] | (5 years, 160 days)  | Cuban Revolution[163] |  Cuba |  26th of July Movement[164]
Student Revolutionary Directorate
Second National Front of Escambray | Sierra Maestra | 3,000[165] | 26 July Movement victory:

* Overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's government
* Establishment of a government led by Fidel Castro
* Escambray rebellion[166][167]

| [n]
1 November 1955 | 30 April 1975[170] | (19 years, 181 days)  | Vietnam War |  South Vietnam |  Viet Cong

* People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam

| Memot District (1966–72)
Lộc Ninh (1972–75) | 1,326,494–3,447,494[171] | Communist victory  |
23 May 1959 | 2 December 1975 | (16 years, 194 days)  | Laotian Civil War |  Laos |  Lao People's Party

* Pathet Lao

North Vietnam

| Xam Neua | 20,000–62,000 killed[172] | Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese victory:

* Establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic
* End of the Kingdom of Laos
* Small scale insurgency by anti-Pathet Lao factions

| [o]
13 November 1960 | 29 December 1996[173] | (36 years, 47 days)  | Guatemalan Civil War |  Guatemala |  URNG[174] (from 1982)

* PGT[175] (until 1998)
* MR-13[175] (1960–1971)
* FAR (1960–1971)
* EGP (1971–1996)
* ORPA[176] (1979–1996)

| Guatemala  | Between 140,000 and 200,000 dead and missing (estimated)
[177][178][179] | Peace accord signed in 1996  |
4 February 1961 | 25 April 1974 | (13 years, 81 days)  | Angolan War of Independence |  Portuguese Angola |  MPLA | Province of Angola  | 12,990+ killed[180][181] | Angolan victory:[182][183]

* Military stalemate[184]
* MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA political victory
* Carnation Revolution
* Alvor Agreement and Angolan independence in 1975

19 July 1961 | 17 July 1979 | (17 years, 364 days)  | Nicaraguan Revolution |  Nicaragua |  FSLN

* EPS

MAP-ML (1978–1979)

* MILPAS

Panama (1978–1979)[185][186]

| North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region | 30,000+ killed  | FSLN military victory in 1979:

* Overthrow of Somoza government in 1979
* Insurgency of the Contras
* FSLN junta led by Daniel Ortega take power of Nicaragua in 1981[187]
* Electoral victory of FSLN in 1984

| [p]
c. December 1962 | 3 November 1990[188][189] | (27 years, 338 days)  | Communist insurgency in Sarawak |  Malaysia |  North Kalimantan Communist Party[189]

* North Kalimantan People's Army

| Sarawak | 400–500 killed  | Government victory:

* Peace Declaration of Sri Aman in 1973[190][191]
* Dissolution of the Sarawak Communist Organisation/North Kalimantan Communist Party (SCO/NKCP).[188]

13 August 1963[192] | 15 August 1963 | (3 days)  | Trois Glorieuses |  Congo | Congolese trade unions:[193]

* Congolese Youth Union
* Confédération générale aéfienne du travail

Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo[193] |  |  | Uprising successful:

* Fulbert Toulou ousted from power[194]
* Alphonse Massamba-Débat chosen as prime minister[195]
* National Revolution Movement formed as the single ruling party[196]

| [q]
27 May 1964[199] | Present  | (61 years, 25 days)  | Colombian conflict[200][201] |  Colombia |

* ELN (1964–)[202][203][204]
* FARC dissidents (2016–)[205]
* EPL/Los Pelusos (1967–)[206][207][208]
* FARIP (?–)[209]
* FARC (1964–2017)[210]
* ERP (1985–2007)[211][212]
* CGSB (1987–1990)[213][214][215]
* M-19 (1974–1990)[216]
* MOEC (1964–1995)[217]
* MAQL (1984–1991)[218][219]
* ERC (1964–1992)[220]
* ERG (1964–2008)[221][222]
* PRT (1964–1991)[223]

| Colombia with spillovers into Venezuela | 220,000+ killed[224][225][226] | Ongoing:

* Colombia–FARC peace deal in 2016
* Start of Catatumbo campaign in 2018

1965 | 1983 | (18 years, 1 day)  | Communist insurgency in Thailand |  Thailand |

* Communist Party of Thailand
* Malayan Communist Party[227]
* Pathet Lao[228][229]
* Khmer Rouge (until 1978, 1979–1983)[228][229]

| Nakhon Phanom Province | 6,762+ killed[230][231] | Thai government victory:

* Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government
* Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda[232]
* Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1983

18 May 1967 | Present  | (58 years, 34 days)  |

* Naxalbari uprising
* Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

|  India |  Communist Party of India (Maoist)

* People's Liberation Guerrilla Army

| Red corridor | Since 1997: 13,060–14,552[233][234] | Ongoing  | [r]
17 June 1968 | 2 December 1989 | (21 years, 169 days)[235][236] | Communist insurgency in Malaysia |  Malaysia |  Malayan Communist Party

* Malayan National Liberation Army

| Malay Peninsula and Sarawak[237] | 367  | Peace Agreement of Hat Yai signed:

* Dissolution of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP)[238][239]
* Insurgency continues in Sarawak until 1990[240][188]

17 January 1968 | 17 April 1975 | (7 years, 91 days)  | Cambodian Civil War |  Cambodia |  Communist Party of Kampuchea

* Khmer Rouge

| Ratanakiri Province | 275,000–310,000 killed  | Communist victory  | [s]
29 March 1969 | Present[241] | (56 years, 84 days)  | New People's Army rebellion |  Philippines |  Communist Party of the Philippines[242]

* New People's Army

| Samar | 43,000+ killed (up to 2008)[243] (63,973+ killed)  | Ongoing[244] | [t]
22 June 1969[246] | 22 June 1969 | (1 day)  | Corrective Move |  South Yemen |  Marxist faction of the NLF |  | No deaths[247] | Coup successful:[248]

* Overthrow of Al-Shaabi and his allies
* Nasserists purged from the National Liberation Front
* South Yemen becomes a socialist state, with Salim Rubai Ali as president.[247]

21 October 1969 | 21 October 1969 | (1 day)  | 1969 Somali coup d'état |  Somali Republic |  Supreme Revolutionary Council | Mogadishu |  | Supreme Revolutionary Council victory:[249]

* Somali Republic deposed
* Somali Democratic Republic established

19 July 1970[250] | 1 November 1970 | (106 days)  | Teoponte Guerrilla |  Bolivia |  Guerrilla de Teoponte (Ejército de Liberación Nacional)[250] | Teoponte Municipality |  | Bolivian government victory  |
5 April 1971 | June 1971 | (62 days)  | 1971 JVP insurrection |  Dominion of Ceylon |  JVP

* State of Augestan

| Southern Province and Sabaragamuwa Province | Official: 1,200
Estimated: 4,000–5,000[251][252] | Ceylonese government victory:[253][254]

* Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
* Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
* Expulsion of North Korean diplomats

19 July 1971 | 22 July 1971 | (4 days)[255] | 1971 Sudanese coup d'état |  Democratic Republic of Sudan | Revolutionary Council

* Sudanese Communist Party
* Rebel military units

| Khartoum |  | Coup attempt fails:[256]

* Nimeiry government restored
* Anti-communist purges by government forces
* Execution of rebelling officers
* Execution of several Sudanese Communist Party leaders
* Consolidation of Nimeiry's control

April 1972 | October 1974 | (2 years, 214 days)[257] | Araguaia Guerrilla War |  Federative Republic of Brazil |  Communist Party of Brazil[257] | Goiás and Tocantins[257] | 90+ killed[258] | Military dictatorship victory:

* Successful counter-insurgency operation
* Guerrillas failed to gain popular support
* Guerrilla forces exterminated

24 April 1972 | Present  | (53 years, 58 days)  | Maoist insurgency in Turkey |  Turkey |  Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist

* Liberation Army of the Workers and Peasants of Turkey

MKP-HKO-PHG

| Tunceli Province[259] |  | Ongoing  |
25 April 1974 | 25 April 1974 | (1 day)[260] | Carnation Revolution |  Estado Novo |  Armed Forces Movement |  | 5 deaths[261] | Coup successful:

* Dissolution of the Estado Novo
* Beginning of the Portuguese transition to democracy[262]
* End of the Portuguese Colonial War and independence of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe
* Indonesian invasion of East Timor
* Far-left demands latterly quashed by the Socialist Party[263]

12 September 1974 | 12 September 1974 | (1 day)  | 1974 Ethiopian coup d'état |  Ethiopia |  Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army[264] |  |  | Coup successful:[265]

* Emperor Haile Selassie is placed under arrest and is taken to the Fourth Division Army headquarters[266][267]
* Derg suspends constitution
* Beginning of the civil war

| [u]
7 November 1975[271] | 7 November 1975 | (1 day)  | 7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état |  Bangladesh |  Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal[272]
Biplobi Shainik Sangstha[273] |  |  | Successful coup:

* Death of Khaled Mosharraf[274]

| [v]
27 April 1978[276] | 28 April 1978 | (2 days)  | Saur Revolution |  Afghanistan |  People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan | Afghanistan | 2,000[277] | PDPA victory:

