Confederate States dollar

Currency of the Confederate States of America

Confederate States dollar

$1,000 depicting John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson
$50 depicting Jefferson Davis

Unit
Symbol| $ or C$
Denominations
Subunit|
1⁄100| cent
Symbol|
cent| ¢
Banknotes| 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, $1,000
Coins| 50¢, 1¢
Demographics
Date of introduction| April 1861
Date of withdrawal| 1865
User(s)|  Confederate States
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.

The Confederate States dollar was first issued just before the outbreak of the American Civil War by the newly formed Confederacy. It was not backed by hard assets, but simply by a promise to pay the bearer after the war, on the prospect of Southern victory and independence. As the Civil War progressed and victory for the South seemed less and less likely, its value declined. After the Confederacy's defeat, its money had no value, and individuals and banks lost large sums.

The first series of Confederate paper money, issued in March 1861, bore interest and had a total circulation of $1,000,000.[1] As the war began to turn against the Confederates, confidence in the currency diminished, and the government inflated the currency by continuing to print unbacked banknotes. By the end of 1863, the Confederate dollar (or "Greyback", to distinguish it from the then-new "Greenback" paper U.S. dollar, which was likewise put into circulation during the war) was quoted at just six cents in gold, and fell further still.

The Greyback is now a prized collector's item, in its many versions, including those issued by individual states and local banks. The various engravings of leading Confederates, gods and goddesses, trains, ships, and slaves on these hastily printed banknotes, sometimes cut with scissors and signed by clerks, continue to stimulate debate among antique dealers, with even some of the counterfeit notes commanding high prices.

## Background

[edit]

The Confederate dollar, often called a "Greyback", was first issued into circulation in April 1861, when the Confederacy was only two months old, and on the eve of the outbreak of the Civil War.

At first, Confederate currency was accepted throughout the South as a medium of exchange with high purchasing power. As the war progressed, confidence in the ultimate success waned, the amount of paper money increased, and their dates of redemption were extended further into the future.[2] Most Confederate currency carried the phrase across the top of the bill: "SIX MONTHS AFTER THE RATIFICATION OF A TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE CONFEDERATE STATES AND THE UNITED STATES" then across the middle, the "CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA WILL PAY [amount of bill] TO BEARER" (or "...WILL PAY TO BEARER [amount of bill]" or "...WILL PAY TO BEARER ON DEMAND [amount of bill]").

As the war progressed, the currency underwent the depreciation and soaring prices characteristic of inflation. For example, when news of the Confederate defeat at Gettysburg reached the public, the Confederate currency depreciated 20%.[3] Confederate President Jefferson Davis asked private citizens to restore the value of the Confederate dollar by mutually agreeing to sell and buy items only at reduced prices.[4] In October 1863, Confederate States Senator Louis Wigfall of Texas said that a Confederate soldier received $11 per month in pay, which was worth the same as $1 had been worth at the beginning of the war.[4] In September 1864, one Confederate dollar was worth the same as three cents in gold currency.[5] People tried to retain their wealth by buying gold to such an extent that, in Richmond, it was impossible to find someone who would sell their gold.[5] On Christmas Day, 1864, the Confederate dollar's worth had decreased to such an extent that a turkey sold for $155 and a ham for $300.[6] By the war's end, a cake of soap could sell for as much as $50, and an ordinary suit of clothes was $2,700.[7]

Near the end of the war, the currency became practically worthless as a medium of exchange. This was because, for the most part, Confederate currency was bills of credit, as in the Revolutionary War, not secured or backed by any assets. The only two exceptions were in Mississippi, where in 1862 a series of notes were issued with the backing of cotton stored by the state's planters and in Florida, where notes were backed, in theory, by public lands.[8] Just as the currency issued by the Continental Congress was deemed worthless (witness the phrase "not worth a Continental;" and see The Federalist Papers, which also addressed this issue in the run-up to the ratification of the U.S. Constitution) because they were not backed by any hard assets, this too became the case with Confederate currency.[citation needed] Even though gold and silver may have been scarce, some economic historians [who?] have suggested that the currency would have retained a relatively material degree of value, and for a longer period of time, had it been backed by hard goods the Confederacy did have, such as cotton or tobacco. When the Confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity at the end of the war, the money lost all value as fiat currency.

## Designs

[edit]

Slaves working in a field, as seen in a $100 C.S. banknote

The Confederacy, being limited in skilled engravers and printers as well as secure printing facilities, often had to make do with unrelated designs in early banknote issues. Some such were abstract depictions of mythological gods and goddesses, such as the Goddess of Liberty. Typical Confederate themes included naval ships and historical figures, including George Washington. Of the 72 notes issued by the Confederate States of America, five designs depicted slaves.

Since most engravers and bank plates were in the Northern states, Confederate printers used offset or lithographic process to copy scenes that had been used on whatever notes they had access to. Many variations in plates, printing and papers also appear in most of the issues, due in large part to the limits on commerce resulting from the Union blockade and the inadequate Confederate railroads in the American Civil War.

People featured on banknotes include Andrew Jackson, John C. Calhoun, Christopher Memminger, Robert M. T. Hunter, Alexander H. Stephens, Jefferson Davis, Judah P. Benjamin, Clement Clay, George W. Randolph, and Lucy Holcombe Pickens, the wife of the Governor of South Carolina.[9][10][11][12][13] There was also a bill featuring George Washington.[14]

## Signatures

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Confederate Treasury Notes were hand signed by various clerks, with exception of the 50 cent issues that had the printed signatures of Robert Tyler and Edward C. Elmore. The first six notes issued were hand signed by the Register and Treasurer themselves. While hand signatures were considered an anti-counterfeiting tool, the sheer number of bills being produced could not reasonably be signed individually by two men each. Women were often hired as clerks to sign "for Register" and "for Treasurer". Up to 200 clerks were eventually hired for each.

