Conservatism in Australia

Overview of conservatism in Australia

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in Australia

Ideologies

* Agrarianism
* Australian nationalism
* Christian right
* Liberal conservatism
* Right-wing populism
* Hansonism

Principles

* Familialism
* Federalism
* Free market
* Free trade (factions)
* Limited government
* Loyalism
* Monarchism
* Property rights
* Protectionism (factions)
* Rule of law

Intellectuals

* Blainey
* Coleman
* Donnelly
* Finnis
* Flint
* Harries
* Henderson
* Melluish
* Minogue
* Oldmeadow
* Santamaria
* Stove
* Windschuttle

Jurists

* Allan
* Barton
* Callinan
* Craven
* Dawson
* Gleeson
* Gibbs
* Hayne
* Heydon
* Myers
* Steward

Commentators

* Akerman
* Albrechtsen
* Bolt
* Credlin
* Dean
* Devine (Frank)
* Devine (Miranda)
* Hadley
* Jones
* Kenny
* Kerr
* Lehmann
* McGuinness
* Mundine
* Murray
* van Onselen
* Panahi
* de Percy
* Price
* Shelton

Politicians

* Abbott
* Anderson
* Anning
* Barton[citation needed]
* Bernardi
* Bonner[citation needed]
* Canavan
* Christensen
* Petersen
* Dutton
* Hanson
* Howard
* Joyce
* Katter
* Kelly
* Lyons[citation needed]
* Menzies
* McMahon
* Morrison
* Mundine
* Newman
* Nile
* Palmer
* Price
* Reid
* Vanstone[citation needed]

Parties

Active

* Australian Christians
* Democratic Labour Party
* Family First (2021)
* Katter's Australian
* Liberal–National Coalition
* Liberal
* LNP
* National
* Country Liberal Party
* Libertarian Party
* Pauline Hanson's One Nation
* Shooters, Fishers and Farmers
* Trumpet of Patriots
* United Australia Party

Defunct

* Christian Democratic Party
* Commonwealth Liberal Party
* Conservatives
* Conservative Party
* Conservative National Party
* Family First (2002)
* Liberal (Queensland)
* National (Queensland)
* National Defence League
* Nationalist Party
* United Australia Party

Organisations

Active

* Advance Australia
* Australians for Constitutional Monarchy
* Australian Christian Lobby
* Australian Jewish Association
* Coalition for Marriage
* CPAC Australia
* Cormack Foundation
* National Civic Council
* Ramsay Centre for Western Civilisation

Defunct

* Australian Academy of Art
* Australian National Flag Association
* King and Empire Alliance
* Old Guard

Think tanks

* Centre for Independent Studies
* Institute of Public Affairs
* Menzies Research Centre
* Page Research Centre
* Samuel Griffith Society
* H. R. Nicholls Society

Media

* ADH TV
* The Australian
* Counterpoint
* The Daily Telegraph
* Herald Sun
* News Weekly
* Quadrant
* Quillette
* Sky News Australia
* The Argus (Defunct)

Related topics

* Conservatism in New Zealand
* The Fabrication of Aboriginal History (2002)
* Far-right politics in Australia (factions)
* Liberal Party factions
* Moderates
* Centre Right
* National Right
* One Australia
* Politics of Australia
* Liberalism

* Conservatism portal
* Australia portal

* v
* t
* e

This article is part of a series on the

Politics of
Australia
Constitution

Monarchy

* Monarch

* Charles III

* Governor-General

* Sam Mostyn

Executive

* Prime Minister

* Anthony Albanese (ALP)

* Deputy Prime Minister

* Richard Marles (ALP)

* * *

* Federal Executive Council

* Ministry
* Second Albanese ministry
* Cabinet

Legislature

* Australian Parliament

* * *

* Senate

* President Sue Lines (ALP)

* Leader Penny Wong (ALP)

* * *

* House of Representatives

* Speaker Milton Dick (ALP)

* Leader Tony Burke (ALP)

* * *

* Opposition

* Leader Sussan Ley (LP)