* Overthrow and execution of Mohammed Daoud Khan and his family[276]
* Purging and killing of Daoud's supporters[278]
* Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan[279]
* Eventual Soviet military intervention

| [w]
13 March 1979[281] | 13 March 1979 | (1 day)[282][283] | New Jewel Movement |  Grenada |  New Jewel Movement[281] |  |  | Installation of the People's Revolutionary Government[282] |
15 October 1979 | 16 January 1992 | (12 years, 94 days)  | Salvadoran Civil War |  El Salvador |  FMLN[284]

* FPL (BLP, LP-28)
* ERP
* RN (FAPU)
* PRTC (MLP)
* PCES

|  | 87,795+ killed[285] | Chapultepec Peace Accords[286] | [x]
17 May 1980[289][290] | Present[291] | (45 years, 35 days)  | Internal conflict in Peru |  Peru |  Communist Party of Peru–Shining Path[292]

* People's Guerrilla Army

* * *

Militarized Communist Party of Peru[293]

* * *

Red Mantaro Base Committee

* * *

Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement[294] (1982–1997)

| Ayacucho Region | 70,000+ killed[295][296][297] | Ongoing  | [y]
25 January 1982 | 25 January 1982 | (1 day)  | 1982 Amol uprising |  Iran |  Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) | Amol County | 80–300 killed  | Iranian government victory  |
4 August 1983 | 4 August 1983 | (1 day)  | Upper Voltan coup d'état[298][299] |  Upper Volta |  Left-wing armed forces faction led by Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré |  | 13 killed[300] |

* Thomas Sankara installed as the President of Upper Volta[301]
* Formation of Burkina Faso

[z]

15 April 1987 | 29 December 1987 | (259 days)  | 1987–1989 JVP insurrection |  Sri Lanka |  Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna

* Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya
* Patriotic People's Armed Troops

|  | 60,000–80,000 killed[305][306] | Sri Lankan Government victory:

* Execution of Rohana Wijeweera
* Emergency conditions in South-western and Central provinces lifted
* Insurgency declined following the fall of the Eastern bloc

1 April 1990 | Present  | (29 years, 128 days)  | DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey |  Turkey |  DHKP/C[307]
TKP/ML[307]
MLKP
Communist Party of Turkey (Workers Voice)

Syria (Until 2024)[308]

|  | 70–100+ deaths[309] |  |
13 February 1996 | 21 November 2006 | (10 years, 282 days)  | Nepalese Civil War |  Nepal |  Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)[310]

* People's Liberation Army, Nepal

| Rapti Zone | 17,800 killed overall[311] | Comprehensive Peace Accord[312] | [aa]
20 June 2021 | June 2023 | (2 years, 1 day)  | 2021–2023 Eswatini protests |  Eswatini |

* Communist Party of Swaziland (CPS)[313]
* People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO)
* Ngwane National Liberatory Congress (NNLC)
* Swazi Democratic Party (SWADEPA)[314]
* Economic Freedom Fighters of Swaziland (EFFSWA)[314]
* African United Democratic Party (AUDP)
* Mass Democratic Movement (MDM)[315]
* Swaziland International Solidarity Forces[316]

|  | 24+[317][318] | Protests suppressed.[319] |
August 2021[320][321] | Present  | (3 years, 324 days)  | Myanmar civil war (2021–present) |  Myanmar |

* People's Liberation Army (Myanmar)
* National Unity Government[322][323][324]
* Brotherhood Alliance

| Myanmar  | 45,264+ killed[325] | Ongoing  |

## See also

[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Communist revolution.

* Class conflict
* Communist state
* Communist society
* List of communist states

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Persian Socialist Soviet Republic was invaded and reincorporated into Qajar Iran in November 1921.[26]
2. ^ While not explicitly Communist in Nature, the Easter Rising of 1916 was supported by Marxist groups such as the Irish Citizen Army.
3. ^ The Irish soviets, declared during the revolutionary period of the Irish war of independence and the Irish civil war, which were defeated by the Irish Free State forces.
4. ^

* Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
* Hungarian–Romanian War

5. ^ Led by Béla Kun,[68] defeated after five months.[51]
6. ^ About 400 participants of the Proština rebellion were arrested and taken to the Pula remand prison. Fascists and soldiers beat and mistreated arrested the anti-fascists on the way, and several people died as a result of the beatings. Gradually, the anti-fascists were released from prison and later, in the context of the process of wider political amnesty, all were released.[78]
7. ^ The anti-fascist, socialist Labin Republic uprising in modern-day Labin, Croatia, which pushed out Mussolini's fascist forces and established a socialist society in the city and surrounding towns.
8. ^ The Chinese Communist Revolution was the final stage of the Chinese Civil War, that resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in China in 1949.[93][96]
9. ^ The uprising, known as La matanza (the slaughter), was a Pipil and peasant rebellion led by Farabundo Martí.
10. ^ The period from the end of Chōsen, through the socialist People's Republic of Korea and the foundation of Democratic People's Republic of Korea, to the beginning of the Korean War.[118]
11. ^ As of 1992, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea no longer prescribes to Marxism–Leninism,[124] and as of 2009 is no longer a communist state.[125]
12. ^ The defeat of the French at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 1954, and brought the Communist Party of Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh to power in North Vietnam. A victory followed closely by the protracted guerrilla warfare-dominated Vietnam War (1957–1975), which in turn led to the fall of Saigon and the driving-out of occupying United States military forces there, and the unification of North and South Vietnam by communist guerrilla forces into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The conflict drastically changed neighboring Laos and Cambodia.
13. ^ The Jeju uprising was notable for its extreme violence; between 14,000 and 30,000 people (10 percent of Jeju's population) were killed (with some reports from Korean officials reporting numbers killed as high as 100,000) and 40,000 fled to Japan.[151][152]
14. ^ Nationalistic revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara which overthrew former president Fulgencio Batista and instated a Marxist–Leninist socialist regime later on in Cuba.[168] Even though Batista had been elected for his first term, he achieved power for his second term through a coup d'état.[169]
15. ^ The Laotian Civil War resulting in the victory of the communist Pathet Lao/Lao People's Revolutionary Party in Laos by 1975, eliminating a coalition government with anti-communists led to the establishment of the communist-administered Lao People's Democratic Republic.
16. ^ The Nicaraguan Revolution that overthrew the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and brought the Sandinistas to power in Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990.
17. ^ Instability and the arresting of political opponents eventually led to left-wing protests[197] and Massamba-Débat relinquishing power to Marien Ngouabi, who declared the People's Republic of the Congo under the control of the Congolese Workers' Party.[198]
18. ^

* The Maoist revolution of India happened in 1977. It was defeated by the Indian National Congress then led by Indira Gandhi.
* In India, various Maoist-oriented factions (generally called Naxalites) have waged armed struggles since the Naxalbari rebellion of 1967. Today, the most prominent Naxalite group is the Communist Party of India (Maoist).