## Coinage

[edit]

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

1861 1¢ original Confederate Cent

As the Civil War continued, the cost of the war loomed large. Any precious metals available in the South often made their way to Europe to procure war goods, but the CSA did manage to mint a few coins. In 1861, Robert Lovett Jr. of Philadelphia was commissioned to design, engrave, and make a one cent piece for the Confederacy.[15] On the obverse (front), he used the head of Minerva (French Liberty Head), which he had used on several store cards. The coins were struck using the then Federal standard of cupronickel for cent pieces. He made a few samples, of which only 12 had been said to exist by the popular stories[16] but research has shown that 14 are currently known to exist. Fearing prosecution for aiding the enemy, he stopped his work and hid the coins and dies in his cellar. The original dies were purchased later and used to make restrikes, first by John W. Haseltine and later by Robert S. Bashlow.[17] The dies were donated to the Smithsonian Institution by Bashlow in 1962.

1861 50¢ original Confederate Half Dollar reportedly belonging to CSA President Jefferson Davis

In the aftermath of secession, the Confederacy seized U.S. Mint facilities at Charlotte, North Carolina,[18] Dahlonega, Georgia,[19] and New Orleans, Louisiana.[20] After seizing and appropriating the bullion reserves stored at the facilities, the Confederate Treasury, led by C. G. Memminger, determined that the cost of minting coins far outweighed the benefits. Circulating specie would be virtually nonexistent in the Confederacy throughout the entirety of the war. A wide variety of local token and scrip would attempt to fill this void, to little avail.[21]

In late April 1861, four Confederate half dollars were struck on a hand press by employees of the New Orleans Mint. Because of the high relief of the coin die, a test striking was made to determine if coins would release from the Confederate die. The die was made by a printing plate engraver (A.H.M. Peterson) in New Orleans who was unfamiliar with techniques required to engrave coining dies. These coins were struck using a U.S. obverse die (Seated Liberty) and the Confederate die made by Peterson. These coins are known as originals, and the location of all four of the coins is known today.

As the result of an 1879 article about the Confederate cent printed in a New York City newspaper, Benjamin F. Taylor, M.D. (Chief Coiner, New Orleans Mint, CSA) contacted coin dealer Ebenezer Mason. Taylor informed Mason of the existence of the Confederate half dollar and the die. Mason bought the die and coin from Taylor and sold them to J.W. Scott Co. of New York City, a coin and stamp dealer. Scott bought 500 1861 United States half dollars from a New York bank that were supposedly struck at the New Orleans Mint. Scott had the reverse of the half dollars planed down and performed a one-sided strike using the Confederate half dollar die. The Seated Liberty obverse of the coins were flattened some because of the one-sided strike. In addition, Scott struck 500 half dollar-sized tokens in white metal using the Confederate die and a newly made die to commemorate the restrikes of the Confederate half dollars. The Confederate half dollar die went missing during the 1920s and has not been seen since.

Popular stories claim one of the Confederate half dollars was given to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. This story has no basis in fact. In an 1879 letter to Ebenezer Mason, Davis confirmed that a Union soldier (actually a Federal Officer) stole a coin from one of his wife's trunks, but could not confirm that it was like the then known Confederate half dollar. It is possible that the coin was a gold so-called Jefferson Davis dime struck at the Paris (France) Mint, which Davis described to coin dealer Ed Frossard in an 1880 letter. All known Jefferson Davis dimes were struck in silver at the Paris Mint. The Davis letter is the only known reference to a gold specimen, which was likely a special presentation piece made for Davis.

## Banknotes

[edit]

Confederate Treasury Notes (banknotes) were ultimately issued in 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, and $1,000 denominations with a variety of designs, issuers, and redeemable obligations. The amount of currency issued under the various acts of the Confederate Congress totaled $1.7 billion. Bills were released in 72 different note "types" in seven "series" from 1861 through 1864.

Since there were many types of Confederate notes as well as notes issued by the states of the Confederacy, and since banks could issue their own notes, counterfeiting was a major problem for the Confederacy. Many of these contemporary counterfeits are identifiable today and they can be as valuable to a collector as a real note.[22]

Confederate dollars and coins remain the subject of a lively trade, with careful grading of damage and deterioration similar to booksellers' gradings.

### Series of CSA notes

[edit]

Series and authorizing acts  Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)  Series  | Authorization  | Amount  | Denominations  | Comments

|
|
|
|

First[23] | Act of March 9, 1861
Amended August 3, 1861  | $1,000,000 (i)
$1,000,000 (ii)  | $50, $100, $500, $1,000 (i)
$50, $100 (ii)  | Interest bearing at 3.65%, payable twelve months after date
Second[24] | Act of May 16, 1861  | $20,000,000 | $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 | No interest, payable two years after date
Third[25] | Act of August 19, 1861
Amended December 24, 1861  | $100,000,000 (i)
$50,000,000 (ii)  | $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 | Funded by 8% bonds, payable six months after a treaty/peace between the U.S. and CSA
Fourth[26] | Act of April 17, 1862
Amended September 23, 1862  | $170,000,000 (i)
$5,000,000 (ii)  | $1, $2, $10, $20, $100 | Introduced $1 and $2 notes, and $100 interest-bearing notes (2 cents per day)
Fifth[27] | Act of October 13, 1862  | $90,000,000[n 1] | $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 | Payable six months after ratification of a treaty. Lower denominations issued on pink paper
Sixth[29] | Act of March 23, 1863  | $50,000,000[n 2] | 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 | Payable two years after ratification of a treaty
Seventh[31] | Act of February 17, 1864  | $200,000,000[n 3] | 50¢, $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 | Payable two years after ratification of a treaty

