Conquest of Tunis (1535)

Capture of Tunis by Habsburg alliance in 1535

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Conquest of Tunis

Part of the Spanish–Ottoman wars, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars and the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

Attack on La Goletta, with Tunis in the background

Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, into Tunis in 1535
| Date| June 1535

|

Location|

Tunis (present-day Tunisia)

Result|  Habsburg and allied victory
Territorial
changes|  Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.[1][2]
Belligerents

* Spanish Empire
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily

* Holy Roman Empire
* County of Flanders

Kingdom of Portugal
Papal States
Republic of Genoa
Knights of Malta|  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Charles V
Andrea Doria
Alfonso d'Avalos
Álvaro de Bazán
García de Toledo
Duke of Alba
Duke of Beja|  Hayreddin Barbarossa
Strength
Total men: 30,000–60,000
10,000 Spaniards
8,000 Germans
8,000 Italians
1,500 Portuguese[3]
700 Maltese
Unknown number of Flemings

Total ships: 398
207 ships[4]
10 galleys
6 galleys
19 galleys
Kingdom of Portugal 1 galleon, 2 carracks, 20 round caravels, 8 galleys
8 galleys
1 carrack, 4 galleys
60 hulks|  82 warships[1]
2 galleys[5]
Casualties and losses
Unknown: Many fell to dysentery[citation needed]|  30,000 Muslim civilians massacred[6]
10,000 Muslims enslaved[7]
20,000 Christians freed[7]

* v
* t
* e

Spanish-Ottoman wars

Prelude

* Reconquista
* Granada War
* Ottoman intervention
* Balearic Islands (1501)
* Catalan campaigns in the East
* Asia Minor
* Ottoman wars in Europe
* Nicopolis
* Skanderbeg's Albania
* Fall of Constantinople
* Ottoman–Venetian
* 1463–1479
* 1499–1503
* Hungarian–Ottoman
* Otranto
* Ottoman–Habsburg
* Spanish expansion to the Maghreb
* Spanish Crusade
* Algerian campaign [fr]
* Moroccan campaign
* Libyan campaign
* Tunisian campaign
* Moroccan–Portuguese conflicts
* Mamluk–Portuguese conflicts
* Portuguese India Armadas

* * *

1st Mediterranean (1515–1585)

* 1st Algeria (1516)
* 2nd Algeria (1518)
* 3rd Algeria (1519)
* 1st Tunisia (1520)
* 4th Algeria (1529)
* Battle of Formentera (1529)
* Modon (1531)
* 5th Algeria (1531)
* Coron (1532)
* Coron (1533)
* 2nd Tunisia (1534)
* 1st Balearic (1535)
* 6th Algeria (1535)
* 3rd Tunisia (1535)
* Italian War of 1536–1538
* Apulia (1537)
* Antipaxos (1537)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)
* 1st Sousse (1537)
* Preveza (1538)
* Castelnuovo (1539)
* Sardinia (1540)
* Alborán (1540)
* 7th Algeria (1541)
* Italian War of 1542–1546
* Nice (1543)
* 1st Sicily (1544)
* Naples (1544)
* 8th Algeria (1543)
* 9th Algeria (1543)
* 10th Algeria (1547)
* Valencia (1550)
* 4th Tunisia (1550)
* 1st Gozo (1551)
* 11th Algeria (1551)
* Italian War of 1551–1559
* 1st Libya (1551)
* Battle of Ponza (1552)
* 2nd Libya (1552)
* 2nd Balearic [fr] (1553)
* Corsica (1553)
* 2nd Naples (1554)
* 3rd Balearic (1558)
* 1st Morocco [fr] (1554)
* 12th Algeria (1555)
* 13th Algeria (1556)
* 14th Algeria (1558)
* 4th Balearic (1558)
* 15th Algeria (1559)
* 5th Tunisia (1560)
* 2nd Sicily (1561)
* 2nd Morocco (1563)
* 16th Algeria (1563)
* Granada (1563)
* 3rd Morocco (1564)
* Tetuan River (1565)
* Malta (1565)
* Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572
* Albanian revolt of 1566–1571
* 17th Algeria (1567)
* Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
* 6h Tunisia (1569)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
* 2nd Gozo (1570)
* Lepanto (1571)
* Navarino (1572)
* 7th Tunisia (1573)
* 3rd Naples (1573)
* 8th Tunisia (1574)
* 18th Algeria (1575)
* Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578)
* Lanzarote (1586)
* Longina (1595)