19. ^ The civil war in Cambodia ended with the Khmer Rouge revolution in 1975. The Communist Party of Cambodia and Pol Pot then ruled the country until 1979.
20. ^ Maoist-styled "Protracted People's War" in the Philippines.[245]
21. ^ The overthrow of Haile Selassie by Mengistu Haile Mariam who then set up one-party Marxist–Leninist rule in Ethiopia by the communist Workers' Party of Ethiopia, until they were defeated and expelled by the revolutionary democratic and Hoxhaist[268][269] Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front during a subsequent civil war.[270]
22. ^ After the new president, Ziaur Rahman, offered pay increases for the soldiers, most soldiers lost interest in the ideals of the revolution.[275]
23. ^ They were overthrown by the mujahideen in 1992.[280]
24. ^ The FMLN (mainly composed of Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups)[287] fought against the U.S. backed military government which suppressed the rebel movement by framing and mass murdering alleged Marxist–Leninist revolutionaries (El Mozote massacre).[288] The FMLN was inspired by the ideologies of Farabundo Martí and Vladimir Lenin.
25. ^ The internal conflict in Peru comprised two rebellions by two different Marxist organizations. One, the Shining Path, fought a bloody war beginning in 1980 with successive Peruvian governments, both democratic and authoritarian in nature. Another organization, known as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), named after an Incan warrior Túpac Amaru began their own rebellion in 1982. The MRTA and Shining Path quickly became bitter enemies and fought one another as well as the government of Peru. Fighting goes on today with a small number of Shining Path cadres, however the movement has mostly been crushed and only operates in a very remote jungle region. The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was largely destroyed in 1997 after the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
26. ^ After the formation of Burkina Faso, Thomas Sanka led many socialist policy implementations. One example is the suppression of most of the powers held by tribal chiefs in Burkina Faso. The chiefs were stripped of their rights to tribute payments and forced labour as well as having their land distributed amongst the peasantry.[302] Blaise Compaoré later led the 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état, which killed Thomas Sankara and reversed his far-left policies.[303][304]
27. ^ The Maoist Unified Communist Party of Nepal fought a fairly successful revolutionary war against the autocratic King of Nepal. In 2006 peace was declared, and an agreement was reached that the Maoists would join an interim government.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Lazar 2011, p. 311.
2. ^ Štromas, Alexander; Faulkner, Alexander Robert K.; Mahoney, Alexander Daniel J., eds. (2003). Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-7391-0534-4.
3. ^ Calvert, Peter (1990). "Interpretation". Revolution and Counter-Revolution. Open University Press. pp. 37–39\. ISBN 0-335-15398-4.
4. ^ Jessop 1972, pp. 28–29.
5. ^ Engels, Friedrich (October–November 1847). The Principles of Communism. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive. "Further, it has co-ordinated the social development of the civilized countries to such an extent that, in all of them, bourgeoisie and proletariat have become the decisive classes, and the struggle between them the great struggle of the day. It follows that the communist revolution will not merely be a national phenomenon but must take place simultaneously in all civilized countries – that is to say, at least in England, America, France, and Germany."
6. ^ Lenin, V. I. (1972) [18–23 March 1919]. "Eighth Congress of the R.C.P.(B.)". Lenin's Collected Works. Vol. 29 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 141–225\. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
7. ^ Cohen, Mitchell (Fall 2017). "What Lenin's Critics Got Right". Dissent Magazine. Archived from the original on January 11, 2024.
8. ^ a b D'Amato, Paul (2014). "Marx, Lenin, and Luxemburg". International Socialist Review. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
9. ^ Cheng, Enfu (2021). "What Is the Scientific Nature and Contemporary Value of Leninism?—A Discussion with Professor David Lane". International Critical Thought. 11 (4): 638–654\. doi:10.1080/21598282.2021.2012738. S2CID 245804148.
10. ^ Várnagy, Tomás (April 19, 2021). "A Central European Revolutionary". Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. Archived from the original on October 10, 2023. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
11. ^ Mattick, Paul (August 1938). "The Masses & The Vanguard". Living Marxism. Vol. 4, no. 4\. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
12. ^ Pannekoek, Anton (1941). "The Party and Class". Modern Socialism. Vol. 2\. pp. 7–10\. Archived from the original on December 17, 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
13. ^ Chomsky, Noam (March 12, 2013). "Noam Chomsky on Revolutionary Violence, Communism and the American Left". Pax Marxista (Interview). Interviewed by Christopher Helali. Archived from the original on July 29, 2015 – via chomsky.info.
14. ^ Birmingham, David (2003), A Concise History of Portugal (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 191–92
15. ^ Gallagher, Tom (1983), Portugal: A Twentieth-Century Interpretation, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 224, 227, 230–31
16. ^ Maxwell, Kenneth (1995), The Making of Portuguese Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 199
17. ^ a b Carlisle 2005, pp. 95–96.
18. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
19. ^ Milza, Pierre (2009a). L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) [The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871)] (in French). Paris: Perrin. ISBN 978-2-262-03073-5.
20. ^ "annexe au procès verbal de la session du 20 juillet 1875" [appendix to the minutes of the session of July 20, 1875], Rapport d'ensemble de M. le Général Appert sur les opérations de la justice militaire relatives à l'insurrection de 1871 [Overall report by General Appert on the operations of military justice relating to the 1871 insurrection] (in French), Versailles: Assemblée nationale, 1875
21. ^ "Third Party Address [The Paris Commune]". May 1871. Archived from the original on January 17, 2024 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
22. ^ a b Zirinsky 1994, pp. 49–50.
23. ^ Dailami, Pezhmann (April 10, 2012) [15 December 2008]. "Jangali Movement". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XIV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 534–544. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
24. ^ Katouzian, Homa (1981). The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: MacMillan. p. 75.
25. ^ Amirahmadi, Hooshang (2012). The Political Economy of Iran under the Qajars: Society, Politics, Economics and Foreign Relations 1799 to 1921. London: I.B. Tauris. p. xiv. ISBN 978-1-8488-5672-1.
26. ^ Zirinsky 1994, p. 57.
27. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. ISBN 978-1566637046.
28. ^ "1916 Necrology" (PDF). Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 14, 2017.
29. ^ "1916 list". Glasnevin Trust. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
30. ^ Sinn Fein Rebellion handbook, Easter, 1916. Irish Times. 1916. p. 52.
31. ^ Townshend, Charles (2006). Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion. London: Ivan R. Dee Inc. pp. 243–246\. ISBN 978-1566637046.
32. ^ Outram, Quentin; Laybourn, Keith, eds. (2018). Secular Martyrdom in Britain and Ireland. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 165–194\. ISBN 978-3-319-62904-9.
33. ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 96.
34. ^ "Russian Revolution". History Channel. April 20, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023.
"Июльский кризис" [July Crisis]. Nabat (in Russian). No. 1\. September 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2023 – via Azarov.net.
35. ^ "Russian Revolution". history.com. November 9, 2009. Archived from the original on August 26, 2023.
36. ^ Carr, E. H. (1985). The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1923. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 111–116\. ISBN 9780393301953.
37. ^ Saarela 2015, pp. 41–62; Tepora & Roselius 2014, pp. 5–6; Tikka 2014, pp. 97–98; Hodgson 1967, pp. 58–64, 81–82; Casanova 2000, pp. 515–517
38. ^ Upton 1981, pp. 447–453; Keränen 1992, pp. 136, 149, 152, 159; Vares 1998, pp. 56–79, 199–249; Jussila 2007, pp. 276–29; Vares 2009, pp. 376–394
39. ^ Hodgson 1967, pp. 74–76.
40. ^ Paavolainen 1966, Paavolainen 1967, Paavolainen 1971, Upton 1980, pp. 191–200, 453–460, Eerola & Eerola 1998, National Archive of Finland 2004, Roselius 2004, pp. 165–176, Westerlund & Kalleinen 2004, pp. 267–271, Westerlund 2004a, pp. 53–72, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118
41. ^ Kealey, G. S. (1984). "1919: The Canadian Labor Revolt". Plowing / Le Travail. 13: 11–44\. doi:10.2307/25140399. JSTOR 25140399.
42. ^ Cornelius, Deborah S. (February 25, 2017). Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron. Fordham University Press. p. 10\. ISBN 9780823233434.
43. ^ Rudnytsky, Peter L.; Bokay, Antal; Giampieri-Deutsch, Patrizia (July 1, 2000). Ferenczi's Turn in Psychoanalysis. NYU Press. p. 43\. ISBN 978-0814775455.
44. ^ a b Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 3–4.
45. ^ a b Le Blanc 2006, pp. 138–139.
46. ^ Hoffrogge 2014, p. 5.
47. ^ Hoffrogge 2014, pp. 97–98.
48. ^ Hoffrogge, Ralf [in German] (2011). "From Unionism to Workers' Councils – The Revolutionary Shop Stewards in Germany 1914–1918". In Ness, Immanuel; Azzellini, Dario (eds.). Ours to Master and to Own: Worker's Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
49. ^ Gaab, Jeffrey S. (2006). Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics. Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers. p. 58\. ISBN 978-0820486062.
50. ^ Mitchell, Allan (1965). Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 346\. ISBN 978-1400878802.
51. ^ a b Pons 2014, pp. 16–17.
52. ^ Schröder, Ulrich; Kuckuk, Peter (2017). Bremen in der Deutschen Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Räterepublik, Restauration [Bremen in the German Revolution 1918/1919: Revolution, Soviet Republic, Restoration] (in German). Falkenberg. p. 48\. ISBN 978-3954941155.
53. ^ Pryce, Donald B. (June 1977). "The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene". Central European History. 10 (2). Cambridge University Press: 112–147\. doi:10.1017/S0008938900018367. JSTOR 4545794. S2CID 143820323.
54. ^ Jones, Mark (2016). Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–199\. ISBN 978-1-107-11512-5 – via Google Books.