### Banknote printers and engravers

[edit]

Printers and engravers of
Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)  Engraver/Printer  | Location  | Types printed  | Comments

|
|
|

National Bank Note Company  | New York, NY  | 1–4  | Part of the American Bank Note Company
Southern Bank Note Company  | New Orleans, LA  | 5, 6, 15, 19, 22, 31  | Southern branch of the American Bank Note Company[33]
Hoyer & Ludwig  | Richmond, VA  | 7–11, 13–14, 17–18, 27–28, 35–36, 46  | Louis Hoyer and Charles Ludwig, in operation 1861–64[34]
Jules Manouvrier  | New Orleans, LA  | 12  | Lithographer, contracted to print $10 CSA notes. Some were stolen and entered circulation with forged signatures. Contract cancelled[35]
Leggett, Keatinge & Ball  | Richmond, VA  | 23, 24, 32, 33  | Edward Keatinge (formerly a portrait engraver with the Southern Bank Note Company) joined Leggett & Ball shortly after the Civil War began. Leggett was forced out after being accused of spying for the Union, and the company became Keatinge & Ball.[36]
Keatinge & Ball  | Columbia, SC
Richmond, VA  | 16, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41, 49–62, 64–71  | In 1862, Keatinge & Ball moved to Richmond.[36]
Blanton Duncan  | Columbia, SC
Richmond, VA  | 20, 29, 30, 37, 38, 42–45  | Originally from Kentucky, Duncan moved to Richmond at the invitation of Christopher Memminger to open a paper mill and printing plant.[37]
J.T. Patterson  | Columbia, SC  | 28, 36, 39, 40,  |
Archer & Daly  | Richmond, VA  | 63  | A lithographic firm specializing mainly in CSA stocks and bonds[38]
Archer & Halpin  | Richmond, VA  | 72  |

### Complete typeset of CSA banknotes

[edit]

A complete typeset of the Confederate States dollar banknotes (1861–1864)  Series/Date  | Type[n 4] | Value  | Image  | Comments[n 5]

