Comparison of user features of chatbots

Comparison of user features of chatbots refers to a comparison of the general user features of major chatbot applications or web interfaces, in a narrative format. It is a comparison of basic roles and the most prominent features. It does not encompass a full exhaustive comparison or description of all technical details of all chatbots. It also includes the most important features of the chatbots origins, historical development, and role.

This primarily includes generative AI systems that are capable of accepting natural language prompts as input.

## Background[edit]

### Generative artificial intelligence[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Generative artificial intelligence.[edit]

Théâtre D'opéra Spatial, an image generated by Midjourney

Generative artificial intelligence (generative AI, GAI or GenAI[1]) is artificial intelligence capable of generating text, images or other data using generative models,[2] often in response to prompts.[3][4] Generative AI models learn the patterns and structure of their input training data and then generate new data that has similar characteristics.[5][6]

Improvements in transformer-based deep neural networks enabled an AI boom of generative AI systems in the early 2020s. These include large language model (LLM) chatbots such as ChatGPT, Copilot, Bard, and LLaMA, and text-to-image artificial intelligence art systems such as Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, and DALL-E.[7][8][9] Companies such as OpenAI, Anthropic, Microsoft, Google, and Baidu as well as numerous smaller firms have developed generative AI models.[3][10][11]

Generative AI has uses across a wide range of industries, including

software development, healthcare, finance, entertainment, customer service,[12] sales and marketing,[13] art, writing,[14] fashion,[15] and product design.[16] However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of generative AI such as cybercrime, and the use of fake news or deepfakes to deceive or manipulate people.[17][18]

### Chatbots[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Chatbot.[edit]

Parts of this article (those related to everything, particularly sections after the intro) need to be updated. The reason given is: this article is using citations from 1970 and virtually all claims about conversational capabilities are at least ten years out of date (for example the Turing test was arguably made obsolete years ago by transformer models). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2023)

|

A virtual assistant chatbot The 1966 ELIZA chatbot Part of a series on

Machine learning
and data mining

Paradigms

* Supervised learning
* Unsupervised learning
* Online learning
* Batch learning
* Meta-learning
* Semi-supervised learning
* Self-supervised learning
* Reinforcement learning
* Rule-based learning
* Quantum machine learning

Problems

* Classification
* Generative model
* Regression
* Clustering
* dimension reduction
* density estimation
* Anomaly detection
* Data Cleaning
* AutoML
* Association rules
* Semantic analysis
* Structured prediction
* Feature engineering
* Feature learning
* Learning to rank
* Grammar induction
* Ontology learning
* Multimodal learning

Supervised learning
(classification • regression)

* Apprenticeship learning
* Decision trees
* Ensembles
* Bagging
* Boosting
* Random forest
* k-NN
* Linear regression
* Naive Bayes
* Artificial neural networks
* Logistic regression
* Perceptron
* Relevance vector machine (RVM)
* Support vector machine (SVM)

Clustering

* BIRCH
* CURE
* Hierarchical
* k-means
* Fuzzy
* Expectation–maximization (EM)

DBSCAN
* OPTICS
* Mean shift

Dimensionality reduction

* Factor analysis
* CCA
* ICA
* LDA
* NMF
* PCA
* PGD
* t-SNE
* SDL

Structured prediction

* Graphical models
* Bayes net
* Conditional random field
* Hidden Markov

Anomaly detection

* RANSAC
* k-NN
* Local outlier factor
* Isolation forest

Artificial neural network

* Autoencoder
* Cognitive computing
* Deep learning
* DeepDream
* Feedforward neural network
* Recurrent neural network
* LSTM
* GRU
* ESN
* reservoir computing
* Restricted Boltzmann machine
* GAN
* Diffusion model
* SOM
* Convolutional neural network
* U-Net
* Transformer
* Vision
* Mamba
* Spiking neural network
* Memtransistor
* Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM)

Reinforcement learning

* Q-learning
* SARSA
* Temporal difference (TD)
* Multi-agent
* Self-play

Learning with humans

* Active learning
* Crowdsourcing
* Human-in-the-loop

Model diagnostics

* Coefficient of determination
* Confusion matrix
* Learning curve
* ROC curve

Mathematical foundations

* Kernel machines
* Bias–variance tradeoff
* Computational learning theory
* Empirical risk minimization
* Occam learning
* PAC learning
* Statistical learning
* VC theory

Machine-learning venues

* ECML PKDD
* NeurIPS
* ICML
* ICLR
* IJCAI
* ML
* JMLR

Related articles

* Glossary of artificial intelligence
* List of datasets for machine-learning research
* List of datasets in computer vision and image processing
* Outline of machine learning

* v
* t
* e

A chatbot (originally chatterbot[19]) is a software application or web interface that is designed to mimic human conversation through text or voice interactions.[20][21][22] Modern chatbots are typically online and use generative artificial intelligence systems that are capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language and simulating the way a human would behave as a conversational partner. Such chatbots often use deep learning and natural language processing, but simpler chatbots have existed for decades.