2nd Mediterranean (1603–1625)

* Spanish-Barbary conflicts (1600s–1620s)
* Anglo-Turkish piracy
* Mers-el-Fahm (1603)
* Monastir (1603)
* Hammamet (1605)
* Paphos (1609)
* 1st La Goulette (1609)
* Kerkennah Islands (1611)
* Epirus revolt of 1611
* 2nd La Goulette (1612)
* Cape Corvo (1613)
* Messina (1613)
* Malta (1614)
* 3rd La Goulette (1615)
* Cape Gelidonya (1616)
* Constantinople (1616)
* 1st Cape Palos (1617)
* 4th La Goulette (1617)
* 2nd Sousse (1619)
* Chios (1621)
* Palermo (1624)
* Gulf of Tunis (1624)
* Dalmatia (1624)
* San Pietro (1624)
* Syracuse (1625)

Barbary unofficial campaigns (1630s–1700s)

* Barbary–Portuguese conflicts
* Spanish-Barbary battles
* Ceriale and Borghetto (1637)
* Calpe (1637)
* 2nd Oran and 2nd Mers el-Kébir [fr]
* Siege of Oran (1707–1708)
* Action of 28 November 1751
* Action of 16 April 1755
* 2nd Cape Palos

3rd Mediterranean (1714–1792)

* Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
* Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)
* Spanish–Algerian War (1775–1785)
* Siege of Oran (1790–1792)

* * *

Central Europe and Balkans

* Hungarian Campaign
* Siege of Buda (1530)
* Siege of Kőszeg
* Siege of Pest
* Battle of Szeged (1552)
* Siege of Temesvár (1552)
* Battle of Palást
* Croatian Campaign
* Siege of Vienna (1529)
* Long Turkish War
* Himara Revolt of 1596
* Thessaly rebellion (1600)
* Bocskai uprising
* Thirty Years War
* Bohemian Revolt
* Great Turkish War
* Siege of Buda (1686)

* * *

Oversea Conflicts

* Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations
* Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts
* Ottoman expeditions to Aceh
* Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts
* Indian Ocean · 1st East Africa
* Somali–Portuguese conflicts
* Ethiopian–Adal War
* War of the League of the Indies
* 2nd East Africa
* Baloch–Portuguese conflicts
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Bruneian Campaign
* Insulindia Theater

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman–Habsburg wars

Central Europe–Balkans

* Mohács (1526)
* Hungarian campaign (1527–28)
* Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1527–93)
* Hungary (1529)
* Vienna (1529)
* Little Wars in Hungary
* (1529–1533) (1540–1547) (1551–1562) (1565–1568)
* Győr (1577)
* Bicske (1578)
* Klis (1583)
* Long War (1593–1606)
* Uprising in Banat (1594)
* Serb uprising of 1596–1597
* First Tarnovo Uprising (1598)
* Bocskai uprising (1604–06)
* Thirty Years' War (1614–48)
* Bohemian Revolt (1618–20)
* 1st Transylvanian intervention (1619–26)
* Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)
* 2nd Transylvanian intervention| (1644–46)
* Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)
* Great Turkish War (1683–99)
* Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699)
* Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
* Second Tarnovo Uprising (1686)
* Mariovo and Prilep rebellion (1688–89)
* Chiprovtsi uprising (1688)
* Karposh's rebellion (1689)
* Austro-Turkish War (1716–18)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735–39)
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)
* Austro-Turkish War (1788–91)

Mediterranean

* Spanish–Ottoman wars (1492–1792)
* Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572
* Albanian revolt of 1566–1571
* Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)
* Himara Revolt of 1596
* Thessaly rebellion (1600)
* Epirus revolt of 1611
* Spanish-Barbary conflicts
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
* Italian War of 1536–1538
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)
* Italian War of 1542–1546
* Italian War of 1551–1559
* Barbary–Portuguese conflicts (1554–1819)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)
* Morean War (1684–99)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)

East Indies

* Acehnese–Portuguese conflicts
* Ottoman expeditions to Aceh (1562–66)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Castilian War (1578)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)

* v
* t
* e

Spanish colonial campaigns

15th century

* Canary Islands (1402–96)
* Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
* Guinea (1478)
* Algeria (1497)
* Melilla (1497)