|
|
|
|

1First Series  | T–1
5 Apr 1861
21 Jun 1861  | 1000$1,000  |  | John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson
National Bank Note Company
(607 issued)[41]
T–2
8 Apr 1861
23 Jul 1861  | 0500$500  |  | Ceres, The Crossing (by James Smillie)
National Bank Note Company
(607 issued)[42]
T–3
5 Apr 1861
21 Jun 1861  | 0100$100  |  | Minerva, railroad
National Bank Note Company
(1,606 issued)[43]
T–4
5 Apr 1861
21 Jun 1861  | 0050$50  |  | Slaves working in a field
National Bank Note Company
(1,606 issued)[44]
T–5
25 Aug 1861
23 Sep 1861  | 0100$100  |  | Justice, Hudson River Railroad, Minerva
Southern Bank Note Company
(5,798 issued)[45]
T–6
25 Aug 1861
23 Sep 1861  | 0050$50  |  | Justice, Agriculture and Industry, George Washington
Southern Bank Note Company
(5,798 issued)[46]
2Second Series  | T–7
29 Jul 1861
22 Oct 1861  | 0100$100  |  | George Washington, Ceres, and Proserpina
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(37,155 issued)[47][n 6]
T–8
29 Jul 1861
22 Oct 1861  | 0050$50  |  | Tellus, George Washington
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(123,564 issued)[49]
T–9
25 Jul 1861
26 Oct 1861  | 0020$20  |  | Sailing ship
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(264,988 issued)[50]
T–10
25 Jul 1861
2 Nov 1861  | 0010$10  |  | Liberty (seated), Liberty (leaning on shield)
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(170,994 issued)[51]
T–11
29 Jul 1861
7 Sep 1861  | 0005$5  |  | Sailor (leaning), Liberty (seated)
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(73,355 issued)[52]
T–12  | 0005$5  |  | "Confederate States of America"
Jules Manouvrier (New Orleans, LA)
(15,556 issued)[53]
3Third Series  | T–13
22 Oct 1861
16 Apr 1862  | 0100$100  |  | Sailor (standing), slaves loading cotton
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(629,284 issued)[54]
T–14
22 Oct 1861
16 Apr 1862  | 0050$50  |  | Sailors, Moneta with treasure chest
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(469,660 issued)[55]
T–15
8 Jan 1862
15 May 1862  | 0050$50  |  | Hope, Hudson River Railroad, Justice
Southern Bank Note Company
(14,860 issued)[56]
T–16
17 Apr 1862
10 Dec 1862  | 0050$50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(425,944 issued)[57]
T–17
14 Sep 1861
5 Nov 1861  | 0020$20  |  | Liberty, Ceres between Commerce and Navigation
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(43,732 issued)[58]
T–18
24 Oct 1861
16 Aug 1862  | 0020$20  |  | Sailor, Sailing ship
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(2,366,486 issued)[59]
T–19
8 Jan 1862
15 May 1862  | 0020$20  |  | Minerva, Navigation, Blacksmith
Southern Bank Note Company
(14,860 issued)[60]
T–20
21 Jun 1862
8 Dec 1862  | 0020$20  |  | Alexander H. Stephens, Industry between Commerce and beehive
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(2,834,251 issued)[61]
T–21
28 Jun 1862
15 Nov 1862  | 0020$20  |  | Alexander H. Stephens
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(164,248 issued)[62]
T–22
13 Nov 1861
15 May 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Thetis, Native Americans, Female with X
Southern Bank Note Company
(58,860 issued)[63]
T–23
15 Nov 1861
30 Dec 1861  | 0010$10  |  | John E. Ward, Wagon of cotton, Corn gatherer
Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(20,333 issued)[64]
T–24
20 Feb 1862
8 Dec 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Robert M.T. Hunter (left); Reverend Alfred L. Elwyn (vignette, as child)
Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(278,400 issued)[65]
T–25
12 May 1862
9 Aug 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Robert M.T. Hunter (left); Hope; C.G. Memminger
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(178,716 issued)[66]
T–26
12 Jul 1862
8 Dec 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Robert M.T. Hunter (left); Hope; C.G. Memminger
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(514,400 issued)[67]
T–27
26 Nov 1861
5 Dec 1861  | 0010$10  |  | Liberty; Train
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(8,576 issued)[68]
T–28
23 Jan 1862
13 Dec 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Ceres and Commerce; Train
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,074,980 issued)[69]
T–29
17 Mar 1862
13 Sep 1862  | 0010$10  |  | Slave picking cotton; canal
B. Duncan (Richmond, VA)
(286,627 issued)[70]
T–30
14 Jun 1862
3 Jan 1863  | 0010$10  |  | Robert M.T. Hunter (left); engraving of the painting General Marion Inviting a British Officer to Share His Meal by John Blake White; Minerva
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,939,810 issued)[71]
T–31
13 Nov 1861
15 May 1862  | 0005$5  |  | Navigation; Commerce, Agriculture, Justice, Liberty, and Industry; George Washington statue
Southern Bank Note Company
(58,860 issued)[72]
T–32
15 Nov 1861
30 Dec 1861  | 0005$5  |  | Boy; Machinist with hammer
Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(20,333 issued)[73]
T–33
13 Mar 1862
19 Jun 1862  | 0005$5  |  | C.G. Memminger; Minerva
Leggett, Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(136,736 issued)[74]
T–34
12 May 1862
8 Dec 1862  | 0005$5  |  | C.G. Memminger; Minerva
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(228,644 issued)[75]
T–35
26 Nov 1861
5 Dec 1861  | 0005$5  |  | Slaves load cotton; Indian princess
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(7,160 issued)[76]
T–36
31 Mar 1862
3 Jan 1863  | 0005$5  |  | Sailor; Commerce (seated)
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)
(3,694,890 issued)[77]
T–37
7 Apr 1862
13 Sep 1862  | 0005$5  |  | C.G. Memminger; Sailor (seated); Justice and Ceres
B. Duncan (Richmond, VA)
(1,002,478 issued)[78]
4Fourth Series  | T–38  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin; The South striking down the Union
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(~36,000 issued)[79]
T–39  | 0100$100  |  | Milkmaid; train with straight steam
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
J.T. Patterson (Columbia, S.C.)
(284,000 issued)[80]
T–40  | 0100$100  |  | Milkmaid; train with diffused steam
J.T. Patterson & Co. (Columbia, S.C.)
(214,400 issued)[81]
T–41  | 0100$100  |  | John C. Calhoun; Slaves working; Confederacy
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(670,400 issued)[82]
T–42  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin; The South striking down the Union
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,520,000 issued)[83]
T–43  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin; The South striking down the Union
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(194,900 issued)[84]
T–44  | 0001$1  |  | Liberty; Steamship at sea; Lucy Pickens
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,689,860 issued)[85]
T–45  | 0001$1  |  | Liberty; Steamship at sea; Lucy Pickens
B. Duncan (Columbia, S.C.)
(412,500 issued)[86]
T–46  | 0010$10  |  | Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter
Hoyer & Ludwig (Richmond, VA)
(635,250 issued)[87]
T–47  | 0020$20  |  | Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter
Test pattern or fantasy note[88]
T–48  | 0010$10  |  | Ceres; Robert M.T. Hunter
Test pattern or fantasy note[89]
5Fifth Series  | T–49  | 0100$100  |  | Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; George W. Randolph
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA)
(628,640 issued)[90]
T–50  | 0050$50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA & Columbia, S.C.)
(414,200 issued)[91]
T–51  | 0020$20  |  | Tennessee State Capitol; Alexander H. Stephens
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(776,800 issued)[92]
T–52  | 0010$10  |  | Proposed state capitol (Columbia, S.C.); Robert M.T. Hunter
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(3,060,000 issued)[93]
T–53  | 0005$5  |  | Virginia State Capitol; C.G. Memminger
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(2,833,600 issued)[94]
T–54  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(607,000 issued)[95]
T–55  | 0001$1  |  | Clement Claiborne Clay
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,141,200 issued)[96]
6Sixth Series  | T–56  | 0100$100  |  | Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; George W. Randolph
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,950,400)[97]
T–57  | 0050$50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Keatinge & Ball (Richmond, VA and Columbia, S.C.)
(2,349,600 issued)[98]
T–58  | 0020$20  |  | Tennessee State Capitol; Alexander H. Stephens
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(4,429,600 issued)[99]
T–59  | 0010$10  |  | Proposed state capitol (Columbia, S.C.); Robert M.T. Hunter
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(7,420,800 issued)[100]
T–60  | 0005$5  |  | Virginia State Capitol; C.G. Memminger
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(7,745,600 issued)[101]
T–61  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(689,200 issued)[102]
T–62  | 0001$1  |  | Clement Claiborne Clay
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,645,600 issued)[103]
T–63  | 0000.50$0.50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Archer & Daly (Richmond, VA)
(1,831,517 issued)[104]
7Seventh Series  | T–64  | 0500$500  |  | Confederate seal and second national flag; Stonewall Jackson
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~154,000 issued)[105]
T–65  | 0100$100  |  | Soldiers; Lucy Pickens; George W. Randolph
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~964,000 issued)[106]
T–66  | 0050$50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(1,671,444 issued)[107]
T–67  | 0020$20  |  | Tennessee State Capitol; Alexander H. Stephens
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~4,150,000 issued)[108]
T–68  | 0010$10  |  | Horses pulling cannon; Robert M.T. Hunter
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~9,071,000 issued)[109]
T–69  | 0005$5  |  | Virginia State Capitol; C.G. Memminger
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~5,526,100 issued)[110]
T–70  | 0002$2  |  | Judah P. Benjamin
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~944,000 issued)[111]
T–71  | 0001$1  |  | Clement Claiborne Clay
Keatinge & Ball (Columbia, S.C.)
(~681,500 issued)[112]
T–72  | 0000.50$0.50  |  | Jefferson Davis
Archer & Halpin (Richmond, VA)
(~1,100,000 issued)[113]