As of 2022, the field has gained widespread attention due to the popularity of OpenAI's ChatGPT (using GPT-3 or GPT-4),[23] released in 2022 and 2023 respectively,[24] followed by alternatives such as Microsoft's Copilot (which uses OpenAI's GPT-4) and Google's Bard.[25] Such examples reflect the recent practice of such products being built based upon broad foundational large language models that get fine-tuned so as to target specific tasks or applications (i.e. simulating human conversation, in the case of chatbots). Chatbots can also be designed or customized to further target even more specific situations and/or particular subject-matter domains.[26]

A major area where chatbots have long been used is in customer service and support, with various sorts of virtual assistants.[27] Companies spanning a wide range of industries have begun using the latest generative artificial intelligence technologies to power more advanced developments in such areas.[26]

## Comparison[edit]

### ChatGPT[edit]

This section is an excerpt from ChatGPT.[edit]

Part of a series on

Machine learning
and data mining

Paradigms

* Supervised learning
* Unsupervised learning
* Online learning
* Batch learning
* Meta-learning
* Semi-supervised learning
* Self-supervised learning
* Reinforcement learning
* Rule-based learning
* Quantum machine learning

Problems

* Classification
* Generative model
* Regression
* Clustering
* dimension reduction
* density estimation
* Anomaly detection
* Data Cleaning
* AutoML
* Association rules
* Semantic analysis
* Structured prediction
* Feature engineering
* Feature learning
* Learning to rank
* Grammar induction
* Ontology learning
* Multimodal learning

Supervised learning
(classification • regression)

* Apprenticeship learning
* Decision trees
* Ensembles
* Bagging
* Boosting
* Random forest
* k-NN
* Linear regression
* Naive Bayes
* Artificial neural networks
* Logistic regression
* Perceptron
* Relevance vector machine (RVM)
* Support vector machine (SVM)

Clustering

* BIRCH
* CURE
* Hierarchical
* k-means
* Fuzzy
* Expectation–maximization (EM)

DBSCAN
* OPTICS
* Mean shift

Dimensionality reduction

* Factor analysis
* CCA
* ICA
* LDA
* NMF
* PCA
* PGD
* t-SNE
* SDL

Structured prediction

* Graphical models
* Bayes net
* Conditional random field
* Hidden Markov

Anomaly detection

* RANSAC
* k-NN
* Local outlier factor
* Isolation forest

Artificial neural network

* Autoencoder
* Cognitive computing
* Deep learning
* DeepDream
* Feedforward neural network
* Recurrent neural network
* LSTM
* GRU
* ESN
* reservoir computing
* Restricted Boltzmann machine
* GAN
* Diffusion model
* SOM
* Convolutional neural network
* U-Net
* Transformer
* Vision
* Mamba
* Spiking neural network
* Memtransistor
* Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM)

Reinforcement learning

* Q-learning
* SARSA
* Temporal difference (TD)
* Multi-agent
* Self-play

Learning with humans

* Active learning
* Crowdsourcing
* Human-in-the-loop

Model diagnostics

* Coefficient of determination
* Confusion matrix
* Learning curve
* ROC curve

Mathematical foundations

* Kernel machines
* Bias–variance tradeoff
* Computational learning theory
* Empirical risk minimization
* Occam learning
* PAC learning
* Statistical learning
* VC theory

Machine-learning venues

* ECML PKDD
* NeurIPS
* ICML
* ICLR
* IJCAI
* ML
* JMLR

Related articles

* Glossary of artificial intelligence
* List of datasets for machine-learning research
* List of datasets in computer vision and image processing
* Outline of machine learning

* v
* t
* e

ChatGPT (Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) is a chatbot developed by OpenAI and launched on November 30, 2022. Based on a large language model, it enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. Successive prompts and replies, known as prompt engineering, are considered at each conversation stage as a context.[28]

By January 2023, it had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users and contributing to the growth of OpenAI's valuation to $29 billion.[29][30] ChatGPT's release spurred the development of competing products, including Bard, Ernie Bot, LLaMA, Claude, and Grok.[31] Microsoft launched its Copilot based on OpenAI's GPT-4. Some observers raised concern about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace or atrophy human intelligence, enable plagiarism, or fuel misinformation.[32][33]

ChatGPT is built upon either GPT-3.5 or GPT-4, both of which are members of OpenAI's proprietary series of generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) models, based on the transformer architecture developed by Google[34]—and is fine-tuned for conversational applications using a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning.[32] ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a freemium model. It allows users on its free tier to access the GPT-3.5-based version, while the more advanced GPT-4-based version and priority access to newer features are provided to paid subscribers under the commercial name "ChatGPT Plus".