* Shadow Ministry

Judiciary

* High Court of Australia

* Chief Justice Stephen Gageler

* Keane
* Gordon
* Edelman
* Steward
* Gleeson
* Beech-Jones

* * *

* Federal Court of Australia

* Chief Justice Debra Mortimer

* List of Judges

* * *

* Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia

* Chief Justice Will Alstergren

* List of Judges

* * *

* State and territory courts
* Australian legal system

Elections

* Recent elections

* 2025
* 2022
* 2019
* 2016
* 2013
* 2010

* * *

* Federal electoral system
* Electoral divisions
* By-elections
* Referendums and plebiscites

* * *

* Voter registration
* Leadership spill
* Political parties
* Political funding

States and territories

* Governors and administrators
* Premiers and chief ministers
* Parliaments and assemblies

* * *

* State courts
* State electoral systems

Local government

* NSW
* Vic
* Qld
* WA
* SA
* Tas
* NT
* Political parties

Foreign relations

* Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

* Foreign Minister Penny Wong

* * *

* Diplomatic missions of / in Australia

* * *

* Nationality law
* Passports
* Visa requirements
* Visa policy

* * *

* Australia and the United Nations

* * *

* G20
* APEC

* * *

* New Zealand
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Canada
* European Union
* China
* India

Ideologies

* Anarchism
* Christian
* Conservatism
* Environmentalism
* Far-right
* Hansonism
* Liberalism
* Monarchism
* Multiculturalism
* Nationalism
* Republicanism
* Secularism
* Socialism

Australia portal

* New South Wales
* Victoria
* Queensland
* Western Australia
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Australian Capital Territory
* Northern Territory

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Conservatism

Variants

* Authoritarian
* Corporatist
* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* Moderate
* National
* Paternalistic
* Populist
* Pragmatic
* Progressive
* Reactionary
* Religious
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Ultra

Principles

* Ancestral worship
* Authority
* Traditional
* Balance of power
* Class collaboration
* Collective identity
* Cultural heritage
* Cultural values
* Culture of life
* Pro-Life
* Discipline
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Noblesse oblige
* Ethical order
* Familialism
* Family as a state model
* Family values
* Fundamentalism
* Gender roles
* Complementarianism
* Essentialism
* Historism
* Honour
* Imperialism
* Law and order
* Loyalty
* Maternalism
* Monarchism
* Royalism
* Moral absolutism
* Natalism
* Nationalism
* Nativism
* Natural law
* Norms
* Customs
* Mores
* Ordered liberty
* Organicism
* Organised religion
* State
* Orthodoxy
* Patriarchy
* Patriarchalism
* Patriotism
* Peace through strength
*  Property rights
* Public morality
* Rule of law
* Social hierarchy
* Social institutions
* Social order
* Sovereignty
* Stewardship
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

Intellectuals

* Johnson
* Hume
* Burke
* More
* Maistre
* Bonald
* Chateaubriand
* Czartoryski
* Coleridge
* Karamzin
* Savigny
* Carlyle
* Ranke
* Newman
* Tocqueville
* Dostoevsky
* Taine
* Le Bon
* Nordau
* Belloc
* Iorga
* Chesterton
* Spengler
* Jabotinsky
* Ilyin
* Savarkar
* Schmitt
* Eliot
* Mannheim
* Jünger
* Evola
* Strauss
* Röpke
* Gadamer
* Freyre
* Voegelin
* Oakeshott
* Burnham
* Lefebvre
* Qutb
* Kuehnelt-Leddihn
* Gómez Dávila
* Kirk
* Solzhenitsyn
* Koselleck
* Mishima
* Buckley
* Sowell
* Mansfield
* Scruton
* Hoppe
* Dugin
* Peterson

Politicians

* Adams
* Pitt
* Canning
* Metternich
* Disraeli
* Bismarck
* Salisbury
* Dmowski
* Mannerheim
* Baldwin
* Maurras
* Horthy
* Metaxas
* Churchill
* Adenauer
* De Gasperi
* Chiang
* Salazar
* De Gaulle
* Dollfuss
* Franco
* Khomeini
* Reagan
* Powell
* Pinochet
* Marcos
* Park
* Smith
* Reza Shah
* Suharto
* Lee
* Zia
* Vajpayee
* Thatcher
* Kohl
* Fujimori
* Trump
* Bush
* Kaczyński
* Netanyahu
* Modi
* Putin
* Erdoğan
* Abe
* Sarkozy
* Bolsonaro
* Orbán
* Meloni
* Bukele

