Conquest of Tunis (1535)

Invasion of Ottoman-held Tunis by the Habsburg Empire and its allies

Conquest of Tunis

Part of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars
and the Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

Attack on La Goletta, with Tunis in the background

Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, into Tunis in 1535
| Date| June 1535

|

Location|

Tunis (present-day Tunisia)

Result|  Habsburg and allied victory
Territorial
changes|  Muley Hassan of the Hafsid dynasty restored as client ruler of Tunis and Spanish-Imperial tributary.[1][2]
Belligerents

Spanish Empire

* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily

Holy Roman Empire

* County of Flanders

Kingdom of Portugal
Papal States
Republic of Genoa
Knights of Malta|  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Charles V
Andrea Doria
Alfonso d'Avalos
Álvaro de Bazán
García de Toledo
Duke of Alba
Duke of Beja|  Hayreddin Barbarossa
Strength

Total men: 30,000–60,000

* 10,000 Spaniards
* 8,000 Germans
* 8,000 Italians
* 1,500 Portuguese[3]
* 700 Maltese
* Unknown number of Flemings

Total ships: 398
207 ships[4]
10 galleys
6 galleys
19 galleys
Kingdom of Portugal 1 galleon, 2 carracks, 20 round caravels, 8 galleys
8 galleys
1 carrack, 4 galleys
60 hulks|  82 warships[5]
2 galleys[6]
Casualties and losses
Unknown: Many fell to dysentery[citation needed]|  30,000 Muslim civilians massacred[7]
9,000 Christians freed

The conquest of Tunis occurred in 1535 when the Habsburg Emperor Charles V and his allies wrestled the city away from the control of the Ottoman Empire.[8]

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman–Habsburg wars

Hungary and the Balkans

* Mohács (1526)
* Hungarian campaign (1527–28)
* Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1527–1593)
* Hungary (1529)
* Vienna (1529)
* Little Wars in Hungary
* (1529–1533) (1540–1547) (1551–1562) (1565–1568)
* Győr (1577)
* Bicske (1578)
* Long War (1593–1606)
* Bocskai uprising (1604–1606)
* Austro-Turkish War (1663–64)
* Great Turkish War (1683–1699)
* Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
* Austro-Turkish War (1788–91)

Mediterranean

* Cephalonia (1500)
* Balearics (1501)
* 1st Algiers (1516)
* Tlemcen (1518)
* 2nd Algiers (1519)
* 3rd Algiers (1529)
* Formentera (1529)
* Cherchell (1531)
* Coron (1533–1534)
* 1st Tunis (1534)
* 2nd Tunis (1535)
* Mahón (1535)
* Preveza (1538)
* Castelnuovo (1539)
* Girolata (1540)
* Alborán (1540)
* 4th Algiers (1541)
* Nice (1543)
* 1st Mostaganem (1543)
* Lipari (1544)
* Naples (1544)
* 2st Mostaganem (1547)
* Cullera (1550)
* Mahdia (1550)
* 1st Gozo (1551)
* Tripoli (1551)
* Ponza (1552)
* Corsica (1553–1559)
* Viste (1554)
* Béjaïa (1555)
* Oran (1556)
* Balearics (1558)
* 3rd Mostaganem (1558)
* Djerba (1560)
* Orán and Mers-el-Kébir (1563)
* 1st Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1563)
* Granada (1563)
* 2nd Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1564)
* Malta (1565)
* 3rd Tunis (1569)
* 2nd Gozo (1570)
* Lepanto (1571)
* Navarino (1572)
* 4th Tunis (1573)
* 5th Tunis (1574)
* Cadaqués (1575)
* Lanzarote (1586)
* Chios (1599)
* Hammamet (1605)
* 1nd La Goulette (1609)
* Cape Corvo (1613)
* 2nd La Goulette (1612)
* Malta (1614)
* Cape Celidonia (1616)
* Constantinople (1616)

* v
* t
* e

Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

* Siege of Jeddah (1517)
* Battle of Ash-Shihr (1531)
* Siege of Diu (1531)
* Conquest of Tunis (1535)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1560)
* Conquest of Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera
* Siege of Malacca (1568)
* Battle of Alcácer Quibir
* Capture of Muscat (1581)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1586–1589)
* Sack of Madeira (1617)
* Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)
* Battle at the Portuguese coast (1726)