55. ^ Bouwman, R. (1981). "Troelstra en het succes van zijn mislukte revolutie" [Troelstra and the success of his failed revolution]. Socialisme en Democratie (in Dutch). 38 (7/8). Amsterdam: 23.
56. ^ a b "Luxembourg's history: Mutiny in the Grand Duchy". RTL. August 7, 2021. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
57. ^ a b c Rauch, Georg von (1974). The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940. C. Hurst & Co. p. 73.
58. ^ Arjakas, Küllo; Laur, Mati; Lukas, Tõnis; Mäesalu, Ain (1991). Eesti ajalugu [History of Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Koolibri. p. 261.
59. ^ "Vabadussoja Ajaloo Selts" [Freedom Soy History Society] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on December 12, 2023.
60. ^ "Kaitsevägi mälestab Vabadussõjas langenuid - Kaitsevägi" [Defense Forces commemorates those who fell in the War of Independence - Defense Forces] (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
61. ^ Kaevats, Ülo (1990). Eesti Entsüklopeedia [Estonian Encyclopedia] (in Estonian). Vol. 5\. Valgus. p. 396\. ISBN 5-89900-009-0.
62. ^ McNally, F. (2015). "Political asylum – An Irishman's Diary on mental health and the Monaghan Soviet". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2019.
63. ^ Dorney, John (June 6, 2013). "The General Strike and Irish independence". The Irish Story. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
64. ^ Lee, D. (2003), "The Munster Soviets and the Fall of the House of Cleeve" (PDF), Made In Limerick, archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2019, retrieved January 30, 2019
65. ^ Nielsen, Robert (October 8, 2012). "Irish Soviets 1919-23". Whistling in the Wind. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
66. ^ Völgyes, Iván (1970). "The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality". East European Quarterly. 1 (4). ISSN 0012-8449.
67. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015. McFarland. pp. 344–345\. ISBN 978-1-4766-2585-0 – via Google Books.
68. ^ Völgyes 1970, p. 58.
69. ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 190.
70. ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1951). The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917–1921. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 296, 314.
71. ^ Lang, David Marshall (1962). A Modern History of Georgia. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 225–226.
72. ^ Pipes, Richard (1954). The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Harvard University Press. p. 227.
73. ^ "Georgian Independence". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
74. ^ Kungurov, G.; Sorokovikov, I. (1957). Aratskaya revolyutsiya Аратская революция [Herdsmen's revolution] (in Russian). Irkutsk: Irkutskoe Kniznoe Izd. p. 84.
75. ^ Ewing, Thomas E. (July 1980). "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911–1921: A Reappraisal". Slavonic and East European Review. 58 (3). London: 399–421 [419]. JSTOR 4208079.
76. ^ Nasanbaljir, Ts. (1960). Revolyutsionnye meropriyatiya narodogo pravitel'stva Mongolii v. 1921–1924 gg [Revolutionary measures of the Mongolian people's government, 1921–1924] (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 22–23.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
77. ^ "Proštinska buna" [Proština rebellion]. Istrapedia (in Croatian). July 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023.
78. ^ "Ugušena Proštinska buna - prvi antifašistički otpor u Istri" [Suppressed Proština rebellion - the first anti-fascist resistance in Istria]. Antifašistički vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on September 30, 2023.
79. ^ Celeghini, Riccardo (March 23, 2016). "BALKANS: "The mine is ours!" History of the Republic of Labin". eastjournal.net. East Journal. Archived from the original on October 2, 2023. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
80. ^ Stallaerts, Robert (2009). Historical Dictionary of Croatia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7363-6.
81. ^ Osmanagić, Danijel (August 3, 2021). "100 let Labinske republike" [100 years of the Republic of Labin]. Zgodovina na dlani (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on February 6, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
82. ^ "Labinska republika" [Labin Republic]. Istarska enciklopedija (in Croatian). Archived from the original on November 10, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
83. ^ Muzeĭ na revolyutsionnoto dvizhenie v Bŭlgariya: Zvezdi vŭv vekovete Музей на революционното движение в България: Звезди във вековете [Museum of the Revolutionary Movement in Bulgaria: Stars in the Ages] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Publishing House of the Bulgarian Communist Party. 1972.
84. ^ a b Lemmons, Russel (2013). Hitler's Rival: Ernst Thälmann in Myth and Memory. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 35–36\. ISBN 978-0-8131-4090-2.
85. ^ Rotari 2004, p. 241.
86. ^ a b Rotari 2004, p. 238.
87. ^ Frunză, Victor (1990). Istoria stalinismului în România [The history of Stalinism in Romania] (in Romanian). București: Humanitas. p. 70\. ISBN 9732801778.
88. ^ Leonard, Raymond W. (1999). Secret soldiers of the revolution: Soviet military intelligence, 1918-1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36\. ISBN 978-0-313-30990-8.
89. ^ Lepp, Jaan. "Kommentaar: 1. detsembri aasta" [Comment: December 1 year]. Eesti Elu (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
90. ^ Salo, Vello (December 4, 2008). "Vello Salo: aprillitame Jüriöö?" [Vello Salo: April Fool's Day?]. Postimees (in Estonian). Archived from the original on October 19, 2023. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
91. ^ a b Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 295\. ISBN 9781598844153. Archived from the original on April 11, 2023. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
92. ^ Benton 2015, pp. 3–4.
93. ^ a b c Yang, Benjamin; Saich, Tony (2016). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56324-154-3.
94. ^ Carlisle 2005, p. 97.
95. ^ Benton, Gregor (1999). New Fourth Army: Communist Resistance Along the Yangtze and the Huai, 1938–1941. University of California Press. p. 396\. ISBN 978-0-520-21992-2.
96. ^ Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). "Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?". In Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael (eds.). The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 16, 2022. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
97. ^ Ching, Erik (October 1998). "In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador" (PDF). The Americas. 55 (2). Greenville, South Carolina: Furman University: 204–239 [205–206]. doi:10.2307/1008053. JSTOR 1008053. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
98. ^ Tulchin, Joseph S. & Bland, Gary, eds. (1992). Is There a Transition to Democracy in El Salvador?. L. Rienner Publishers. p. 167\. ISBN 9781555873103. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
99. ^ Lindo Fuentes, Héctor; Ching, Erik & Lara Martínez, Rafael A. (2007). Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 37, 62. ISBN 9780826336040.
100. ^ "A revolta comunista de 1935" [The communist revolt of 1935] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
101. ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, pp. viii–xi, 24, 118.
102. ^ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism Theory and Practice. Oakland, Edinburgh: AK Press. pp. 66–67\. ISBN 1-902593-928.
103. ^ Dolgoff, Sam (1974). The Anarchist Collectives: Workers' Self-management in the Spanish Revolution, 1936–1939. Black Rose Books Ltd. p. 5\. ISBN 978-0-919618-20-6.
104. ^ Pagès i Blanch 2013, p. 24.
105. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005. New York: Indiana University Press. p. 142\. ISBN 0-253-34656-8. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
106. ^ Geiger 2011, pp. 699–749; A'Barrow 2016; Žerjavić 1993; Mestrovic 2013, p. 129
107. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo (1975). The Chetniks. Stanford University Press. pp. 451–452\. ISBN 0804708576.
108. ^ Abromeit, John; Norman, York; Marotta, Gary; Chesterton, Bridget Maria (November 19, 2015). Transformations of Populism in Europe and the Americas: History and Recent Tendencies. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-4742-2522-9.
109. ^ Lachica, Eduardo (1971). The Huks: Philippine Agrarian Society in Revolt. New York: Praeger Publishing.[page needed]
110. ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict (1977). The Huk Rebellion: A Case Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. London: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-7425-1867-4.[page needed]
111. ^ Kerkvliet, Benedict J. (2002). The Huk Rebellion A Study of Peasant Revolt in the Philippines. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 113\. ISBN 9781461644286.
112. ^ a b Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). Albania at war, 1939-1945 (illustrated ed.). C. Hurst & Co. pp. 129–130\. ISBN 978-1-85065-531-2.
113. ^ Ramet, Sabrina P. (2023). "Socialist Mavericks: Yugoslavia and Albania, 1943–1991". East Central Europe and Communism: Politics, Culture, and Society, 1943–1991. Routledge. pp. 231–314 [285–288]. ISBN 9781032318202.
114. ^ Huynh, Kim Khanh (August 1971). "Vietnamese August Revolution Reinterpreted". Journal of Asian Studies. 30 (4): 761–782\. doi:10.2307/2052986. JSTOR 2052986. S2CID 154323872.
115. ^ Spector, Ronald H. (2007). In the ruins of empire: the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia. New York. p. 108\. ISBN 978-0375509155.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
116. ^ "Thực chất chính phủ Trần Trọng Kim và "lòng yêu nước" của ông thủ tướng" [The essence of Tran Trong Kim's government and the "patriotism" of the prime minister]. Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (in Vietnamese). No. 446\. April 29, 2017. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018., Tuần báo Văn Nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh số 446, 29/4/2017
117. ^ Kim 2016, pp. 43–45.
118. ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1–12.
119. ^ a b Kim 2016, pp. 107–112.
120. ^ Suh, Dae-Sook (1986). "North Korea in 1985: A New Era after Forty Years". Asian Survey. 26 (1): 78–85\. doi:10.2307/2644095. JSTOR 2644095.
121. ^ Lanko, Andrei N. (2001). "The Demise of Non-Communist Parties in North Korea (1945–1960)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 3 (1). MIT Press: 103–125\. doi:10.1162/15203970151032164. JSTOR 26925101. S2CID 57570755.
122. ^ "1940's (1945–1949)". NK Chosun. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007.
123. ^ Armstrong 2003, pp. 1, 69–70.