ChatGPT is credited with starting the AI boom, which has led to ongoing rapid and unprecedented development in the field of artificial intelligence.[35]

### Microsoft Copilot[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Microsoft Copilot.[edit]

This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Microsoft Copilot is a chatbot developed by Microsoft. Based on a large language model, it was launched as Bing Chat on February 7, 2023, as a built-in feature for Microsoft Bing and Microsoft Edge,[36] and is Microsoft’s primary replacement for the discontinued Cortana.[37][38]

Copilot utilizes the Microsoft Prometheus model,[39] built upon OpenAI's GPT-4 foundational large language model,[40] which in turn has been fine-tuned using both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques. Copilot's conversational interface style resembles that of ChatGPT. Copilot is able to cite sources, create poems, and write both lyrics and music for songs generated by its Suno AI plugin.[41] It is able to understand and communicate in numerous languages and dialects.[42][43]

Microsoft operates the service on a freemium model. It allows users on its free tier to access most features, while priority access to newer features, including custom chatbot creation, is provided to paid subscribers under the commercial name "Microsoft Copilot Pro".[44][45] Several default chatbots are available in the free version of Microsoft Copilot, including the standard Copilot chatbot, and Microsoft Designer, which is oriented towards using its Image Creator to generate images based on text prompts.

Over the course of 2023, Microsoft began to unify the Copilot branding across its various chatbot products. At its Build 2023 conference, Microsoft announced its plans to integrate Copilot into Windows 11, allowing users to access it directly through the taskbar.[46] In January 2024, a dedicated Copilot key was announced for Windows keyboards.[47][48]

### Bard[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Bard (chatbot).[edit]

Bard is a conversational generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google. Initially based on the LaMDA family of large language models (LLMs), it was later upgraded to PaLM and then to Gemini. Bard was developed as a direct response to the meteoric rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT, and was released in a limited capacity in March 2023 to lukewarm responses before expanding to other countries in May.

LaMDA was developed and announced in 2021, but was not released to the public out of an abundance of caution. OpenAI's launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 and its subsequent popularity caught Google executives off-guard and sent them into a panic, prompting a sweeping response in the ensuing months. After mobilizing its workforce, the company launched Bard in February 2023, with the chatbot taking center stage during the 2023 Google I/O keynote in May.

### Ernie Bot[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Ernie Bot.[edit]

Ernie Bot (Chinese: 文心一言, wénxīn yī​yán), full name Enhanced Representation through Knowledge Integration,[49] is an AI chatbot service product of Baidu, under development since 2019. It is based on a large language model named "Ernie 4.0", announced on October 17, 2023.[50]

### Grok[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Grok (chatbot).[edit]

Grok is a conversational generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by xAI, based on a large language model (LLM). It was developed as an initiative by Elon Musk as a direct response to the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT which Musk co-founded.[51] The chatbot is advertised as "having a sense of humor" and direct access to Twitter (X).[52][53] It is currently under beta testing for those with the premium version of X.

## See also[edit]

* Comparison of user features of operating systems
* Comparison of user features of messaging platforms

## References[edit]

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32. ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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## External links[edit]

* Media related to Conversational bots at Wikimedia Commons
* Conversational bots at Wikibooks

* v
* t
* e

Natural language processing

General terms|

* AI-complete
* Bag-of-words
* n-gram
* Bigram
* Trigram
* Computational linguistics
* Natural-language understanding
* Stop words
* Text processing

Text analysis|

* Argument mining
* Collocation extraction
* Concept mining
* Coreference resolution
* Deep linguistic processing
* Distant reading
* Information extraction
* Named-entity recognition
* Ontology learning
* Parsing
* Part-of-speech tagging
* Semantic analysis
* Semantic role labeling
* Semantic decomposition
* Semantic similarity
* Sentiment analysis
* Syntactic parsing
* Terminology extraction
* Text mining
* Textual entailment
* Truecasing
* Word-sense disambiguation
* Word-sense induction

| Text segmentation|

* Compound-term processing
* Lemmatisation
* Lexical analysis
* Text chunking
* Stemming
* Sentence segmentation
* Word segmentation

|

Automatic summarization|

* Multi-document summarization
* Sentence extraction
* Text simplification

Machine translation|

* Computer-assisted
* Example-based
* Rule-based
* Statistical
* Transfer-based
* Neural

Distributional semantics models|

* BERT
* Document-term matrix
* Explicit semantic analysis
* fastText
* GloVe
* Language model (large)
* Latent semantic analysis
* Seq2seq
* Word embedding
* Word2vec

Language resources,
datasets and corpora|

| Types and
standards|

* Corpus linguistics
* Lexical resource
* Linguistic Linked Open Data
* Machine-readable dictionary
* Parallel text
* PropBank
* Semantic network
* Simple Knowledge Organization System
* Speech corpus
* Text corpus
* Thesaurus (information retrieval)
* Treebank
* Universal Dependencies

|

Data|

* BabelNet
* Bank of English
* DBpedia
* FrameNet
* Google Ngram Viewer
* UBY
* WordNet

Automatic identification
and data capture|

* Speech recognition
* Speech segmentation
* Speech synthesis
* Natural language generation
* Optical character recognition

Topic model|

* Document classification
* Latent Dirichlet allocation
* Pachinko allocation

Computer-assisted
reviewing|

* Automated essay scoring
* Concordancer
* Grammar checker
* Predictive text
* Pronunciation assessment
* Spell checker
* Syntax guessing

Natural language
user interface|

* Chatbot
* Interactive fiction
* Question answering
* Virtual assistant
* Voice user interface

Related|

* Hallucination
* Natural Language Toolkit
* spaCy

Portal:

* Language

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