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese colonial campaigns

15th century

* Morocco (1415)
* Morocco (1419)
* Morocco (1437)
* Morocco (1458)
* Morocco (1463–64)
* Morocco (1468)
* Morocco (1471)
* Morocco (1471)
* Guinea (1478)
* Morocco (1487)
* Morocco (1489)
* Morocco (1490)

16th century

* India (1500–1513)
* Algeria (1501)
* India (1504)
* East Africa (1505)
* Indian Ocean (1505–17)
* India (1506)
* India (1506)
* East Africa (1507)
* India (1507)
* Socotra (1507)
* Arabia (1507)
* Persian Gulf (1507–15)
* India (1508)
* India (1509)
* India (1510)
* Malaysia (1511)
* Morocco (1513)
* Morocco (1514)
* Morocco (1514)
* Morocco (1515)
* Morocco (1515)
* Morocco (1516)
* East Africa (1517)
* Goa (1517)
* Malaysia (1520)
* Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
* Sumatra (1521)
* Bahrain (1521)
* Insulindia (1521)
* China (1521)
* Sumatra (1522)
* Arabia (1523)
* Malaysia (1523)
* Sumatra (1523–24)
* Insulindia (1525)
* Insulindia (1526)
* India (1526)
* Java (1527)
* Sumatra (1528)
* East Africa (1528)
* Persian Gulf (1529)
* Moluccas (1530–1607)
* India (1531)
* Morocco (1533)
* Persian Gulf (1534)
* Malaysia (1534)
* Tunis (1535)
* Malaysia (1535)
* Malaysia (1536)
* Moluccas (1536)
* Brazil (1534–1536)
* India (1538)
* India (1538)
* Indian Ocean (1538–60)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Red Sea (1541)
* Ethiopia (1541)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* East Africa (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1542)
* Ethiopia (1543)
* Malaysia (1543)
* Insulindia (1545)
* India (1546)
* India (1547)
* Malaysia (1547)
* Arabia (1548)
* Arabia (1548)
* Jailolo (1550)
* Persian Gulf (1551)
* Malaysia (1551)
* Arabia (1552–54)
* Gulf of Oman (1554)
* Pakistan (1557)
* Sri Lanka (1557–58)
* Brazil (1558)
* India (1559)
* Jaffna (1560)
* Japan (1561)
* Gold Coast (1562)
* Morocco (1562)
* Morocco (1564)
* Japan (1565)
* Brazil (1567)
* Malacca (1568)
* Brazil (1569-73)
* Sumatra (1569)
* Gambia (1570)
* Goa (1570–1571)
* Chaul (1570–1571)
* Honavar (1571)
* Mangalore (1571)
* India (1570–75)
* Malaysia (1573)
* Malaysia (1574)
* Malaysia (1575)
* Morocco (1578)
* Angola (1580)
* India (1581)
* Arabia (1581)
* Angola (1583)
* Indian Ocean (1586–89)
* Persian Gulf (1586)
* Malaysia (1586)
* Malaysia (1587)
* Sri Lanka (1587–88)
* Mombasa (1589)
* Senegal (1589)
* Jaffna (1591)
* India (1599–1600)

17th century

* Java (1601)
* Sumatra (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* Malaysia (1606)
* China (1609)
* India (1612)
* Brazil (1612–1615)
* Persian Gulf (1614)
* Malaysia (1615)
* Gambia (1618)
* Jaffna (1619)
* Coromandel Coast (1619)
* Persian Gulf (1621–22)
* Trincomalee (1622)
* Persian Gulf (1622)
* China (1622)
* Angola (1622)
* Angola (1623)
* Brazil (1624)
* Angola (1624)
* Persian Gulf (1625)
* Brazil (1625)
* Gold Coast (1625)
* Malaysia (1628)
* Malacca (1629)
* Cape of Good Hope (1630)
* Brazil (1630)
* Jambi (1630)
* Brazil (1631)
* East Africa (1632)
* Bengal (1632)
* Arabia (1633)
* Arabia (1633–43)
* Brazil (1636)
* Gold Coast (1637)
* India (1638)
* Brazil (1638)
* India (1638–39)
* India (1639)
* Brazil (1640)
* Morocco (1640)
* Malaysia (1640–41)
* Angola (1641–48)
* Brazil (1641)
* India (1644–45)
* Brazil (1645)
* Brazil (1645)
* Angola (1647)
* Brazil (1648)
* Brazil (1649)
* Arabia (1650)
* Brazil (1652–54)
* 1st Sri Lanka (1654)
* 2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
* Mannar (1658)
* Malabar (1658–63)
* Margão (1659)
* Angola (1665)
* Brazil (1666)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1670)
* Angola (1671)
* Angola (1681)
* India (1693)
* East Africa (1696–98)