16th century

* Algeria (1505)
* Algeria (1507)
* Morocco (1508)
* Algeria (1509)
* Algeria (1510)
* Tripoli (1510)
* Tunisia (1510)
* Puerto Rico (1511–29)
* Algeria (1516)
* Algeria (1517–18)
* Mexico (1519–1821)
* Mexico (1519–21)
* Algeria (1519)
* Tunisia (1520)
* Chiapas (1523–1695)
* Guatemala (1524–1697)
* Nicaragua (1524–27)
* El Salvador (1524–39)
* Honduras (1524–39)
* Morocco (1525)
* Colombia (1525–40)
* Yucatán (1527–1697)
* Algeria (1529)
* Algeria (1531)
* Peru (1532–72)
* Tunisia (1534)
* Brazil (1534–36)
* Algeria (1535)
* Tunisia (1535)
* Colombia (1537–40)
* Algeria (1541)
* 1st Algeria (1543)
* 2nd Algeria (1543)
* Halmahera (1545)
* Chile (1546–1662)
* Algeria (1547)
* Tunisia (1550)
* Libya (1551)
* Algeria (1555)
* Algeria (1556)
* Algeria (1558)
* Tunisia (1560)
* Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
* Algeria (1563)
* Morocco (1563)
* Morocco (1564)
* Morocco (1565)
* Philippines (1565–1898)
* Florida (1565)
* Philippines (1567–72)
* Tunisia (1573)
* Tunisia (1574)
* Manila (1574)
* Brunei (1578)
* Cagayan (1582)
* Insulindia (1582)
* Insulindia (1585)
* Cambodia (1593–97)
* Puerto Rico (1595)
* Philippines (1596)
* Cuba (1596)
* Puerto Rico (1598)
* Philippines (1599–1600)

17th century

* Philippines (1602)
* Insulindia (1603)
* Tunisia (1605)
* Moluccas (1606)
* Tunisia (1609)
* Tunisia (1611)
* Tunisia (1612)
* Tunisia (1615)
* Tunisia (1617)
* Morocco (1614)
* Petén (1618–97)
* Brazil (1625)
* Taiwan (1626)
* Morocco (1628)
* St. Kitts · Nevis (1629)
* Philippines (1630)
* Brazil (1631)
* Brazil (1638)
* Philippines (1638–46)
* Brazil (1640)
* Colombia (1641)
* Taiwan (1641)
* Taiwan (1642)
* Chiloé · Valdivia (1643)
* Philippines (1646)
* Tortuga (1654)
* Hispaniola (1655)
* Jamaica (1655)
* Jamaica (1657)
* Jamaica (1658)
* Porto Bello (1668)
* Lake Maracaibo (1669)
* Panama (1671)
* New Mexico (1680–92)
* Morocco (1689)

18th century

* North America (1702–13)
* Chiloé (1712)
* Bahamas (1720)
* Chile (1723–1726)
* Oran (1732)
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
* Peru (1742–52)
* Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
* Portugal (1762)
* Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
* Cuba (1762)
* Nicaragua (1762)
* Philippines (1762)
* Chile (1766–1767)
* Algiers (1775)
* Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
* North America (1779–83)
* Peru (1780–82)
* New Granada (1781)
* Algiers (1783)
* Algiers (1784)
* Chile (1792)
* Caribbean (1796–1802)

19th century

* Río de la Plata (1806–07)
* Spanish America (1808–33)
* Bolivia (1809–25)
* Argentina (1810–18)
* Florida (1810)
* Paraguay (1810–11)
* Mexico (1810–21)
* Peru (1811–24)
* El Salvador (1811)
* Uruguay (1811)
* Venezuela (1811–23)
* Chile (1812–27)
* Colombia (1815–16)
* Colombia (1819–20)
* Ecuador (1820–22)
* Mexico (1821–29)
* Balanguingui (1848)
* Cochinchina (1858–62)
* Morocco (1859–1860)
* Dominican Republic (1863–65)
* Peru and Chile (1864–66)
* Puerto Rico (1868)
* Cuba (1868–78)
* Cuba (1879–80)
* Morocco (1893–94)
* Cuba (1895–98)
* Philippines (1896–98)
* Puerto Rico (1897)
* Puerto Rico (1898)
* Guam (1898)