Religion

* Christian democracy
* Christian right
* Confucianism
* Clericalism
* Hindutva
* Islamism
* Jewish conservatism
* Religious Zionism
* Theravada Buddhism
* Traditionalist Catholicism
* Integralism
* Ultramontanism
* Traditionalist School

Personal variants

* Berlusconism
* Bukelism
* Cameronism
* Chiangism
* Erdoğanism
* Francoism
* Fujimorism
* Gaullism
* Janismo
* Kaczyzm
* Maurrassisme
* Mellismo
* Metaxism
* Powellism
* Pinochetism
* Putinism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Reaganism
* Sarkozysm
* Thatcherism
* Trumpism
* Ziaism

National variants

* Australia
* Austria
* Bangladesh
* Belgium
* Belize
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* China
* Hong Kong
* Colombia
* Cuba
* Denmark
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Luxembourg
* Malaysia
* Mexico
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Panama
* Peru
* Poland
* Russia
* Serbia
* Singapore
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Toryism
* United States

Related ideologies

* Agrarianism
* Black conservatism
* In US
* Conservative feminism
* Clerical fascism
* Communitarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Conservative socialism
* Corporatism
* Hispanic conservatism
* In US
* LGBTQ conservatism
* Ordoliberalism
* Para-fascism

Related topics

* Anti-communism
* White Terror
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-immigration
* Catholic social teaching
* Conservative wave
* NatCon
* Radical right
* Europe
* US
* Right realism
* Right-wing politics
* Alt
* Authoritarianism
* Centre
* Dictatorship
* Far
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* Small-c conservative

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Conservatism in Australia refers to the political philosophy of conservatism as it has developed in Australia. Politics in Australia has, since at least the 1910s, been most predominantly a contest between the Australian labour movement (primarily the Australian Labor Party) and the combined forces of anti-Labour groups (primarily the Liberal-National Coalition). The anti-Labour groups have at times identified themselves as "free trade", "nationalist", "anti-communist", "liberal", and "right of centre", among other labels; until the 1990s, the label "conservative" had rarely been used in Australia, and when used it tended to be used by pro-Labour forces as a term of disparagement against their opponents. Electorally, conservatism tends to be the most popular political brand in Australian history.[1]

Like other countries with a Westminster system of government (but unlike the United States), the mainstream form of conservatism in Australia is liberal conservatism. On economic issues, conservatives typically support lower taxes and less government spending. Unlike in the United States, Australian conservatives adhere to the broad church range of views for some liberal reforms, such as same-sex marriage (which was legalised by the Coalition government of Malcolm Turnbull),[2][3][4] while typically remaining conservative on other issues such as legalising recreational cannabis[5] and Indigenous issues.[6] Mainstream Australian conservatives also typically support Australia remaining a constitutional monarchy.

## Terminology

[edit]

In the early 20th century, "Conservatism" was used as a disparaging epithet by detractors of right wing politics and politicians within Australia, often by supporters and members of left leaning movements and parties such as the Australian Labor Party and later the Australian Greens. People on the right often called themselves "liberals". That only changed in the late 20th century; John Hirst says that as a significant political movement, conservatism is "a very recent arrival in Australia". John Howard, who became prime minister in 1996, was the first holder of the office to describe himself as a conservative."[7]

In the 21st century the term covers similar political issues as found in other Western democracies. In the early 20th century the liberals had connections with reform movements. However, as Howard has argued, the Liberal Party became the trustee of both the classical liberal and conservative traditions. That is, it combines liberal (market-based, pro-business, anti-union) economic policies with conservative social policies.[8]

Although used much less than the term conservative, former Prime Minister Scott Morrison (Liberal) described himself as a traditionalist upon his ascent to party leader and appointment as Prime Minister (2018–2022).[9] Similarly, former Liberal MP for Moreton (1955–1983) and Minister for Defence (1975–1982) and the Navy (1969–1971), James Killen, was considered to be a Tory, or a "Tory Liberal", especially in his younger years.[10][11]

## History

[edit]

Unlike the various forms of conservatism across the world, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, Australian conservatism has a short history.