18th century

* India (1704)
* Brazil (1710)
* Brazil (1711)
* Angola (1723)
* India (1729–32)
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* India (1746)
* India (1746)
* India (1752)
* Brazil (1756)
* Brazil (1762–63)
* Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
* Morocco (1769)
* Angola (1774–1778)
* Banda Oriental (1776–77)

19th century

* French Guiana (1809)
* China (1809–10)
* Banda Oriental (1816–20)
* Brazil (1821–25)
* China (1846)
* Mozambique (1847–1910)
* China (1849)
* Mozambique (1895)
* Mozambique (1895)

20th century

* Angola (1902–04)
* Angola (1907)
* East Timor (1911–12)
* Angola (1914–15)
* Angola (1914–1917)
* Mozambique (1917–18)
* Mozambique (1917-18)
* Timor (1942–43)
* India (1954)
* India (1961)
* Africa (1961–74)
* Angola (1961–74)
* Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
* Mozambique (1964–74)

* v
* t
* e

Spanish colonial campaigns

15th century

* Canary Islands (1402–96)
* Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
* Guinea (1478)
* Algeria (1497)
* Melilla (1497)

16th century

* Algeria (1505)
* Algeria (1507)
* Morocco (1508)
* Algeria (1509)
* Algeria (1510)
* Tripoli (1510)
* Tunisia (1510)
* Puerto Rico (1511–29)
* Algeria (1516)
* Algeria (1517–18)
* Mexico (1519–1821)
* Mexico (1519–21)
* Algeria (1519)
* Tunisia (1520)
* Chiapas (1523–1695)
* Guatemala (1524–1697)
* El Salvador (1524–39)
* Honduras (1524–39)
* Morocco (1525)
* Yucatán (1527–1697)
* Algeria (1529)
* Algeria (1531)
* Peru (1532–72)
* Tunisia (1534)
* Brazil (1534-36)
* Algeria (1535)
* Tunisia (1535)
* Colombia (1537–40)
* Algeria (1541)
* Algeria (1543)
* Halmahera (1545)
* Chile (1546–1662)
* Algeria (1547)
* Tunisia (1550)
* Libya (1551)
* Algeria (1555)
* Algeria (1556)
* Algeria (1558)
* Tunisia (1560)
* Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
* Algeria (1563)
* Morocco (1563)
* Morocco (1564)
* Philippines (1565–1898)
* Florida (1565)
* Philippines (1567–72)
* Tunisia (1573)
* Tunisia (1574)
* Brunei (1578)
* Insulindia (1582)
* Insulindia (1585)
* Cambodia (1593–97)
* Puerto Rico (1595)
* Philippines (1596)
* Cuba (1596)
* Puerto Rico (1598)
* Philippines (1599-1600)

17th century

* Philippines (1602)
* Insulindia (1603)
* Tunisia (1605)
* Moluccas (1606)
* Morocco (1614)
* Petén (1618–97)
* Brazil (1625)
* Taiwan (1626)
* St. Kitts · Nevis (1629)
* Philippines (1630)
* Brazil (1631)
* Brazil (1638)
* Philippines (1638-46)
* Brazil (1640)
* Taiwan (1641)
* Taiwan (1642)
* Chiloé · Valdivia (1643)
* Philippines (1646)
* Tortuga (1654)
* Hispaniola (1655)
* Jamaica (1655)
* Jamaica (1657)
* Jamaica (1658)
* Porto Bello (1668)
* Lake Maracaibo (1669)
* Panama (1671)
* New Mexico (1680–92)
* Morocco (1689)