20th century

* Morocco (1909)
* Morocco (1911–12)
* Morocco (1920–26)
* Morocco (1957–58)
* Western Sahara (1973–76)
* Western Sahara (1975)

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

* Siege of Jeddah (1517)
* Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)
* Siege of Diu (1531)
* Conquest of Tunis (1535)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
* Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera
* Siege of Malacca (1568)
* Battle of Alcácer Quibir
* Capture of Muscat (1581)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)
* Sack of Madeira (1617)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
* Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese colonial campaigns

15th century

* Ceuta (1415)
* Ceuta (1419)
* Tangier (1437)
* Ksar es-Seghir (1458)
* Tangier (1463–64)
* Anfa (1468)
* Asilah (1471)
* Tangier (1471)
* Guinea (1478)
* Chaouia (1487)
* Graciosa (1489)
* Targa (1490)

16th century

* India (1500–1513)
* East Africa (1500-1509)
* Algeria (1501)
* India (1504)
* Kilwa (1505)
* Mombasa (1505)
* Indian Ocean (1505–17)
* India (1506)
* India (1506)
* Mozambique (1506)
* East Africa (1507)
* India (1507)
* Socotra (1507)
* Muscat (1507)
* Persian Gulf (1507–15)
* India (1508)
* Diu (1509)
* Goa (1510)
* Malaysia (1511)
* India (1512)
* Aden (1513)
* Morocco (1513)
* Morocco (1514)
* Morocco (1514)
* Iran (1514-15)
* Marrakesh (1515)
* Morocco (1515)
* Nigeria (1515-16)
* Doukkala (1516)
* East Africa (1517)
* Goa (1517)
* Malaysia (1520)
* Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
* Sumatra (1521)
* Bahrain (1521)
* Insulindia (1521)
* China (1521)
* Sumatra (1522)
* Arabia (1523)
* Malaysia (1523)
* Sumatra (1523–24)
* Insulindia (1525)
* Insulindia (1526)
* India (1526)
* Java (1527)
* Sumatra (1528)
* East Africa (1528)
* Persian Gulf (1529)
* Moluccas (1530–1607)
* India (1531)
* Morocco (1533)
* Persian Gulf (1534)
* Malaysia (1534)
* Tunis (1535)
* Malaysia (1535)
* Malaysia (1536)
* Moluccas (1536)
* Brazil (1534–1536)
* India (1538)
* India (1538)
* Indian Ocean (1538–60)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Ethiopia (1541)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* East Africa (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1543)
* Malaysia (1543)
* Insulindia (1545)
* India (1546)
* India (1547)
* Malaysia (1547)
* Arabia (1548)
* Arabia (1548)
* Jailolo (1550)
* Persian Gulf (1551)
* Malaysia (1551)
* Arabia (1552–54)
* Gulf of Oman (1554)
* Pakistan (1557)
* Sri Lanka (1557–58)
* Brazil (1558)
* India (1559)
* India (1559)
* Jaffna (1560)
* Japan (1561)
* Morocco (1562)
* Morocco (1564)
* Japan (1565)
* Brazil (1567)
* Malacca (1568)
* Mozambique & Zimbabwe (1569-73)
* Sumatra (1569)
* Gambia (1570)
* Goa (1570–1571)
* Chaul (1570–1571)
* Honavar (1571)
* Mangalore (1571)
* Chale (1571)
* India (1570–75)
* Malaysia (1573)
* Malaysia (1574)
* Malaysia (1575)
* Morocco (1578)
* Angola (1580)
* India (1581)
* Arabia (1581)
* Angola (1583)
* Indian Ocean (1586–89)
* Persian Gulf (1586)
* Malaysia (1586)
* Malaysia (1587)
* Sri Lanka (1587–88)
* Mombasa (1589)
* Jaffna (1591)
* Chaul (1594)
* India (1599–1600)