124. ^ Worden, Robert L., ed. (2009). North Korea – A Country Study (PDF) (Fifth ed.). Library of Congress Country Studies. p. 186\. ISBN 978-0-8444-1188-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2023.
125. ^ Herskovitz, Jon; Kim, Christine (September 28, 2009). "North Korea drops communism, boosts "Dear Leaders"". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
126. ^ Goodwin, Jeff (2001). Lange, Peter; Bates, Robert H. (eds.). No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. Ellen Comisso, Helen Milner, Joel Migdal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119\. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511812125. ISBN 978-0-521-62948-5.
127. ^ Saulo, Alfredo (1969). Communism in the Philippines: An Introduction. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press.
128. ^ Sundarayya, P. (1973). "Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946-1951. Part One: Historical Setting". Social Scientist. 1 (7): 3–19 [8–13]. doi:10.2307/3516269. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3516269.
129. ^ Ram 1973, pp. 1029–1030.
130. ^ Roosa, John (2001). "Passive revolution meets peasant revolution: Indian nationalism and the Telangana revolt". The Journal of Peasant Studies. 28 (4). Taylor & Francis: 57–94 [79–80]. doi:10.1080/03066150108438783. ISSN 0306-6150. S2CID 144106512. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
131. ^ Guha, Ranajit (1976). "Indian democracy: Long dead, now buried". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 6 (1). Taylor & Francis: 39–53 [41]. doi:10.1080/00472337685390051. ISSN 0047-2336. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
132. ^ Mantena, Rama Sundari (2014). "The Andhra Movement, Hyderabad State, and the Historical Origins of the Telangana Demand: Public Life and Political Aspirations in India, 1900–56". India Review. 13 (4). Taylor & Francis: 337–357 [350–355]. doi:10.1080/14736489.2014.964629. ISSN 1473-6489. S2CID 154482789.
133. ^ Ram 1973, p. 1030.
134. ^ a b Dalloz, Jacques (1987). La Guerre d'Indochine 1945–1954 [The Indochina War 1945–1954] (in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. 129–130, 206.
135. ^ Kiernan, Ben (1985). How Pol Pot Came to Power. London: Verso Books. p. 80.
136. ^ Lomperis, T. (1996). From People's War to People's Rule.
137. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (1995). Vietnam in Military Statistics.
138. ^ Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: a History. Penguin Books. p. 221\. ISBN 0-14-026547-3.
139. ^ Lee Lanning 2008, p. 119; Crozier 2005, p. 47; Fall 1994, p. 63; Logevall 2012, pp. 596–599
140. ^ Grogin, Robert C. (2001). Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917–1991. Lexington Books. p. 134\. ISBN 0-7391-0160-9.
141. ^ a b Naegele, Jolyon (February 23, 1998). "Czech Republic: Fiftieth Anniversary of Communist Coup Observed". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on October 26, 2023.
142. ^ Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). "The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" (PDF). Leeds East Asia Papers. 67. University of Leeds: 12–13\. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008.
143. ^ a b Tha, Kyaw Pho (October 3, 2013). "The Demise of a Once Powerful Communist Party—Now in Myanmar". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
144. ^ Fleischmann, Klaus (1989). Die Kommunistische Partei Birmas – Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart [The Communist Party of Burma – From the Beginnings to the Present] (in German). Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde. p. 405.
145. ^ Merrill 1980, p. 166.
146. ^ Johnson 2001, p. 99.
147. ^ a b c Johnson 2001, pp. 99–101.
148. ^ "Moon vows continued push for honor of Jeju April 3 incident victims". Yonhap. April 3, 2021. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved April 5, 2021 – via The Korea Herald.
149. ^ Merrill 1980, p. 189.
150. ^ Cumings, Bruce (2010). The Korean War A History. Modern Library. pp. 124–125.
151. ^ Deane, Hugh (1999). The Korean War 1945–1953. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals Inc. pp. 54–58\. ISBN 978-0141912240.
152. ^ Takayama, Hideko (June 19, 2000). "Ghosts of Cheju". Newsweek. Archived from the original on December 2, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
153. ^ "Royal Malaysian Police (Malaysia)". Crwflags.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
154. ^ Smith, Harry (August 1, 2015). Long Tan: The Start of a Lifelong Battle. Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-1-922132-32-1. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020 – via Google Books.
155. ^ Kahin, George (1970). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. p. 298\. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.
156. ^ Pinardi (1966). Peristiwa Coup Berdarah P.K.I. September 1948 di Madiun [P.K.I.'s Bloody Coup Event September 1948 in Madiun] (in Indonesian). Inkopak-Hazera. p. 153.
157. ^ Sugiyama, Akiko (October 2011). "Remembering and forgetting Indonesia's Madiun Affair: personal narratives, political transitions, and historiography, 1948–2008". Indonesia. 92 (92): 19–42 [20]. doi:10.5728/indonesia.92.0019. JSTOR 10.5728/indonesia.92.0019.
158. ^ "84 Korban Pemberontakan PKI 1948 di Madiun dan Magetan" [84 Victims of the 1948 PKI Rebellion in Madiun and Magetan]. detik.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023.
159. ^ Tadjoeddin, Z. (May 7, 2014). Explaining Collective Violence in Contemporary Indonesia: From Conflict to Cooperation. Springer. ISBN 9781137270641.
160. ^ Faria, Miguel A. Jr. (July 27, 2004). "Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement". Newsmax Media. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
161. ^ a b Veltmeyer, Henry; Rushton, Mark (2012). "Human Development in Practice: Reform(ing Capitalism)". The Cuban Revolution as Socialist Human Development. Studies in Critical Social Sciences. Brill. p. 62\. ISBN 978-90-04-21043-1.
162. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee (1997). Che Guevara: a revolutionary life. New York: Grove Press. pp. 376–405\. ISBN 0802116000.
163. ^ Chomsky, Aviva (2015) [2011]. A History of the Cuban Revolution (Second ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 124\. ISBN 978-1-118-94228-4.
164. ^ Kapcia, Antoni (2020). A Short History of Revolutionary Cuba Revolution, Power, Authority and the State from 1959 to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 15–19\. ISBN 978-1786736475.
165. ^ Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015). A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816–2014. CQ Press. p. 98.
166. ^ Brown, Jonathan (2017). "The bandido counterrevolution in Cuba, 1959–1965". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.71412.
167. ^ Warner, Michael (1999). The CIA's internal probe of the Bay of Pigs affair (PDF). [Forgotten History]. OCLC 176629005. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2023.
168. ^ Beaubien, Jason (January 1, 2009). "Cuba Marks 50 Years Since 'Triumphant Revolution'". NPR. Archived from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
169. ^ Cavendish, Richard (March 2002). "General Batista Returns to Power in Cuba". History Today. Vol. 52, no. 3\. London: History Today Ltd. Archived from the original on October 6, 2023. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
170. ^ The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later (Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2012 – via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
171. ^ Rummel, R. J. "Table 6.1B: Vietnam Democide Estimates, Sources, and Calculations" (GIF). University of Hawaiʻi. Lines 777–785. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
172. ^ Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008). "Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme". British Medical Journal. 336 (7659): 1482–6\. doi:10.1136/bmj.a137. PMC 2440905. PMID 18566045. See Table 3.
173. ^ "Promise and Reality – Implementation of the Guatemalan Peace Accords". University of Texas. Archived from the original on November 29, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
174. ^ Schmid; Jongman (2005). Political terrorism. Transaction Publishers. p. 564\. ISBN 9781412815666. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved January 1, 2016. "The URNG was the result of the merger of the left-wing armed groups, EGP, ORPA, FAR and PGT, supported by the FDR of El Salvador and the Nicaragua NDF. The PAC were local militias created by the Guatemalan Government."
175. ^ a b Amnesty International Annual Report 1975–1976. London, UK: Amnesty International. 1976.
176. ^ Concerned Guatemala Scholars (1982). Guatemala, Dare to Struggle, Dare to Win. Concerned Guatemala Scholars. p. 40\. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
177. ^ Briggs, Billy (February 2, 2007). "Billy Briggs on the atrocities of Guatemala's civil war". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on December 21, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
178. ^ BBC (November 9, 2011). "Timeline: Guatemala". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 20, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
179. ^ CDI (January 1, 1998). "The World at War". The Defense Monitor.
180. ^ "Portugal Angola - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". photius.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024.
181. ^ "Portugal Angola War 1961–1975". Onwar.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
182. ^ James, W. Martin III (May 4, 2020). A Political History of the Civil War in Angola, 1974-1990. Routledge. p. 76\. doi:10.4324/9781315083292. ISBN 978-1315083292. S2CID 241850086.
183. ^ Papp, Daniel S. "Angola, National Liberation, and the Soviet Union" (PDF). Parameters. VIII (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2024.
184. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2020). The Cold War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 60\. ISBN 9781440860768.
185. ^ Brown, Jonathan C. (2022). "Omar Torrijos and the Sandinista Revolution". The Latin Americanist. 66: 25–45\. doi:10.1353/tla.2022.0003. S2CID 247623108.
186. ^ Sánchez Nateras, Gerardo (2018). "The Sandinista Revolution and the Limits of the Cold War in Latin America: The Dilemma of Nonintervention During the Nicaraguan Crisis, 1977–78" (PDF). Cold War History. 18 (2): 111–129\. doi:10.1080/14682745.2017.1369046. S2CID 218576606. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2023.
187. ^ "Daniel Ortega", Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.), 1993
188. ^ a b c Chan, Francis; Wong, Phyllis (September 16, 2011). "Saga of communist insurgency in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved January 10, 2013.
189. ^ a b Kheng 2009, p. 149.