## See also

[edit]

* Economy of the Confederate States of America
* Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Section 4: Validity of public debt, which banned the Federal recognition of Confederate debts or currency
* Samuel C. Upham, a notorious counterfeiter of Confederate bills
* Texas dollar
* United States dollar

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Despite the authorized amount, $138,000,000 was issued.[28]
2. ^ Despite the authorized amount, over $517,900,000 was issued.[30]
3. ^ Despite the authorized amount, over $400,000,000 was issued.[32]
4. ^ "T" numbers refer to the categorization system widely used in Confederate banknotes and denote major design changes.[39] Dates underneath "T" numbers (when available) indicate the beginning and end dates of issue for the particular note[40]
5. ^ Comments include the portraits or vignettes listed from left to right, the engraver and/or publisher of the note, and the number of notes issued. The single reference citation applies to all information in the cell.
6. ^ Federal authorities forbid the National Bank Note Company (and their affiliate Southern Bank Note Company) from printing currency for the Confederate States of America. The CSA turned to local lithographer Hoyer & Ludwig to print the next series of notes. The paper quality and printing technique is noticeably inferior to the prior First Series.[48]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Friedberg, R., Friedberg, I. S., & Friedberg, A. (2017). Paper money of the United States: A complete illustrated guide with valuations (21st ed.). Williston, Vermont.: Coin and Currency Institute. Pg. 252
2. ^ "The Finances of the Rebel Confederacy". The New York Times. November 13, 1864. p. 4.
3. ^ Weidenmier, M. D. (2002). Turning Points in the U.S. Civil War: Views from the Grayback Market. Southern Economic Journal, 68(4), 875–890.
4. ^ a b "Flounderings of the Rebel Financiers". The New York Times October 16, 1863. p. 4.
5. ^ a b "Grant's Army: Gold Out of Sight in Richmond: Rebel Paper Absolutely Worthless". The New York Times. September 28, 1864. p. 5.
6. ^ "A Conferate Christmas: The Hard Lines of the Southerners in the Winter of '64". The Washington Post. January 2, 1881. p. 2.
7. ^ "Confederate Inflation Rates (1861 - 1865)".
8. ^ Shull, H. (2007) A Guide Book of Southern States Currency. Whitman Publishing LLC.
9. ^ "$1,000 1861 Confederate States of America Note". Pmgnotes.com. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
10. ^ "Virtual Gettysburg-Featured Confederate Currency-Criswell Type 45". Virtualgettysburg.com. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
11. ^ "NMAH | Legendary Coins & Currency: Confederacy, 5 Dollars, 1862". Americanhistory.si.edu. October 24, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
12. ^ "NMAH | Legendary Coins & Currency: Confederacy, 10 Dollars, 1863". Americanhistory.si.edu. October 24, 2008. Archived from the original on March 13, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
13. ^ "Confederate Currency". Rebelstatescurrency.com. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
14. ^ "Type 8 confederate money 50.00 George Washington scarce Choice Unc". Deerrunmercantile.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
15. ^ "1861 1C CSA Original (Special Strike)". pcgs.com. Collectors Universe, Inc. Retrieved March 25, 2025.
16. ^ "1861 1C CSA Original (Special Strike)". pcgs.com. Collectors Universe, Inc. Retrieved April 16, 2025.
17. ^ Flynn, Kevin (2022). Restrikes, Storied Treasures of the U.S. Mint. Troy, Virginia: Kevin Flynn. p. 235.
18. ^ "Charlottes US Mint". museumofthesouth.com. LEVINE MUSEUM OF THE NEW SOUTH. Retrieved March 30, 2025.
19. ^ Bulfinch, Chris. "The Dahlonega Mint Lived a Short, Eventful Life". stacksbowers.com. Stack’s Bowers Numismatics, LLC. Retrieved March 31, 2025.
20. ^ Bugeja, Michael. "Coins struck under control of three governments". coinworld.com. Amos Media Company. Retrieved March 30, 2025.
21. ^ "History Through Coins: America's Civil War". ngccoin.com. Numismatic Guaranty Company. Retrieved April 18, 2025.
22. ^ Rothman, Jordan. "A Pledge of a Nation: Charting the Economic Aspirations, Political Motivations and Consequences of Confederate Currency Creation" (PDF). Bir.brandeis.edu. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
23. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 121.
24. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 135.
25. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 167.
26. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 289.
27. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 353.
28. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 353.
29. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 397.
30. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 397.
31. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 469.
32. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 469.
33. ^ Hessler 1993, p. 296.
34. ^ Hessler 1993, p. 175.
35. ^ Hessler 1993, p. 212.
36. ^ a b Hessler 1993, p. 187.
37. ^ Hessler 1993, p. 107.
38. ^ Hessler 1993, p. 34.
39. ^ Friedberg & Friedberg 2013, p. 250.
40. ^ Fricke 2014.
41. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 122.
42. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 124.
43. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 127.
44. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 129.
45. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 131.
46. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 133.
47. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 137.
48. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 135.
49. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 141.
50. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 145.
51. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 150.
52. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 158.
53. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 162.
54. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 168.
55. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 174.
56. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 180.
57. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 182.
58. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 188.
59. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 192.
60. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 200.
61. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 202.
62. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 212.
63. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 217.
64. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 220.
65. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 223.
66. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 229.
67. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 233.
68. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 245.
69. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 249.
70. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 253.
71. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 255.
72. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 258.
73. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 261.
74. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 264.
75. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 275.
76. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 279.
77. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 282.
78. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 286.
79. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 291.
80. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 294.
81. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 302.
82. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 307.
83. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 336.
84. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 339.
85. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 342.
86. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 344.
87. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 347.
88. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 349.
89. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 352.
90. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 355.
91. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 359.
92. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 366.
93. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 372.
94. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 381.
95. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 388.
96. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 393.
97. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 400.
98. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 403.
99. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 410.
100. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 424.
101. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 440.
102. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 455.
103. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 459.
104. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 465.
105. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 471.
106. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 476.
107. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 479.
108. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 487.
109. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 496.
110. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 517.
111. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 522.
112. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 528.
113. ^ Fricke 2014, p. 534.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Cuhaj, George S. (December 28, 2012). Confederate States Paper Money. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-1-4402-3086-8.
* "Seigniorage in the Civil War South. Explorations in Economic History". Explorations in Economic History. 72: 74–92\. April 2019. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.11.001. S2CID 92991941.
* Fricke, Pierre (2005). Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2008. Spink. ISBN 978-0-9710821-5-1.
* Fricke, Pierre (December 2, 2013). Collecting Confederate Paper Money - Field Edition 2014. Pierre Fricke. ISBN 978-0-9844534-9-8.
* Friedberg, Arthur L.; Friedberg, Ira S. (2013). Paper Money of the United States: A Complete Illustrated Guide With Valuations (20th ed.). Coin & Currency Institute. ISBN 978-0-87184-520-7.
* Levi, Harold; Corell, George (2006). The Lovett Cent; a Confederate Story. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-84728-878-3.[self-published source]
* Hessler, Gene (1993). The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art. BNR Press. ISBN 978-0-931960-36-9.
* Matthews, James M. (1862). Public Laws of the Confederate States of America Passed at the First-Fourth Sessions of the Second Congress.
* Yeoman, R. S. (June 1, 2004). A Guide Book of United States Coins. ISBN 978-0-7948-1790-9.
* Hudgeons, Tom; Hudgeons, Marc (June 1, 2004). 2005 Blackbook Price Guide to United States Paper Money. ISBN 978-1-4000-4839-7.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Money of the Confederate States of America.