17th century

* Java (1601)
* Myanmar (1605)
* Sumatra (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* Indonesia (1606)
* China (1609)
* India (1612)
* Brazil (1612–1615)
* Persian Gulf (1614)
* Malaysia (1615)
* Gambia (1618)
* Jaffna (1619)
* Coromandel Coast (1619)
* Persian Gulf (1621–22)
* Trincomalee (1622)
* Persian Gulf (1622)
* China (1622)
* Angola (1622)
* Angola (1623)
* Brazil (1624)
* Angola (1624)
* Persian Gulf (1625)
* Brazil (1625)
* Gold Coast (1625)
* Malaysia (1628)
* Malacca (1629)
* Cape of Good Hope (1630)
* Brazil (1630)
* Jambi (1630)
* Brazil (1631)
* East Africa (1632)
* Bengal (1632)
* Arabia (1633)
* Arabia (1633–43)
* Brazil (1636)
* Gold Coast (1637)
* India (1638)
* Brazil (1638)
* India (1638–39)
* India (1639)
* Brazil (1640)
* Morocco (1640)
* Malaysia (1640–41)
* Colombia (1641)
* Angola (1641–48)
* Brazil (1641)
* India (1644–45)
* Brazil (1645)
* Brazil (1645)
* Angola (1647)
* Brazil (1648)
* Brazil (1649)
* Arabia (1650)
* Brazil (1652–54)
* 1st Sri Lanka (1654)
* 2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
* Mannar (1658)
* Malabar (1658–63)
* Margão (1659)
* Angola (1665)
* Brazil (1666)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1671)
* Angola (1681)
* Angola (1691-93)
* India (1693)
* East Africa (1696–98)

18th century

* India (1704)
* Brazil (1710)
* Brazil (1711)
* Angola (1723)
* India (1729–32)
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* India (1746)
* India (1746)
* India (1752)
* Brazil (1756)
* Brazil (1762–63)
* Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
* Morocco (1769)
* Angola (1774–1778)
* Banda Oriental (1776–77)

19th century

* French Guiana (1809)
* China (1809–10)
* Banda Oriental (1816–20)
* Brazil (1821–25)
* China (1846)
* Mozambique (1847–1910)
* China (1849)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Guinea-Bissau (1886)
* Mozambique (1895)
* Mozambique (1895)

20th century

* Angola (1902–04)
* Angola (1907)
* East Timor (1911–12)
* Angola (1914–15)
* Mozambique (1914-18)
* Angola (1914–1917)
* Mozambique (1917–18)
* Mozambique (1917-18)
* Timor (1942–43)
* India (1954)
* India (1961)
* Africa (1961–74)
* Angola (1961–74)
* Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
* Mozambique (1964–74)

The Conquest of Tunis in 1535, occurred when the Habsburg Emperor Charles V and his allies captured the city of Tunis from the control of the Ottoman Empire.[8]

## Background

[edit]

In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet for Constantinople.[9] Altogether 70 galleys were built in the winter of 1533–1534, manned by slave oarsmen, including 2,000 Jews.[10] With this fleet, Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy, then conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534, ousting the theretofore local ruler, Muley Hasan,[a] who had been subservient to the Spanish[12] Barbarossa established a strong naval base in Tunis, which could be used for raids in the region, and on nearby Malta.[12]

Charles V assembled a large army of some 30,000 soldiers, 74 galleys rowed by chained Protestants[dubious - discuss] shipped in from Antwerp,[13] and 300 sailing ships, including the carrack Santa Anna and the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista (the most powerful ship in the world at the time) to drive the Ottomans from the region.[14] The expense involved for Charles V was considerable, and at 1,000,000 ducats on par with the cost of Charles' campaign against Suleiman on the Danube.[15] Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of two million gold ducats extracted by Francisco Pizarro for releasing the Inca king Atahualpa, whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533.[15]

Despite a request by Charles V, Francis I denied French support to the expedition, explaining that he was under a three-year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France.[16] Francis I was also in negotiations with Suleiman for a combined attack on Charles V following the 1534 Ottoman embassy. Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III's request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition.[16]

## Battle

[edit]

Having sailed from Sardinia at the head of a Catholic coalition protected by a Genoese fleet, Charles V destroyed Barbarossa's fleet on 1 June 1535 and after a costly yet successful siege at La Goletta, captured Tunis. In the action, the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista distinguished itself by breaking the chains protecting the harbour's entrance, thereafter opening fire on La Goletta. In the ruins, the Spanish found cannonballs with the French fleur-de-lis mark, evidence of the contacts stemming from the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[14]

The resulting massacre of the city left an estimated 30,000 dead[17] and 10,000 enslaved.[7] Barbarossa managed to flee to Algiers with a troop of several thousand Ottomans.[1] Muley Hasan was restored to his throne. The stench of the corpses was such that Charles V soon left Tunis and moved his camp to Radès.