190. ^ Pilo, Wilfred (November 3, 2013). "The day the insurgency ended". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
191. ^ Pilo, Wilfred (August 5, 2014). "Former enemies meet as friends 40 years later". The Borneo Post. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
192. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, p. 72.
193. ^ a b Le Vine, Victor T. (2004). Politics in Francophone Africa. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 143\. ISBN 978-1-58826-249-3.
194. ^ Decalo, Samuel; Thompson, Virginia; Adloff, Richard (1996). The Historical Dictionary of Congo. Scarecrow Press. p. 8.
195. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, pp. 85–86.
196. ^ Bazenguissa-Ganga 1997, pp. 105–106.
197. ^ M'Paka, Albert (2005). Démocratie et administration au Congo-Brazzaville [Democracy and administration in Congo-Brazzaville] (in French). L'Harmattan. pp. 181–182.
198. ^ "ORDONNANCE N° 40–69 du 31 décembre 1969, portant promulgation de la constitution de la République Populaire du Congo" [ORDER N° 40–69 of December 31, 1969, promulgating the constitution of the People's Republic of Congo] (PDF) (in French). December 31, 1969. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
199. ^ "Timeline: Colombia's war with the FARC". November 13, 2012.
200. ^ Villar, Oliver; Cottle, Drew (2013). "One-Hundred Years of Solitude or Solidarity? Colombia's Forgotten Revolution". Contracorriente: Journal on Social History and Literature in Latin America. 10 (2): 167–201.
201. ^ "Guerra y Droga en Colombia" [War and Drugs in Colombia] (in Spanish). Crisisgroup.org. January 27, 2005. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
202. ^ "Cómo es la guerrilla colombiana del ELN autora del atentado con carro bomba que dejó 21 muertos en Bogotá" [How is the Colombian ELN guerrilla responsible for the car bomb attack that left 21 dead in Bogotá]. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). January 18, 2019. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024.
203. ^ "Council Decision of 21 December 2005" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2007. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
204. ^ "Colombia's ELN rebels release oil workers after brief capture -police". Reuters. October 18, 2013. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
205. ^ "La disidencia de las FARC llega ya a los 700 combatientes" [The FARC dissidence now reaches 700 combatants] (in Spanish). November 27, 2017. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
206. ^ "EPL / Los Pelusos – Profile". March 26, 2017. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
207. ^ "Colombia Arrest of EPL Middleman Shows Booming Venezuela Arms Market". April 28, 2017. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
208. ^ "Las 10 razones por las que el EPL es un problema que se le creció al Gobierno" [The 10 reasons why the EPL is a problem that has grown for the Government] (in Spanish). lasillavacia.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
209. ^ Glass, Rowan (January 19, 2024). "Indigenous Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Pacific (FARIP)". The Modern Insurgent. Archived from the original on January 25, 2024. Retrieved January 24, 2024.
210. ^ Franks, Jeff; Murphy, Helen (September 6, 2020). "Colombia's FARC rebels to ask government for ceasefire". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 9, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
211. ^ El Tiempo: Catorce guerrilleros del Erp en el Tolima entregaron las armas para reintegrarse a la vida civil eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007.
212. ^ El Tiempo: Guerrilla del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Erp) quedó desintegrada, dijo Ministo de Defensa eltiempo.com Accessed 15 September 2007.
213. ^ Palacios, Marco (2007). Between Legitimacy and Violence. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
214. ^ "Terrorist Organization Profile by START (2010)". Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2010.
215. ^ CM (November 18, 2012). "Negociación y desmovilización con grupos armados (M-19, Epl, Prt, Maql y Crs)" [Negotiation and demobilization with armed groups (M-19, Epl, Prt, Maql and Crs)]. VerdadAbierta.com (in Spanish). Retrieved December 19, 2020.
216. ^ "biografia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla" [Gustavo Rojas Pinilla biography] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
217. ^ Rempe, Dennis M. (Winter 1995). "Guerrillas, Bandits, and Independent Republics: US Counter-insurgency Efforts in Colombia 1959-1965". Small Wars and Insurgencies. 6 (3): 304–327\. doi:10.1080/09592319508423115.
218. ^ The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405184649_chunk_g97814051846491235
219. ^ Arnson, Cynthia (1999). Comparative peace processes in Latin America. Stanford University Press. p. 200.
220. ^ Cuaderno de análisis N° 01/13: Desarme, Desmovilización Y Reintegración, DDR: Una Introducción Para Colombia [Analysis notebook No. 01/13: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration, DDR: An Introduction for Colombia] (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish). Instituto de Estudios Geoestratégicos y Asuntos Políticos. June 2013. p. 23\. ISBN 978-958-97518-9-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016.
221. ^ "GUEVARISTA REVOLUTIONARY ARMY (ERG)". MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
222. ^ "Acuerdo entre el Gobierno y el Ejercito Revolucionario Guevarista (ERG)" [Agreement between the Government and the Guevarist Revolutionary Army (ERG)]. UN Peacemaker (in Spanish). Retrieved April 23, 2019.
223. ^ "Saludo del Presidente Uribe a los Desmovilizados" [President Uribe's greeting to the demobilized.]. Armada Nacional de Colombia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2007.
224. ^ "Report says 220,000 died in Colombia conflict". Al Jazeera. July 25, 2013. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
225. ^ "Informe ¡Basta Ya! Colombia: memorias de guerra y dignidad: Estadísticas del conflicto armado en Colombia" [Report Enough is Enough! Colombia: memories of war and dignity: Statistics of the armed conflict in Colombia] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
226. ^ "Military Personnel, 2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). mindefensa.gov.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
227. ^ Sison, Jose Maria (May 19, 2007). "Notes on People's War in Southeast Asia". National Democratic Front of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007.
228. ^ a b "Communist Insurgency In Thailand". CIA Report. July 1966. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
229. ^ a b "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
230. ^ Prizzia 1985, pp. 19–20, 24; Damrongviteetham 2013, p. 101; Koplowitz 1967
231. ^ "The Communist Insurgency In Thailand". Marine Corps Gazette. March 1973. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
232. ^ Bunbongkarn, Suchit (2004). "The Military and Democracy in Thailand". In May, R. J.; Selochan, Viberto (eds.). The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific. ANU Press. pp. 52–54\. ISBN 1920942017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
233. ^ "Fatalities in Left-wing Extremism: 1999–2016* (MHA)". Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
234. ^ "Armed Conflicts Report – India-Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Project Ploughshares. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
235. ^ Navaratnam, A. (2001). The Spear and the Kerambit: The Exploits of VAT 69, Malaysia's Elite Fighting Force, 1968–1989. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distributions. pp. 7–8, 189–90\. ISBN 967-61-1196-1.
236. ^ Peng, Chin (2003). My Side of History. Singapore: Media Masters. p. 465\. ISBN 981-04-8693-6.
237. ^ National Intelligence Estimate 54–1–76: The Outlook for Malaysia (Report). Central Intelligence Agency. April 1, 1976. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023.
238. ^ Navaratnam 2001, pp. 189–190.
239. ^ Peng 2003, pp. 189–199.
240. ^ Kheng 2009, pp. 132–152.
241. ^ "Armed Conflicts: Philippines-CPP/NPA (1969–2017)". Project Ploughshares. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
242. ^ Robles, Alan (September 16, 2019). "Philippines' communist rebellion is Asia's longest-running insurgency". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
243. ^ Holden, William Norman (November 12, 2013). "The Never Ending War in the Wounded Land: The New People's Army on Samar". Journal of Geography and Geology. 5 (4). doi:10.5539/jgg.v5n4p29. hdl:1880/50191. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
244. ^ "Mapping Militants Profile: Communist Party of the Philippines – New People's Army". cisac.fsi.stanford.edu. Stanford University, Stanford, California: Stanford University Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies – Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC). Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved January 16, 2023.
245. ^ Sison, Jose Maria (2013). "Basic Rules of the New People's Army". Foundation for resuming the Philippine revolution: selected writings, 1968 to 1972. International Network for Philippine Studies. p. 119\. ISBN 978-1-62847-920-1.
246. ^ Halliday 1990, p. xiv.
247. ^ a b Halliday 1990, p. 23.
248. ^ Burrowes, R. D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Scarecrow Press. p. 390\. ISBN 9780810855281. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
249. ^ Dickovick, J. Tyler (August 14, 2014). Africa 2014. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 230–. ISBN 978-1-4758-1238-1.
250. ^ a b "A 40 años de la guerrilla de Teoponte" [40 Years After the Teoponte Guerrilla] (in Spanish). Los Tiempos. July 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
251. ^ Hettiarachchi, Kumudini; Sadanandan, Renuka (April 8, 2001). "Crushing the revolt". Sunday Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
252. ^ Kearney, Robert N. (1975). "Educational Expansion and Political Volatility in Sri Lanka: The 1971 Insurrection". Asian Survey. 15 (9): 727–744\. doi:10.2307/2643170. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2643170.
253. ^ "Revolution in retrospect". The Sunday Times. April 1, 2001. Archived from the original on April 24, 2023. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
254. ^ Somasundaram, Jayantha (April 6, 2021). "The JVP's Military Battle for Power (The April 1971 Revolt – II)". The Island. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
255. ^ Korn 1993, p. 87.
256. ^ Korn 1993, p. 88.
257. ^ a b c Teles, Janaína de Almeida (September 2017). "The Araguaia Guerrilla War (1972–1974): Armed Resistance to the Brazilian Dictatorship". Latin American Perspectives. 44 (5): 30–52\. doi:10.1177/0094582X17719035. S2CID 220062817.