In the late 19th century, the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party were the two major parties in Australia. The Free Trade Party was generally more conservative while the Protectionist Party was generally more liberal, though both parties contained liberal and conservative factions. When the Australian labour movement emerged, both parties began attempting to form a united alliance against it.[12] George Reid, the leader of the Free Trade Party between 1901 and 1905, and Prime Minister of Australia from 1904 to 1905, imagined an Australian political spectrum that ran from socialist to anti-socialist, and attempted to reframe the party system this way. This was welcomed by politicians who were influenced by the Westminster tradition and who regarded a two-party system as the norm.[13] In 1909, the two parties merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party to more effectively oppose the new Labor Party.

In 1920, the Country Party (now known as the National Party) was formed as an agrarian conservative party representing the interests of farmers. After the 1922 federal election, which produced a hung parliament, the Country Party and the Nationalist Party (the successor to the Commonwealth Liberal Party) formed a conservative coalition. The Nationalist Party later became the United Australia Party in 1931. After the United Australia Party collapsed in 1945, conservative forces within Australia were in disarray and were seen as irrelevant.[14] This is when the Liberal Party emerged, establishing itself as a big tent party of the right, taking influence from classical conservative thinker Edmund Burke.[15][16]

## Political parties

[edit]

Mainstream political conservatism is primarily represented by the Liberal Party of Australia, and its coalition partner, the National Party, which historically was the party of the conservative small farmers and espoused agrarianism. The Liberal Party was formed in 1944 as a successor of the United Australia Party, which had been formed in 1931 as a successor of the Nationalist Party and ideologically similar parties that preceded it. The Liberal Party's ideology has been described as conservative,[17] liberal-conservative,[18] conservative-liberal,[19] and classical liberal.[20] The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism (which in the Australian usage refers to free markets and small government).[21]

Moser and Catley state, "In America, 'liberal' means left-of-center, and it is a pejorative term when used by conservatives in adversarial political debate. In Australia, of course, the conservatives are in the Liberal Party."[22] Jupp points out that, "[the] decline in English influences on Australian reformism and radicalism, and appropriation of the symbols of Empire by conservatives continued under the Liberal Party leadership of Sir Robert Menzies, which lasted until 1966."[23] Beecher comments that, "across the economic and cultural landscape, Howard proved that the centre of politics in Australia is inherently conservative."[24]

There are also other minor parties which may be perceived to be conservative in orientation on account of some of their policies - and even some are regarded as right wing or extreme right, such as the Democratic Labor Party, One Nation Party, Liberal Democratic Party, Family First Party, Australian Christians, Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, and Katter's Australian Party, although some would not champion the classical liberal approach to economics adopted by the Liberal Party.[25] In the 45th Australian Senate, the Liberal Democratic Party's David Leyonhjelm, the Independent Cory Bernardi, Independent Fraser Anning and the United Australia Party's Brian Burston formerly formed a "conservative bloc".[26][27]

Since the 2010s, an increasing number of prominent conservative members of the Liberal/National coalition have left the party,[citation needed] such as in 2017 with Senator Cory Bernardi[28][29][30] and in 2022 with MP George Christensen.[31]

## Think tanks and other entities

[edit]

Some think tanks in Australia have a conservative focus. The Centre for Independent Studies, for example, focuses on classical liberal issues such as free markets and limited government, while the Institute of Public Affairs advocates free market economic policies such as privatisation and deregulation of state-owned enterprises, trade liberalisation and deregulated workplaces, climate change scepticism,[32] the abolition of the minimum wage,[33] and the repeal of parts of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975.[34] The H. R. Nicholls Society focuses on industrial relations, and advocates full workplace deregulation, contains some Liberal MPs as members and is seen to be of the New Right. The Menzies Research Centre is an associated entity of the Liberal Party.[35][36] The Samuel Griffith Society is a legal think tank that advocates constitutional conservatism, federalism and black letter law jurisprudence, and has reportedly been influential in recent Coalition appointments to administrative tribunals and the Judiciary.[37][38]