The siege demonstrated the power of the Habsburg dynasties at the time; Charles V had under his control much of southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, the Americas, Austria, the Netherlands, and lands in Germany. Furthermore, he was Holy Roman Emperor and had de jure control over much of Germany as well.

Ottoman defeat in Tunis motivated them to enter into a formal alliance with France against the Habsburg Empire. Ambassador Jean de La Forêt was sent to Constantinople, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.[18]

Charles V celebrated a neo-classical triumph "over the infidel" first in Sicily and then at Rome on 5 April 1536 in commemoration of his victory at Tunis.[19][20][21] The Spanish governor of La Goulette, Luys Peres Varga, fortified the island of Chikly in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defences between 1546 and 1550.

## Aftermath

[edit]

Main article: Capture of Tunis (1569)

Barbarossa managed to escape to the harbour of Bône, where a fleet was waiting for him. From there, he sailed to accomplish the Sack of Mahón, where he took 600 slaves and brought them to Algiers.[22]

The Ottomans recaptured the city in 1569. Spain captured it again in 1573 under John of Austria, only to lose it again in 1574. Thereafter privateers from Tunis caused discord against Christian shipping. Raiding in the Mediterranean Sea continued until the suppression of the Barbary pirates in the early 19th century.[citation needed]

A French invasion led to the establishment of French Algeria in 1830, consequently France would create a protectorate over Tunisia in 1881.

## Gallery

[edit]

* Bombardment of La Goletta

* Attack at La Goletta

* Battle scene at Tunis, 1535

* Liberation of 20,000 Christian captives

* Charles V going to Radès

* Charles V announcing the capture of Tunis to Pope Paul III in 1535

* Imperial troops in the conquest of Tunis, 1535, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen

* Ottoman troops in the conquest of Tunis, 1535

* Shows Holy Roman Emperor Charles V capturing Tunis and its port city of La Goulette (also known as Goletta and Halq al-Wadi), in 1535.

## See also

[edit]

* Barbary corsairs
* Battle of Cape Corvo
* Battle of Cape Celidonia
* Algiers expedition (1541)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also known as Muleassen in Italy, and Abu-Abd-Allah-Mohammed-el-Hasan in Tunis.[11]

## Citations

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Crowley 2008, p. 61.
2. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
3. ^ José Augusto Amaro Pissarra: O galeão S. João (c. 1530–1551). Dados para uma monografia, Cascais, 1999, p. 195
4. ^ 15 galleys of the Mediterranean Squadron, 42 ships of the Cantabrian fleet, 150 ships of the Málaga Squadron
5. ^ Garnier 2008, p. 96.
6. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 506.
7. ^ a b c Brotton, Jerry (20 September 2016). The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-19163-1.
8. ^ Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.
9. ^ Crowley 2008, p. 56.
10. ^ Crowley 2008, p. 57.
11. ^ Napoli nobilissima: rivista d'arte e di topografia napoletana (in Italian). Vol. I–III. 1892. pp. 100–104.
12. ^ a b Crowley 2008, p. 58.
13. ^ Crowley 2008, p. 59.
14. ^ a b Crowley 2008, p. 60.
15. ^ a b Crowley 2008, p. 62.
16. ^ a b Garnier 2008, pp. 94–95.
17. ^ Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 506.
18. ^ Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976-10-29). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808. Cambridge University Press. p. 97\. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7.
19. ^ Panvinio, Onofrio (1557). De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V. Venice: Giacomo Strada. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
20. ^ Pinson, Yona (2001). "Imperial Ideology in the Triumphal Entry into Lille of Charles V and the Crown Prince (1549)" (PDF). Assaph: Studies in Art History. 6: 212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
21. ^ Frieder, Braden (2008). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 80\. ISBN 978-1931112697. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
22. ^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. BRILL. 1987. ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6.

## References

[edit]

* Allen, Bruce Ware. "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.
* Grant, R. G. (2005). Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat. DK Pub. ISBN 978-0-7566-1360-0.
* Crowley, Roger (2008). Empires of the Sea: The Final Battle for the Mediterranean, 1521-1580. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23230-7.
* Garnier, Edith (2008). L'alliance impie: François Ier et Soliman le Magnifique contre Charles Quint (1529-1547) (in French). Félin. ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8.
* La Marina Cántabra. Ballesteros–Beretta, Antonio. 1968

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