258. ^ Araguaia guerrilla movement case (Report). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. March 6, 2001. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
259. ^ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years we Fought Alone'. Contemporary Security Studies. Routledge. p. 27\. ISBN 978-0415350020.
260. ^ "1974: Rebels seize control of Portugal". On This Day, 25 April. BBC. April 25, 1974. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
261. ^ "25 de Abril: a revolução que não foi assim tão branda" [April 25th: the revolution that wasn't so gentle]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese).
262. ^ Rezola, Maria Inácia (2024). The Portuguese Revolution of 1974-1975: An Unexpected Path to Democracy. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-83553-657-5.
263. ^ Ali, Tariq (2010). "Preface". In Gowan, Peter (ed.). A Calculus of Power. Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-620-0.
264. ^ Likke, Senay (September 16, 2022). The Ethiopian Revolution: Tasks, Achievements, Problems and Prospects (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2021 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
265. ^ Yagya, V. S. (1990). "Ethiopia and its Neighbors: An Evolution of Relations, 1974-1989". Northeast African Studies. 12 (2/3): 107–116\. ISSN 0740-9133. JSTOR 43660317.
266. ^ "Ethiopia's Military Government Abolishes Monarchy and Titles". The New York Times. March 22, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
267. ^ Gebeyehu, Temesgen (2010). "The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participant in Events". History in Africa. 37: 321–327\. doi:10.1353/hia.2010.0035. ISSN 0361-5413. JSTOR 40864628. S2CID 144500147.
268. ^ "Warum Ahmed ein guter Preisträger ist – trotz seiner Fehler" [Why Ahmed is a good winner - despite his mistakes]. ZDF (in German). Archived from the original on February 27, 2021.
269. ^ "Kommentar: Äthiopiens Reformregierung und die Kräfte des ethnischen Nationalismus" [Commentary: Ethiopia's reform government and the forces of ethnic nationalism]. Deutsche Welle (in German). Archived from the original on May 24, 2021.
270. ^ Henze, Paul (1992). The Defeat of the Derg and the Establishment of New Governments in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Santa Monaco: Rand Report No. P-7766.
271. ^ "When Gen Zia betrayed Col Taher". The Daily Observer. January 27, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
272. ^ Lifschultz, Lawrence (1979). Bangladesh: The Unfinished Revolution. United Kingdom: Zed Books. pp. 9–11\. ISBN 9780905762074.
273. ^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 107\. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5. OCLC 16583315.
274. ^ "Khaled Mosharraf Killing: An Eyewitness Account". Daily Sun. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
275. ^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 114\. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5. OCLC 16583315.
276. ^ a b Lansford, Tom, ed. (February 16, 2017). "Saur Revolution". Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. pp. 410–411\. ISBN 978-1598847598.
277. ^ Ewans, Martin (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics. New York: HarperCollins. p. 88\. ISBN 0-06-050507-9 – via Google Books. "There was, therefore, little to hinder the assault mounted by the rebel 4th Armored Brigade, led by Major Mohammed Aslam Watanjar, who had also been prominent in Daoud's own coup five years before. Watanjar first secured the airport, where the other coup leader, Colonel Abdul Qadir, left by helicopter for the Bagram air base. There he took charge and organized air strikes on the royal palace, where Daoud and the presidential guard were conducting a desperate defense. Fighting continued the whole day and into the night, when the defenders were finally overwhelmed. Daoud and almost all of his family members, including women and children, died in the fighting. Altogether there were possibly as many as two thousand fatalities, both military and civilian."
278. ^ "1978: Afghan coup rebels claim victory". BBC News. April 29, 1978. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023.
279. ^ Collins, Joseph J. (2011). "The Saur "Revolution" and the Soviet-Afghan War, 1978–1989". Understanding War in Afghanistan. National Defense University Press. p. 25\. ISBN 978-1839310430.
280. ^ "Afghanistan's Saur Revolution of 1978, and the U.S.-backed counterrevolution". Rebel Yell!. Spring 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
281. ^ a b Grenade, W. C. (2015). "Introduction". The Grenada Revolution: Reflections and Lessons. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 2–5\. ISBN 978-1-62846-152-7.
282. ^ a b Haile, Shenhat (2022). "The Grenada Revolution: Investigating the Ambitions and Shortcomings of a Radical Caribbean Political Experiment". Caribbean Quilt. 6 (2): 92. doi:10.33137/cq.v6i2.36634.
283. ^ Shearman, Peter (1985). "The Soviet Union and Grenada under the New Jewel Movement". International Affairs. 61 (4): 662. doi:10.2307/2617710. JSTOR 2617710.
284. ^ Little, Michael (1994). A war of information: the conflict between public and private U.S. foreign policy on El Salvador, 1979–1992. University Press of America. ISBN 9780819193117.
285. ^ Seligson, Mitchell A.; McElhinny, Vincent. Low Intensity Warfare, High Intensity Death: The Demographic Impact of the Wars in El Salvador and Nicaragua (PDF). University of Pittsburgh.
286. ^ Pugh, Jeffrey (January 2009). "The Structure of Negotiation: Lessons from El Salvador for Contemporary Conflict Resolution". Negotiation Journal. 25 (1): 83–105\. doi:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00209.x.
287. ^ Wood, Elisabeth Jean (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–4, 14–15\. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511808685. ISBN 0521010500.
288. ^ "Enemies of War - Justice Denied". PBS. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on February 25, 2004. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
289. ^ "Shining Path Rebel Leader Is Captured in Peru". The Washington Post. July 15, 1999. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
290. ^ Starn, Orin (April 30, 2019). The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes 1st Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393292817.
291. ^ "Americas | Profile: Peru's Shining Path". BBC News. November 5, 2004. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
292. ^ Streissguth, Thomas (1993). "Abimael Guzman and the Shining Path" (PDF). International Terrorists. pp. 140–146\. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 12, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
293. ^ "Sendero Luminoso sufre deserciones por estrategia militar y policial en el Vraem" [Shining Path suffers desertions due to military and police strategy in Vraem]. gob.pe (in Spanish). Gobierno del Perú. February 21, 2020. Archived from the original on April 16, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
294. ^ "Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: Growing threat to US interests in Peru" (PDF). CIA. March 28, 1991. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
295. ^ "Final Report". Press Release. Truth and reconciliation commission. Archived from the original on January 19, 2024.
296. ^ "Gráfico: ¿qué fue la CVR y qué dijo su informe final?" [Graphic: what was the TRC and what did its final report say?]. RPP (in Spanish). August 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 27, 2023.
297. ^ Rendon, Silvio (January 1, 2019). "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission". Research & Politics. 6 (1): 2053168018820375. doi:10.1177/2053168018820375. ISSN 2053-1680.
298. ^ Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. iii. ISBN 9780810867703.
299. ^ Kandeh, J. (2004). Coups from Below: Armed Subalterns and State Power in West Africa. Springer. p. 124\. ISBN 9781403978776.
300. ^ "13 Killed in Coup in Upper Volta". The New York Times. Associated Press. August 6, 1983. p. 2.
301. ^ Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (revised ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. iii. ISBN 9780810867703.
302. ^ "Facts about Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso". thomassankara.net. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020.
303. ^ Brooke, James (October 26, 1987). "A Friendship Dies in a Bloody Coup". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
304. ^ Mason, Katrina; Knight, James (2011). Burkina Faso (2nd ed.). The Globe Pequot Press Inc. p. 31\. ISBN 9781841623528.
305. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended, Volume 997. U.S. Government printing office. 1988. p. 1698.
306. ^ "JVP Insurgency". Sri Lanka – State of Conflict and Violence (PDF). Asia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2023.
307. ^ a b "Tension high as heinous attack leaves unanswered questions behind]". Today's Zaman. December 9, 2009. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.
308. ^ Seibert, Thomas (February 3, 2013). "Turkey concerned about more acts of terrorism". Deutsche Welle.
309. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
310. ^ Lawoti, Mahendra; Pahari, Anup K., eds. (2010). The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: Revolution in the twenty-first century. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77717-9.
311. ^ "17,800 people died during conflict period, says Ministry of Peace – Nepal". ReliefWeb. June 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
312. ^ "Comprehensive Peace Accord Signed between Nepal Government And the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)" (PDF). United Nations. November 22, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2023.
313. ^ "Communist Party of Swaziland calling for 'nationwide mass uprising against the regime'". Morning Star. June 22, 2021. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
314. ^ a b "Tinkhundla Government is Useless : MP Timothy tells, Residents, EFF, SWADEPA". June 24, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
315. ^ "Eswatini opposition parties, civil society meet in SA to plot strategy against King Mswati". Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
316. ^ "Eswatini: Further unrest is possible nationwide at least through November". Crisis24. November 14, 2022. Archived from the original on August 19, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
317. ^ Hill, Matthew (July 3, 2021). "Southern Africa Bloc to Send Team to Eswatini to Discuss Unrest". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
318. ^ "S.Africa, UK urge restraint after deadly unrest in Eswatini". Yahoo News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