Apart from political parties, conservative grass-roots movements have also arisen in Australia in recent years. Q Society of Australia is a far-right anti-Muslim association that works closely with the Australian Liberty Alliance. Some of these may have connections to existing political leaders, such as Senator Cory Bernardi's Conservative Leadership Foundation[39] (which is dedicated to fostering community based conservative leadership) or explicitly reject party politics in favour of cultural restoration, such as the Sydney Traditionalist Forum[40] and Edmund Burke's Club [41] (which are described as "an association of 'old school' conservative, traditionalist and paleoconservative individuals").

Advance is a conservative political lobbying group launched in 2018.

In Australia however there are some differences in the political landscape in which conservatism exists, compared to what is found in other countries, especially in economics. Australia undertook in the mid-1980s significant economic reforms – faith in markets, deregulation, a reduced role for government, low protection and the creation of a new cooperative enterprise culture – under the centre-left Australian Labor Party and especially under social liberal Paul Keating."[42]

## Media

[edit]

Two national newspapers in Australia, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review, take a conservative stance.[43][44] Since the 1970s, the Financial Review has advocated economic liberalism in Australia, driving a consistent editorial line favouring small government, deregulation, privatisation, lower taxes and trade liberalisation.

Major conservative regional newspapers include The Daily Telegraph, The West Australian, The Mercury, The Canberra Times, The Advertiser and The Courier-Mail.[45]

The primary conservative magazines in Australia are News Weekly, Quadrant and The Spectator Australia.[46][47]

On television, a conservative outlook is represented by Sky News Australia.[48] and ADH TV.

Newspapers and other publications owned by News Corp strongly favour the right wing of Australian politics. The publications owned by News Corp include The Australian, The Daily Telegraph, The Mercury, The Advertiser and The Courier-Mail. Sky News is also owned by News Corp.

## Monarchism

[edit]

See also: Australian Monarchist League

See also: Republicanism in Australia

* British Flag

* Australian Flag

* Australian Flag, Red Ensign Variant

Whether Australia should remain a monarchy or become a republic was a contentious issue in the 1990s. It has since not been a priority for the government as of 2019. In 1998 when debate peaked, Howard took the monarchist position favoured by most conservatives. Howard argued that the monarchy had provided a long period of stability and while he said there was no question that Australia was a fully independent nation, he believed that the "separation of the ceremonial and executive functions of government" and the presence of a neutral "defender of constitutional integrity" was an advantage in government and that no republican model would be as effective in providing such an outcome as the Australian constitutional monarchy.[49] Despite opinion polls suggesting Australians favoured a republic, the 1999 republic referendum rejected the model proposed by the 1998 convention involving appointment of the head of state by Parliament.[50] Conservatives generally support keeping the current flag (with its British insignia) and are proud of the nation's British heritage.[51]

## Aboriginal members of conservative parties

[edit]

Jacinta Nampijinpa Price

Traditionally, Aboriginal Australians in cities have been known to predominantly vote for parties of the political left, such as the Australian Labor Party or the Australian Greens.[52] Despite this, there are numerous Aboriginal activists, politicians and individuals affiliated with the political right. The most prominent Aboriginal Conservative was Neville Bonner who was the first Aboriginal Australian elected to federal Parliament. In the Northern Territory, the Country Liberal Party has had a fluctuating relationship with the state's Indigenous communities (even providing Australia's first Indigenous head of government, Adam Giles) and holds several of the territory's electorates with large Aboriginal populations.

Jacinta Price is a well-known conservative activist of Warlpiri descent who was elected to the Senate for the Country Liberal Party representing Northern Territory in 2022. Price has argued against claims of systemic racism against Aboriginals in the criminal justice system, instead arguing that "black-on-black violence" is most pressing in Aboriginal communities.[53] Unlike many Aboriginal activists, Price opposes changing the date of Australia Day, describing the proposal as "virtue-signaling".[54]

Kerrynne Liddle is a former journalist and Arrernte woman originally from Alice Springs. At the 2022 she was elected as a Liberal Senator for South Australia.