18th century

* North America (1702–13)
* Chiloé (1712)
* Bahamas (1720)
* Chile (1723–1726)
* Oran (1732)
* Banda Oriental (1735–37)
* Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
* Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
* Portugal (1762)
* Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
* Cuba (1762)
* Nicaragua (1762)
* Philippines (1762)
* Chile (1766–1767)
* Algiers (1775)
* Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
* North America (1779–83)
* Peru (1780–82)
* New Granada (1781)
* Algiers (1783)
* Algiers (1784)
* Chile (1792)
* Caribbean (1796–1802)

19th century

* Río de la Plata (1806–07)
* Spanish America (1808–33)
* Bolivia (1809–25)
* Argentina (1810–18)
* Florida (1810)
* Paraguay (1810–11)
* Mexico (1810–21)
* Peru (1811–24)
* El Salvador (1811)
* Uruguay (1811)
* Venezuela (1811–23)
* Chile (1812–27)
* Colombia (1815–16)
* Colombia (1819–20)
* Ecuador (1820–22)
* Mexico (1821–29)
* Balanguingui (1848)
* Cochinchina (1858–62)
* Morocco (1859–1860)
* Dominican Republic (1863–65)
* Peru and Chile (1864–66)
* Puerto Rico (1868)
* Cuba (1868–78)
* Cuba (1879–80)
* Morocco (1893–94)
* Cuba (1895–98)
* Philippines (1896–98)
* Puerto Rico (1898)
* Guam (1898)

20th century

* Morocco (1909)
* Morocco (1911–12)
* Morocco (1920–26)
* Morocco (1957–58)
* Western Sahara (1973–76)
* Western Sahara (1975)

## Background

[edit]

In 1533, Suleiman the Magnificent ordered Hayreddin Barbarossa, whom he had summoned from Algiers, to build a large war fleet for Constantinople.[9] Altogether 70 galleys were built in the winter of 1533–1534, manned by slave oarsmen, including 2,000 Jews.[10] With this fleet, Barbarossa conducted aggressive raids along the coast of Italy, then conquered Tunis on 16 August 1534, ousting the theretofore local ruler, Muley Hasan, who had been subservient to the Spanish[11][12] Barbarossa established a strong naval base in Tunis, which could be used for raids in the region, and on nearby Malta.[11]

Charles V assembled a large army of some 30,000 soldiers, 74 galleys rowed by chained Protestants[dubious - discuss] shipped in from Antwerp,[13] and 300 sailing ships, including the carrack Santa Anna and the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista (the most powerful ship in the world at the time) to drive the Ottomans from the region.[14] The expense involved for Charles V was considerable, and at 1,000,000 ducats on par with the cost of Charles' campaign against Suleiman on the Danube.[15] Unexpectedly, the funding of the conquest of Tunis came from the galleons sailing in from the New World, in the form of two million gold ducats extracted by Francisco Pizarro for releasing the Inca king Atahualpa, whom he nevertheless executed on 29 August 1533.[15]

Despite a request by Charles V, Francis I denied French support to the expedition, explaining that he was under a three-year truce with Barbarossa following the 1533 Ottoman embassy to France.[16] Francis I was also in negotiations with Suleiman the Magnificent for a combined attack on Charles V following the 1534 Ottoman embassy. Francis I only agreed to Pope Paul III's request that no fight between Christians occur during the time of the expedition.[16]

## Battle

[edit]

Having sailed from Sardinia at the head of a Catholic coalition protected by a Genoese fleet, Charles V destroyed Barbarossa's fleet on 1 June 1535 and after a costly yet successful siege at La Goletta, captured Tunis. In the action, the Portuguese galleon São João Baptista distinguished itself by breaking the chains protecting the harbour's entrance, thereafter opening fire on La Goletta. In the ruins, the Spanish found cannonballs with the French fleur-de-lis mark, evidence of the contacts stemming from the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[14]

The resulting massacre of the city left an estimated 30,000 dead.[17] Barbarossa managed to flee to Algiers with a troop of several thousand Ottomans.[5] Muley Hasan was restored to his throne.[5] The stench of the corpses was such that Charles V soon left Tunis and moved his camp to Radès.