319. ^ Eligon, John; Silva, Joao (February 17, 2024). "The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
320. ^ "Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government". Workers Today. November 7, 2021. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021.
321. ^ Bociaga, Robert (November 24, 2021). "Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
322. ^ "Interview: 'Our Strength is in the People'". Radio Free Asia. May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
323. ^ "Sagaing and Magway PDFs launch guerrilla attacks on military columns". Myanmar Now. October 12, 2021. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
324. ^ "Yangon PDF Central Command announces attacks after Kyimyindine crackdown". BNI. December 7, 2021. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
325. ^ "ACLED Dashboard". ACLED. April 22, 2022. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* A'Barrow, Stephen R. (2016). Death of a Nation: A New History of Germany. Book Guild Publishing. ISBN 9781910508817.
* Armstrong, Charles K. (2003). The North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8914-3.
* Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (1997). Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique [The ways of politics in Congo: essay in historical sociology] (in French). Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-86537-739-8.
* Benton, Gregor (2015). Prophets Unarmed: Chinese Trotskyists in Revolution, War, Jail, and the Return from Limbo. Historical Materialism. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28227-8.
* Casanova, Julian (2000). "Civil Wars, Revolutions and Counterrevolutions in Finland, Spain, and Greece (1918-1949): A Comparative Analysis". International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society. 13 (3): 515537.
* Crozier, Brian (2005). Political Victory: The Elusive Prize Of Military Wars. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7658-0290-3.
* Carlisle, Rodney (2005). "Communism". In Carlisle, Rodney (ed.). Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right. Vol. 1\. SAGE Publications. pp. 95–99\. doi:10.4135/9781412952408. ISBN 978-1-4129-0409-4.
* Damrongviteetham, Jularat (2013). Narratives of the "Red Barrel" Incident. p. 101\. doi:10.1057/9781137311672_6. ISBN 9781137311672. Archived from the original on June 11, 2023. Retrieved June 11, 2023.
* Eerola, Jari; Eerola, Jouni (1998). Henkilötappiot Suomen sisällissodassa 1918 [Casualties in the Finnish Civil War of 1918] (in Finnish). Turenki: Jaarli. ISBN 978-952-91-0001-9.
* Fall, Bernard B. (1994). Street Without Joy. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1700-7.
* Geiger, Vladimir (2011). "Ljudski gubici Hrvatske u Drugom svjetskom ratu koje su prouzročili "okupatori i njihovi pomagači"; Brojidbeni pokazatelji (procjene, izračuni, popisi)" [Croatian human losses in the Second World War caused by "occupiers and their helpers"; Numerical indicators (estimates, calculations, lists)]. Časopis za suvremenu povijest (in Serbo-Croatian). 43 (3): 699–749.
* Halliday, Fred (1990). Revolution and Foreign Policy: The Case of South Yemen 1967-1987. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32856-X.
* Hodgson, John H. (1967). Communism in Finland: A History and Interpretation. Princeton University Press.
* Hoffrogge, Ralf [in German] (2014). Desai, Radhika (ed.). Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution: Richard Müller, the Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement. Historical Materialism. Translated by Keady, Joseph B. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28006-9.
* Jessop, Bob (1972). Social Order, Reform and Revolution: A power, exchange and institutionalisation perspective. Macmillan Education. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-00967-1. ISBN 978-1-349-00967-1.
* Johnson, Chalmers (January 23, 2001). Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (2000, rev. 2004 ed.). Owl Book. ISBN 0-8050-6239-4.
* Jussila, Osmo (2007). Suomen historian suuret myytit [The great myths of Finnish history] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. ISBN 978-951-0-33103-3.
* Keränen, Jorma (1992). Suomen itsenäistymisen kronikka [Chronicle of Finland's independence] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: Gummerus. ISBN 951-20-3800-5.
* Kheng, Cheah Boon (2009). "The Communist Insurgency in Malaysia, 1948–90: Contesting the Nation-State and Social Change" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies. 11 (1): 132–152\. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
* Kim, Suzy (2016). Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950. Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9780801469367. ISBN 9780801469367.
* Koplowitz, Wilfred (April 1967). "A Profile of Communist Insurgency-The Case of Thailand". The Senior Seminar in Foreign Policy 1966–67. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
* Korn, David A. (1993). Assassination in Khartoum. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253332028.
* Lazar, Marc (2011). "Communism". In Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 2\. SAGE Publications. pp. 310–314\. doi:10.4135/9781412994163. ISBN 9781412959636.
* Le Blanc, Paul (2006). Marx, Lenin, and the Revolutionary Experience: Studies of Communism and Radicalism in the Age of Globalization. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-97973-3.
* Lee Lanning, Michael (2008). Inside the VC and the NVA. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-059-2.
* Logevall, Fredrik (2012). Embers of War: the fall of an empire and the making of America's Vietnam. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-75647-4.
* Merrill, John (1980). "Cheju-do Rebellion". Journal of Korean Studies. 2: 139–197\. doi:10.1353/jks.1980.0004. S2CID 143130387.
* Mestrovic, Stjepan (2013). Genocide After Emotion: The Post-Emotional Balkan War. Routledge. ISBN 9781136163494.
* National Archive of Finland (2004). "Vuoden 1918 sodan sotasurmat kuolintavan ja osapuolen mukaan" [War casualties of the 1918 war by manner of death and party] (in Finnish). Archived from the original on March 10, 2015.
* Paavolainen, Jaakko [in Finnish] (1966). Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, I Punainen terrori [Political violence in Finland 1918, I Red terror] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
* Paavolainen, Jaakko [in Finnish] (1967). Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Suomessa 1918, II Valkoinen terrori [Political violence in Finland 1918, II White terror] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi.
* Paavolainen, Jaakko [in Finnish] (1971). Vankileirit Suomessa 1918 [Prison camps in Finland in 1918] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-30-1015-5.
* Pagès i Blanch, Pelai (2013). War and Revolution in Catalonia, 1936–1939. Historical Materialism. Translated by Gallagher, Patrick L. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-25426-8.
* Pons, Silvio [in Italian] (2014). The Global Revolution: A History of International Communism 1917–1991. Oxford Studies in Modern European History. Translated by Cameron, Allan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-965762-9.
* Prizzia, Ross (1985). Thailand in Transition: The Role of Oppositional Forces. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 19–20, 24.
* Ram, Mohan (1973). "The Telengana Peasant Armed Struggle, 1946-51". Economic and Political Weekly. 8 (23): 1025–1032\. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4362720. Archived from the original on September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
* Roselius, Aapo [in Finnish] (2004). "Saksalaisten henkilötappiot Suomessa vuonna 1918" [German casualties in Finland in 1918]. In Westerlund, L. [in Finnish] (ed.). Sotaoloissa vuosina 1914–1922 surmansa saaneet [Deaths in war conditions between 1914 and 1922] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 10/2004, Edita. pp. 165–176\. ISBN 952-5354-52-0.
* Rotari, Ludmila (2004). Mișcarea subversivă din Basarabia în anii 1918-1924 [The subversive movement in Bessarabia in the years 1918-1924] (in Romanian). București: Editura Enciclopedică. ISBN 9734504908.
* Saarela, Tauno (2015). Finnish communism visited. The Finnish Society for Labour History. ISBN 978-952-5976-19-9.
* Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (2014). "Introduction: The Finnish Civil War, Revolution, and Scholarship". In Tepora, Tuomas; Roselius, Aapo (eds.). The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-28071-7.
* Tikka, Marko [in Finnish] (2014). "Warfare & Terror in 1918". In Tepora, T. [in Finnish]; Roselius, A. [in Finnish] (eds.). The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy. Leiden: Brill. pp. 90–118\. ISBN 978-90-04-24366-8.
* Upton, Anthony F. (1980). Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918 [Revolution in Finland 1917–1918, II] (in Finnish). Vol. II. Jyväskylä: Gummerus. ISBN 951-26-2022-7.
* Upton, Anthony F. (1981). Vallankumous Suomessa 1917–1918 [Revolution in Finland 1917–1918] (in Finnish). Vol. II. Jyväskylä: Gummerus. ISBN 951-26-2022-7.
* Vares, Vesa (1998). Kuninkaantekijät. Suomalainen monarkia 1917–1919, myytti ja todellisuus [Kingmakers. The Finnish monarchy 1917–1919, myth and reality] (in Finnish). Juva: WSOY. ISBN 951-0-23228-9.
* Vares, Vesa (2009). "Kuningashankkeesta tasavallan syntyyn" [From the king's project to the birth of the republic]. In Haapala, P.; Hoppu, T. [in Finnish] (eds.). Sisällissodan pikkujättiläinen [The Little Giant of the Civil War] (in Finnish). Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 376–394\. ISBN 978-951-0-35452-0.
* Westerlund, Lars [in Finnish] (2004a). Sotaoloissa vuosina 1914–1922 surmansa saaneet [Those who were killed in wartime between 1914 and 1922] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 10/2004, Edita. ISBN 952-5354-52-0.
* Westerlund, Lars [in Finnish]; Kalleinen, Kristiina [in Finnish] (2004). "Loppuarvio surmansa saaneista venäläisistä" [Final assessment of the Russians who were killed]. In Westerlund, L. [in Finnish] (ed.). Venäläissurmat Suomessa 1914–1922, 2.2. Sotatapahtumat 1918–1922 [Russian deaths in Finland 1914–1922, 2.2. War events 1918–1922] (in Finnish). Helsinki: VNKJ 3/2004c, Edita. pp. 267–271\. ISBN 952-5354-45-8.
* Žerjavić, Vladimir (1993). Yugoslavia: Manipulations with the Number of Second World War Victims. Croatian Information Centre. ISBN 0-919817-32-7. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
* Zirinsky, Michael P. (1994). "The Rise of Reza Khan". In Foran, John (ed.). A Century of Revolution: Social Movements in Iran. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 44–77.

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[c.]: circa