Originally a member of Labor, former Indigenous Advisory Council (IAC) member Warren Mundine has since shifted toward the political right.[55] Mundine has criticised what he describes as efforts to introduce "critical race theory" in Australian schools, arguing it promotes a victim mentality among Aboriginals.[56]

Former Aboriginal conservative politicians include:[citation needed]

* Adam Giles – Served as the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory (2013–2016).
* Joanna Lindgren – A former Liberal National Senator for Queensland (2015–2016).
* Hyacinth Tungutalum – The first Aboriginal Australian elected to a State or Territorial parliament; member of the Country Liberal Party (1974–1977).
* Bess Price – A former Northern Territory Minister for Community Services; member of the Country Liberal Party (2012–2016)
* Eric Deeral – Queensland MP representing the Country Party (1974–1977)

## See also

[edit]

* Conservatism portal
* Australia portal

* Christian politics in Australia
* History wars
* Liberalism in Australia
* Socialism in Australia
* Far-right politics in Australia

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kenny, Mark (19 August 2022). "Australian conservatism succumbs to the same radical tendency as like-minded parties abroad". The Conversation. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
2. ^ "Malcolm Turnbull makes conservative case for same-sex marriage at 'yes' launch". amp.smh.com.au. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
3. ^ "This is how everyone voted — and didn't vote — on same-sex marriage". ABC News. 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
4. ^ "Same-sex marriage: this is the Liberal Party I joined". amp.smh.com.au. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
5. ^ "What Do Australia's Political Parties Think About Cannabis?". investingnews.com. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
6. ^ Pimenta, David (10 November 2023). "Two sides of the same 'West': the radical right wing in Australia and Portugal". theloop.ecpr.eu. European Political Science Review. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
7. ^ Graeme Davison et al. eds., The Oxford Companion to Australian History  (2nd ed. 2001) p 148
8. ^ Brett 2003, p. 1.
9. ^ Smith, Alexandra (16 December 2018). "'Government House has a ladies loo too': Morrison sticks with the past". The Sydney Morning Herald.
10. ^ Hawker, Geoffrey (September–October 2005). "Comings and Goings: Liberal Party Factions in New South Wales". Australian Quarterly. 77 (5): 17. doi:10.2307/20638361. JSTOR 20638361.
11. ^ Yatman, Brian (15 May 2014). "In the Herald: May 16, 1982". The Sydney Morning Herald.
12. ^ Cunningham, Matthew (2022). Mobilising the Masses: Populist Conservative Movements in Australia and New Zealand During the Great Depression (PDF). ANU Press. pp. 27–30.
13. ^ Richardson, Charles (Autumn 2009). "Fusion: The Party System We Had To Have?" (PDF). Centre for Independent Studies. 25 (1): 14.
14. ^ Williams, John R. (1967). "The Emergence of the Liberal Party of Australia". The Australian Quarterly. 39 (1): 7–27\. doi:10.2307/20634106. ISSN 0005-0091. JSTOR 20634106.
15. ^ "Burke's Legacy in Australian Politics – Quadrant Online". 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
16. ^ "Our Burkean Tradition". Menzies Research Centre. 29 June 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
17. ^ James C. Docherty (2010). The A to Z of Australia. Scarecrow Press. p. 186\. ISBN 978-1-4616-7175-6.
18. ^ Nicole A. Thomas; Tobias Loetscher; Danielle Clode; Mike Nicholls (2012). "Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): 4. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736552T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.270.2043. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036552. PMC 3342249. PMID 22567166. "The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre."
19. ^ Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 191\. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
20. ^ Kuo-Tsai Liou (1998). Handbook of Economic Development. CRC Press. p. 357\. ISBN 978-1-4616-7175-6.
21. ^ Dennis Raphael (2012). Tackling Health Inequalities: Lessons from International Experiences. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 66\. ISBN 978-1-55130-412-0.
22. ^ Mosler & Catley 1998, p. 83.
23. ^ Jupp 2004, p. 172.