The siege demonstrated the power of the Habsburg dynasties at the time; Charles V had under his control much of southern Italy, Sicily, Spain, the Americas, Austria, the Netherlands, and lands in Germany. Furthermore, he was Holy Roman Emperor and had de jure control over much of Germany as well.

Ottoman defeat in Tunis motivated them to enter into a formal alliance with France against the Habsburg Empire. Ambassador Jean de La Forêt was sent to Constantinople, and for the first time was able to become permanent ambassador at the Ottoman court and to negotiate treaties.[18]

Charles V celebrated a neo-classical triumph "over the infidel" first in Sicily and then at Rome on 5 April 1536 in commemoration of his victory at Tunis.[19][20][21] The Spanish governor of La Goulette, Luys Peres Varga, fortified the island of Chikly in the lake of Tunis to strengthen the city's defences between 1546 and 1550.

## Aftermath

[edit]

Main article: Capture of Tunis (1569)

Barbarossa managed to escape to the harbour of Bône, where a fleet was waiting for him. From there, he sailed to accomplish the Sack of Mahón, where he took 600 slaves and brought them to Algiers.[22]

The Ottomans recaptured the city in 1569. Spain captured it again in 1573 under John of Austria, only to lose it again in 1574. Thereafter privateers from Tunis caused discord against Christian shipping. Raiding in the Mediterranean continued until the suppression of the Barbary pirates in the early 19th century.

A French invasion led to the establishment of French Algeria in 1830, consequently France would create a protectorate over Tunisia in 1881.

## Gallery

[edit]

* Bombardment of La Goletta

* Attack at La Goletta

* Battle scene at Tunis, 1535

* Liberation of 20,000 Christian captives

* Charles V going to Radès

* Charles V announcing the capture of Tunis to Pope Paul III in 1535

* Imperial troops in the conquest of Tunis, 1535, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen

* Ottoman troops in the conquest of Tunis, 1535

* Shows Holy Roman Emperor Charles V capturing Tunis and its port city of La Goulette (also known as Goletta and Halq al-Wadi), in 1535.

## See also

[edit]

* Barbary corsairs
* Battle of Cape Corvo
* Battle of Cape Celidonia
* Conquest of Tunis (1574)
* Algiers expedition (1541)
* Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Roger Crowley, Empires of the Sea, faber and faber 2008 p. 61
2. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw
3. ^ José Augusto Amaro Pissarra: O galeão S. João (c. 1530–1551). Dados para uma monografia, Cascais, 1999, p. 195
4. ^ 15 galleys of the Mediterranean Squadron, 42 ships of the Cantabrian fleet, 150 ships of the Málaga Squadron
5. ^ a b c Crowley, p. 61
6. ^ Garnier, p. 96
7. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 506.
8. ^ Bruce Ware Allen, "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.
9. ^ Crowley, p. 56
10. ^ Crowley, p. 57
11. ^ a b Crowley, p. 58
12. ^ Also known as Muleassen in Italy, and Abu-Abd-Allah-Mohammed-el-Hasan in Tunis. Il Palazzo di Fabrizio Colonna a Mezzocannone, article by Bartolommeo Capasso in Napoli nobilissima: rivista di topografia ed arte napoletana, Vol. 1–3, pp. 100–104.
13. ^ Crowley, p. 59
14. ^ a b Crowley, p. 60
15. ^ a b Crowley, p. 62
16. ^ a b Garnier, pp. 94–95
17. ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 506.
18. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey Ezel Kural Shaw p. 97 [1]
19. ^ Panvinio, Onofrio (1557). De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V. Venice: Giacomo Strada. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
20. ^ Pinson, Yona (2001). "Imperial Ideology in the Triumphal Entry into Lille of Charles V and the Crown Prince (1549)" (PDF). Assaph: Studies in Art History. 6: 212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
21. ^ Frieder, Braden (2008). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 80\. ISBN 978-1931112697. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
22. ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936 by M. Th. Houtsma p. 872

## References

[edit]

* Allen, Bruce Ware. "Emperor vs. Pirate Tunis, 1535." MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History (Winter 2014) 26#2 pp 58–63.
* Battle: a Visual Journey Through 5000 Years of Combat. Grant, R. G. 2005
* Roger Crowley, Empires of the sea, 2008 Faber & Faber ISBN 978-0-571-23231-4
* Garnier, Edith L'Alliance Impie Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8
* La Marina Cántabra. Ballesteros–Beretta, Antonio. 1968