* The Story of Confederate Currency
* Collecting Confederate Paper Money Archived April 17, 2003, at the Wayback Machine
* Professional Grading Service
* Coin Facts
* Mintmark Numismatics, Inc
* Photos and descriptions of Confederate Currency in McCune Collection
* Boston Athenæum: Paper Currency from the Confederate States of America, Digital Collection
* Civil War Confederate Currency Collection from Georgia State University Archived January 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine

* v
* t
* e

United States currency and coinage

Topics|

* U.S. dollar
* Federal Reserve System
* Federal Reserve Note
* U.S. Mint
* Denver
* Philadelphia
* San Francisco
* West Point
* Carson City
* Charlotte
* Dahlonega
* New Orleans
* Manila Mint
* The Dalles Mint
* Bureau of Engraving and Printing
* Mutilated currency

Current coinage|

* Penny (1¢)
* Nickel (5¢)
* Dime (10¢)
* Quarter (25¢)
* Half dollar (50¢)
* Dollar ($1)

Bullion coinage|

* America the Beautiful (silver)
* American Silver Eagle
* American Gold Eagle
* American Buffalo (gold)
* First Spouse (gold)
* American Platinum Eagle
* American Palladium Eagle
* American Liberty (gold)

Current paper money|

* $1
* $2
* $5
* $10
* $20
* $50
* $100

Discontinued denominations|

* $500
* $1,000
* $5,000
* $10,000
* $100,000

Related|

* Art and engraving on United States banknotes
* Bicentennial coinage
* Black Eagle Silver Certificate
* Brasher Doubloon
* Commemoratives
* Confederate dollar
* Continental banknotes
* Continental dollar coin
* Funnyback
* Large denominations
* Obsolete denominations
* Canceled denominations
* Counterfeit United States currency
* Mill
* National Numismatic Collection
* Coin production
* In God We Trust
* E pluribus unum
* Annuit cœptis
* Novus ordo seclorum
* Nicknames
* Replacement banknote
* Sales tax token
* Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee
* Promotional fake denominations
* Where's George?

