Cong (vessel)

Form of ancient Chinese jade artifact

Royal Jade cong from the Liangzhu culture. Zhejiang Provincial Museum External videos

Jade Cong, Smarthistory
Longquan celadon cong, 12th–13th century

A cong (Chinese: 琮; pinyin: cóng; Wade–Giles: ts'ung2) is a form of ancient Chinese jade artifact.[1] It was later also used in ceramics.

## History

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The earliest cong were produced by the Xuejiagang culture and the Liangzhu culture (3400–2250 BC); later examples date mainly from the Shang and Zhou dynasties.[2]

Interest in the jade shape developed during the 12th–13th century Song dynasty. The shape continued to be used in ceramic and metalwork for centuries.[3]

## Description

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A cong is a straight tube with a circular bore and square outer section with more or less convex sides. The outer surface is divided vertically or horizontally such that the whole defines a hollow cylinder embedded in a partial rectangular block. Proportions vary: a cong may be squat or taller than it is wide. The outer faces are sometimes decorated with mask-like faces, which may be related to the taotie designs found on later bronze vessels.

Although it is generally considered to be a ritual object of some sort, the original function and meaning of the cong are unknown. Later writings speak of the cong as symbolizing the earth, while the bi represents the heavens. The square represents the earth and a circle represents the heavens.

## References

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1. ^ Greg Woolf (2007). Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art. Barnes & Noble. p. 216\. ISBN 978-1-4351-0121-0.
2. ^ "Bi and Cong - Ancient Jade Carvings - China culture Yuhang, Zhejiang Province". Archived from the original on 2016-03-28. Retrieved 2016-03-31.
3. ^ BBC TV documentary: China in Six Easy Pieces (2013) presented by Lars Tharp http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b036r5cx Archived 2023-07-25 at the Wayback Machine

## Further reading

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* Les jades néolithiques chinois / [contributions de Christophe Comentale, Laurent Long, Tong Peihua, Zhang Jingguo]; [pour l'ACI Du chopper au brilliant], [Paris] : Museum national d'histoire naturelle, cop. 2008, 1 vol. (81 p.) : ill., couv. ill.; 30 cm
* Art et archéologie : la Chine du Néolithique à la fin des Cinq Dynasties, 960 de notre ère / Danielle Elisseeff; Paris : École du Louvre : RMN, 2008
* "Neolithic Chinese Jades", Angus Forsyth, in Jade. Ed. Roger Keverne. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. pp. 88–109.

## External links

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Media related to Cong (vessel) at Wikimedia Commons

* http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/china/jades/gallery.asp#cong Archived 2017-10-07 at the Wayback Machine
* http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/72376
* https://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/galleries/asia/room_33b_chinese_jade.aspx

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Chinese ceramics

Ancient pottery|

* Proto-celadon
* Terracotta Army
* Green-glazed pottery

Earthenwares, stonewares and others|

* Yue
* Celadon
* Yaozhou
* Longquan celadon
* Cizhou
* Ding
* Ge
* Guan
* Jian
* Jizhou
* Jun
* Ru
* Yixing
* Shiwan
* Tang tomb figures

Porcelain|

* Xing
* Ding
* Qingbai
* Jingdezhen/Imperial wares
* Dehua
* Transitional
* export
* Kraak
* Swatow
* Tianqi
* Canton

Decoration|

* Sancai
* Blue and white
* Wucai
* Doucai
* Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte
* Ash glaze
* An hua

Kilns, shapes|

* Dragon kiln
* Mantou kiln
* The Five Great Kilns
* Cong
* Ding
* Guang
* Hunping
* Meiping
* Gaiwan

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