## External links

[edit]

* Interview
* Cervantes Virtual

* v
* t
* e

Spanish Empire

Timeline–immersed

* Catholic Monarchs
* Conquest of the Americas, Asia and the Pacific
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Italian Wars
* Habsburgs
* Golden Age
* War of the League of Cognac
* Encomiendas
* New Laws in favour of the indigenous
* Expulsion of the Moriscos
* Ottoman–Habsburg wars
* French Wars of Religion
* Bruneian–Spanish conflict
* Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
* Piracy in the Caribbean
* Eighty Years' War
* Spanish–Moro conflict
* Thirty Years' War
* Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
* Portuguese Restoration War
* War of the Spanish Succession
* Queen Anne's War
* Bourbons
* Bourbon Reforms
* War of Jenkins' Ear
* Treaty of Madrid (1750)
* Seven Years' War
* Nootka Convention
* Napoleonic invasion
* Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
* Independence of Spanish continental Americas
* Adams–Onís Treaty
* Liberal constitution
* Carlist Wars
* Spanish–American War
* German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
* Spanish Civil War
* Independence of Morocco
* Independence of Equatorial Guinea
* Western Sahara conflict

Territories

Europe

* Spain
* Crown of Castille
* Crown of Aragon
* Union with Portugal
* Gibraltar
* Southern Italy (Kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
* Milan
* Union with Holy Roman Empire
* Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
* Franche-Comté
* Pyrénées-Orientales

North America

* New Spain (Coastal Alaska, Central United States (Spanish Louisiana), Western United States (Spanish Texas), Florida, Mexico [es], Central America (Captaincy General of Yucatan), Spanish Caribbean)

Central America

* Captaincy General of Guatemala
* Spanish West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico)
* Trinidad
* Jamaica
* Haiti
* Aruba
* Curazao
* Bonaire
* Belize

South America

* New Granada (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, part of Guyana, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
* Peru (Peru, Acre, Chile)
* Río de la Plata (Argentina, Paraguay, Charcas (Bolivia), Banda Oriental (Uruguay), Misiones Orientales, Malvinas)

Asia and Oceania (Spanish East Indies)

* Captaincy General of the Philippines (Philippines, Guam, Mariana, Caroline, Micronesia, Palau)
* Northern Taiwan
* Tidore

Africa

* Equatorial Guinea
* Northern Africa (Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, Peñón of Algiers, Oran, Béjaïa, Ifni and Cape Juby)

Antarctica

* Terra Australis

Administration

| Organization|

* Ayuntamiento
* Cabildo
* Council of the Indies
* Germania
* Santa Hermandad

|

Law|

* Exequatur
* Laws of the Indies
* Papal bull
* Royal Decree of Graces
* School of Salamanca
* Trial of residence

Titles and positions|

* Alcalde
* Corregidor
* Municipal president
* Regidor
* Syndic
* Vecino

Administrative subdivisions

| Viceroyalties|

* Columbian
* New Spain
* New Granada
* Perú
* Río de la Plata

|

Captaincies General|

* Chile
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Philippines
* Provincias Internas
* Puerto Rico
* Santo Domingo
* Venezuela
* Yucatán

Governorates|

* Castilla de Oro
* Cuba
* La Florida
* La Luisiana
* New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* New Andalusia
* New Castile
* New Navarre
* New Spain
* New Toledo
* Paraguay
* Río de la Plata
* Terra Australis

Audiencias|

* Bogotá
* Buenos Aires
* Caracas
* Charcas
* Concepción
* Cusco
* Guadalajara
* Guatemala
* Lima
* Manila
* Mexico
* Panamá
* Quito
* Santiago
* Santo Domingo

Economy

| Currencies|

* Dollar (Peso)
* Real
* Maravedí
* Escudo
* Columnario
* Doubloon

|

Trade|

* Manila galleon
* Spanish treasure fleet
* Casa de Contratación
* Spanish Road
* Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
* Barcelona Trading Company
* Consulate of the Sea
* Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
* Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires

Military

| Armies|

* Tercio
* Army of Flanders
* Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
* Indian auxiliaries
* Spanish Armada
* Ships of the line
* Royalists
* Legión
* Army of Africa

|

Strategists|

* Duke of Alba
* Antonio de Leyva
* Martín de Goiti
* Alfonso d'Avalos
* García de Toledo Osorio
* Duke of Savoy
* Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
* John of Austria
* Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
* Pedro de Zubiaur
* Ambrosio Spinola
* Blas de Lezo
* Bernardo de Gálvez

Mariners|

* Christopher Columbus
* Pinzón brothers
* Ferdinand Magellan
* Juan Sebastián Elcano
* Juan de la Cosa
* Juan Ponce de León
* Miguel López de Legazpi
* Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
* Sebastián de Ocampo
* Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
* Alonso de Ojeda
* Vasco Núñez de Balboa
* Alonso de Salazar
* Andrés de Urdaneta
* Antonio de Ulloa
* Ruy López de Villalobos
* Diego Columbus
* Alonso de Ercilla
* Nicolás de Ovando
* Juan de Ayala
* Sebastián Vizcaíno
* Juan Fernández
* Luis Fajardo
* Felipe González de Ahedo

Conquistadors|

* Hernán Cortés
* Francisco Pizarro
* Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
* Hernán Pérez de Quesada
* Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
* Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
* Pedro de Valdivia
* Gaspar de Portolà
* Pere Fages i Beleta
* Joan Orpí
* Pedro de Alvarado
* Martín de Ursúa
* Diego de Almagro
* Pánfilo de Narváez
* Diego de Mazariegos
* Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
* Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
* García López de Cárdenas

Notable battles|

| Old World|

| Won|

* Comuneros
* Bicocca
* Rome (1527)
* Landriano
* Pavia
* Tunis
* Mühlberg
* St. Quentin
* Gravelines
* Malta
* Lepanto
* Antwerp
* Azores
* Mons
* Gembloux
* Ostend
* English Armada
* Cape Celidonia
* White Mountain
* Breda
* Nördlingen
* Valenciennes
* Ceuta
* Bitonto
* Bailén
* Vitoria
* Tetouan
* Alhucemas

|

Lost|

* Capo d'Orso
* Vienna (1529)
* Preveza
* Siege of Castelnuovo
* Algiers
* Ceresole
* Balearic Islands (1558)
* Djerba
* Tunis
* Spanish Armada
* Leiden
* Rocroi
* Downs
* Montes Claros
* Passaro
* Manila Bay
* Trafalgar
* Somosierra
* Annual
* Mactan

New World|

| Won|

* Tenochtitlan
* Cajamarca
* Cusco
* Bogotá savanna
* Penco
* Mataquito
* Guadalupe Island
* Recife
* San Juan (1595)
* Bahia
* Colonia del Sacramento
* Comuneros (Paraguay)
* Cartagena de Indias
* Cuerno Verde
* Túpac Amaru II
* Túpac Katari
* Pensacola
* Newfoundland
* San Juan (1797)

|

Lost|

* La Noche Triste
* Iguape
* Tucapel
* Guiana
* Curalaba
* Comuneros (New Granada)
* Trinidad (1797)
* Chacabuco
* Boyacá
* Carabobo
* Pichincha
* Ayacucho
* Guam
* Santiago de Cuba
* Asomante

Spanish conquests

* Canary Islands
* The Americas
* Aztec
* Maya
* Chiapas
* Yucatán
* Guatemala
* Petén
* El Salvador
* Honduras
* Nicaragua
* Chibchan Nations
* Colombia
* Chile
* Inca
* Philippines

Other civil topics

* Spanish missions in the Americas
* Architecture
* Mesoamerican Codices
* Cusco painting tradition
* Indochristian painting in New Spain
* Quito painting tradition
* Tapada limeña
* Academia Antártica
* Colonial universities in Hispanic America
* Colonial universities in the Philippines
* General Archive of the Indies
* Colonial Spanish Horse
* Mustang
* Castas
* Criollos in the colonial society
* Old inquisition
* Slavery in Spanish Empire
* Asiento
* Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
* Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

36°48′N 10°10′E﻿ / ﻿36.800°N 10.167°E﻿ / 36.800; 10.167
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template