* v
* t
* e

Currencies named dollar or similar

Circulating|

* Australian dollar
* Bahamian dollar
* Barbadian dollar
* Belize dollar
* Bermudian dollar
* Brunei dollar
* Canadian dollar
* Cayman Islands dollar
* Cook Islands dollar
* Eastern Caribbean dollar
* Fijian dollar
* Guyanese dollar
* Hong Kong dollar
* Jamaican dollar
* Kiribati dollar
* Liberian dollar
* Namibian dollar
* New Zealand dollar
* Samoan tālā
* Singapore dollar
* Solomon Islands dollar
* Surinamese dollar
* New Taiwan dollar
* Trinidad and Tobago dollar
* Tuvaluan dollar
* United States dollar

Circulating, but renamed|

* Chinese yuan
* Ethiopian birr
* Malaysian ringgit

Obsolete and historical|

* Antigua dollar
* British Columbia dollar
* British North Borneo dollar
* British West Indies dollar
* Ceylonese rixdollar
* Confederate States dollar
* Continental dollar
* Danish rigsdaler
* Danish West Indian daler
* Danish West Indian rigsdaler
* Dominican dollar
* Dutch rijksdaalder
* Greenlandic rigsdaler
* Grenadian dollar
* Hawaiian dollar
* Japanese occupation dollar
* Kiautschou dollar
* Malaya and British Borneo dollar
* Malayan dollar
* Mauritian dollar
* Mongolian dollar
* Nevisian dollar
* New Brunswick dollar
* Newfoundland dollar
* Norwegian rigsdaler
* Norwegian speciedaler
* Nova Scotian dollar
* Penang dollar
* Prince Edward Island dollar
* Puerto Rican dollar
* Rhodesian dollar
* Saint Kitts dollar
* Saint Lucia dollar
* Saint Vincent dollar
* Sarawak dollar
* Sierra Leonean dollar
* Slovenian tolar
* Spanish dollar
* Straits dollar
* Sumatran dollar
* Swedish riksdaler
* Old Taiwan dollar
* Texas dollar
* Trinidadian dollar
* Tobagonian dollar
* Zimbabwean dollar
* Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)

Noncirculating|

* Niue dollar
* Pitcairn Islands dollar

Conceptual|

* Eurodollar
* Petrodollar
* International dollar (Geary–Khamis dollar)

Virtual|

* Linden dollar
* Project Entropia Dollar

Fictional|

* Angus Bucks

Private|

* Calgary dollar
* Canadian Tire money
* Disney Dollars
* Liberty dollar
* Salt Spring dollar
* Toronto dollar

See also|

* Dollar sign
* Half dollar
* Quarter dollar
* Holey dollar
* Thaler
* Tolar
* Trade dollar
* Zimbabwean bond coins
* Zimbabwean bond notes

* v
* t
* e

American Civil War

Origins

* Origins

* Timeline leading to the War
* Bleeding Kansas
* Border states
* Compromise of 1850
* John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
* Kansas-Nebraska Act
* Lincoln–Douglas debates
* Missouri Compromise
* Nullification crisis
* Origins of the American Civil War
* Panic of 1857
* Popular sovereignty
* Secession
* South Carolina Declaration of Secession
* States' rights
* President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers

|

Slavery|

* African Americans
* Cornerstone Speech
* Crittenden Compromise
* Dred Scott v. Sandford
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Fire-Eaters
* Fugitive slave laws
* Plantations in the American South
* Positive good
* Slave Power
* Slavery in the United States
* Treatment of slaves in the United States
* Uncle Tom's Cabin

Abolitionism|

* Abolitionism in the United States
* Susan B. Anthony
* James G. Birney
* John Brown
* Frederick Douglass
* William Lloyd Garrison
* Lane Debates on Slavery
* Elijah Parish Lovejoy
* J. Sella Martin
* Lysander Spooner
* George Luther Stearns
* Thaddeus Stevens
* Charles Sumner
* Caning
* Harriet Tubman
* Underground Railroad

* Combatants
* Theaters
* Campaigns
* Battles
* States

| Combatants|

| Union|

* Army
* Navy
* Marine Corps
* Revenue Cutter Service

|

Confederacy|

* Army
* Navy
* Marine Corps

Theaters|

* Eastern
* Western
* Lower Seaboard
* Trans-Mississippi
* Pacific Coast
* Union naval blockade

Major campaigns|

* Anaconda Plan
* Blockade runners
* New Mexico
* Jackson's Valley
* Peninsula
* Northern Virginia
* Maryland
* Stones River
* Vicksburg
* Tullahoma
* Gettysburg
* Morgan's Raid
* Bristoe
* Knoxville
* Red River
* Overland
* Atlanta
* Valley 1864
* Bermuda Hundred
* Richmond-Petersburg
* Franklin–Nashville
* Price's Missouri Expedition
* Sherman's March
* Carolinas
* Mobile
* Appomattox

Major battles|

* Fort Sumter
* 1st Bull Run
* Wilson's Creek
* Fort Donelson
* Pea Ridge
* Hampton Roads
* Shiloh
* New Orleans
* Corinth
* Seven Pines
* Seven Days
* 2nd Bull Run
* Antietam
* Perryville
* Fredericksburg
* Stones River
* Chancellorsville
* Gettysburg
* Vicksburg
* Chickamauga
* Chattanooga
* Wilderness
* Fort Pillow
* Spotsylvania
* Cold Harbor
* Atlanta
* Crater
* Mobile Bay
* Franklin
* Nashville
* Five Forks

Involvement|

| States and
territories|

* Alabama
* Arkansas
* Arizona
* California
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Dakota Territory
* District of Columbia
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indian Territory
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* Massachusetts
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* North Carolina
* Ohio
* Oregon
* Pennsylvania
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* Tennessee
* Texas
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin

|

Cities|

* Atlanta
* Charleston
* Chattanooga
* New Orleans
* Richmond
* Washington, D.C.
* Winchester

Leaders

| Confederate|

| Military|

* R. H. Anderson
* Beauregard
* Bragg
* Buchanan
* Cooper
* Early
* Ewell
* Forrest
* Gorgas
* Hill
* Hood
* Jackson
* A. S. Johnston
* J. E. Johnston
* Lee
* Longstreet
* Morgan
* Mosby
* Polk
* Price
* Semmes
* E. K. Smith
* Stuart
* Taylor
* Wheeler

|

Civilian|

* Benjamin
* Bocock
* Breckinridge
* Davis
* Hunter
* Mallory
* Memminger
* Seddon
* Stephens

Union|

| Military|

* Anderson
* Buell
* Burnside
* Butler
* Du Pont
* Farragut
* Foote
* Frémont
* Grant
* Halleck
* Hooker
* Hunt
* McClellan
* McDowell
* Meade
* Meigs
* Ord
* Pope
* D. D. Porter
* Rosecrans
* Scott
* Sheridan
* Sherman
* Thomas

|

Civilian|

* Adams
* Chase
* Ericsson
* Hamlin
* Lincoln
* Pinkerton
* Seward
* Stanton
* Stevens
* Wade
* Welles

Aftermath

| Constitution|

* Reconstruction Amendments
* 13th Amendment
* 14th Amendment
* 15th Amendment

|

Reconstruction|

* Alabama Claims
* Brooks–Baxter War
* Carpetbaggers
* Colfax riot of 1873
* Compromise of 1877
* Confederate refugees
* Confederados
* Eufaula riot of 1874
* Freedmen's Bureau
* Freedman's Savings Bank
* Homestead Acts
* Southern Homestead Act of 1866
* Timber Culture Act of 1873
* Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
* trial
* efforts
* timeline
* first inquiry
* second inquiry
* impeachment managers investigation
* Kirk–Holden war
* Knights of the White Camelia
* Ku Klux Klan
* Ethnic violence
* Memphis riots of 1866
* Meridian riot of 1871
* New Orleans riot of 1866
* Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
* South Carolina riots of 1876
* Reconstruction acts
* Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
* Enforcement Act of 1870
* Enforcement Act of February 1871
* Enforcement Act of April 1871
* Reconstruction era
* Reconstruction military districts
* Reconstruction Treaties
* Indian Council at Fort Smith
* Red Shirts
* Redeemers
* Scalawags
* South Carolina riots of 1876
* Southern Claims Commission
* White League

Post-
Reconstruction|

* Commemoration
* Centennial
* Civil War Discovery Trail
* Civil War Roundtables
* Civil War Trails Program
* Civil War Trust
* Confederate History Month
* Confederate Memorial Day
* Decoration Day
* Historical reenactment
* Robert E. Lee Day
* Confederate Memorial Hall
* Disenfranchisement
* Black Codes
* Jim Crow
* Historiographic issues
* Lost Cause mythology
* Modern display of the Confederate flag
* Red Shirts
* Sons of Confederate Veterans
* Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
* Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War
* National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865
* Southern Historical Society
* United Confederate Veterans
* United Daughters of the Confederacy
* Children of the Confederacy
* Wilmington insurrection of 1898

Monuments
and memorials|

| Union|

* List
* Grand Army of the Republic
* memorials to Lincoln

|

Confederate|

* List
* artworks in Capitol
* memorials to Davis
* memorials to Lee
* Removal

Cemeteries|

* Ladies' Memorial Associations
* U.S. national cemeteries

Veterans|

* 1913 Gettysburg reunion
* 1938 Gettysburg reunion
* Confederate Memorial Hall
* Confederate Veteran
* Grand Army of the Republic
* Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
* Old soldiers' homes
* Southern Cross of Honor
* United Confederate Veterans

* Related topics

| Military|

* Arms
* Armies
* Campaign Medal
* Cavalry
* Confederate Home Guard
* Confederate railroads
* Confederate revolving cannon
* Field artillery
* Infantry
* Medal of Honor recipients
* Medicine
* Naval battles
* Official Records
* Partisan rangers
* POW camps
* Rations
* Signal Corps
* Turning point
* Union corps badges
* U.S. Balloon Corps
* U.S. Home Guard
* U.S. Military Railroad

|

Political|

* Committee on the Conduct of the War
* Confederate States presidential election of 1861
* Confiscation Act of 1861
* Confiscation Act of 1862
* Copperheads
* Diplomacy
* Emancipation Proclamation
* Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
* Hampton Roads Conference
* National Union Party
* Politicians killed
* Radical Republicans
* Trent Affair
* Union Leagues
* U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
* War Democrats

Music|

* Battle Hymn of the Republic
* Dixie
* John Brown's Body
* A Lincoln Portrait
* Marching Through Georgia
* Maryland, My Maryland
* When Johnny Comes Marching Home
* Daar kom die Alibama

By ethnicity|

* African Americans
* German Americans
* Irish Americans
* Italian Americans
* Native Americans
* Catawba
* Cherokee
* Choctaw
* Seminole

Other topics|

* Baltimore riot of 1861
* Battlefield preservation
* Bibliography
* Confederate war finance
* Confederate States dollar
* Espionage
* Confederate Secret Service
* Great Hanging at Gainesville
* Great Revival of 1863
* Gender issues
* Juneteenth
* Naming the war
* New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
* New York City riots of 1863
* Photographers
* Richmond riots of 1863
* Salt
* Supreme Court cases
* Tokens
* U.S. Sanitary Commission
* Women soldiers

Related|

* List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

* Category
* Portal

Portals:

* American Civil War
* Money
* Numismatics

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template