24. ^ Eric Beecher, ed. (2009). The Best Australian Political Writing 2009. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. p. 236\. ISBN 978-0-522-86055-9.
25. ^ Louise Chappell (2003). Gendering Government: Feminist Engagement With the State in Australia and Canada. UBC Press. p. 54\. ISBN 978-0-7748-0966-5.
26. ^ "Anti-Asian, anti-Islam party falls apart in Australia". Asia Times. 15 June 2018.
27. ^ "The tax cut battle explained in less than two minutes". Sydney Morning Herald. 18 June 2018.
28. ^ "Cory Bernardi quits the Liberal Party to establish Australian Conservatives". ABC News. 7 February 2017.
29. ^ "Cory Bernardi Rogue Senator defects to go it all alone". The Daily Telegraph. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
30. ^ Massola, James (7 February 2017). "Cory Bernardi breaks silence, quits the Liberal Party in Senate speech". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
31. ^ "Christensen quits LNP over party direction". 7 April 2022.
32. ^ "Big donors dump IPA on climate scepticism". Sydney Morning Herald. 25 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
33. ^ "Institute of Public Affairs calls for the abolition of the minimum wage". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
34. ^ "Conservative think tank the Institute of Public Affairs gives George Brandis race law ultimatum". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
35. ^ Associated Entity Disclosure Return, 2014–15
36. ^ Reekie 1998, p. 63.
37. ^ "A High Court Steward for conservatives". Australian Financial Review. 17 June 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
38. ^ Pender, Kieran (9 April 2022). "Immigration case raises concerns over High Court politicisation". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
39. ^ "Conservative Leadership Foundation"
40. ^ "SydneyTrads – Weblog of the Sydney Traditionalist Forum
41. ^ "Edmund Burke's Club
42. ^ Paul Kelly, The end of certainty: The story of the 1980s (1992) p 660
43. ^ Clancy, Laurie (2004). Culture and customs of Australia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 126\. ISBN 978-0-313-32169-6.
44. ^ De Mestral, Armand (2017). Second Thoughts: Investor State Arbitration between Developed Democracies. McGill-Queen's Press. "Most conservative newspapers, namely the Australian Financial Review (owned by the Fairfax group) and especially the Australian"
45. ^ Banks, Arthur (1998). Political Handbook of the World 1998. Springer. p. 57.
46. ^ Forde, Susan (2011). Challenging the News: The Journalism of Alternative and Community Media. Macmillan. p. 186.
47. ^ "The Spectator slams ABC attacks". Australian Financial Review. 29 November 2013.
48. ^ "Andrew Bolt's show sends Sky further right on the night". The Guardian.
49. ^ "Australian Web Archive". webarchive.nla.gov.au. 23 August 2006. Archived from the original on 10 December 1999. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
50. ^ Vizard, Steve, Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting At the Constitutional Convention (Penguin, 1998, ISBN 0-14-027983-0)
51. ^ Dutton 2002, p. 83.
52. ^ Parkin, Dean (16 September 2013). "Indigenous Australians can vote how they want". ABC News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
53. ^ "There is a disregard for 'black-on-black violence'". Retrieved 27 June 2021.
54. ^ "Virtue signalling does nothing to make lives of indigenous Australians safer". Retrieved 17 May 2021.
55. ^ Natasha Robinson (3 November 2012). "Sick at heart: why a disillusioned Warren Mundine quit the Labor Party". The Australian. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
56. ^ "Critical race theory in national curriculum promotes 'victim' narrative among indigenous". Sky News Australia. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Brett, Judith (2003). Australian Liberals and the Moral Middle Class: From Alfred Deakin to John Howard. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-139-43720-8.
* Dutton, David (2002). One of Us? A Century of Australian Citizenship. UNSW Press. ISBN 0-868-40556-6.
* Jupp, James (2004). The English in Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54295-2.
* Mosler, David; Catley, Robert (1998). America and Americans in Australia. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96252-0.
* Reekie, Gail (1998). Measuring Immorality: Social Inquiry and the Problem of Illegitimacy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62974-4.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Hirst, John, "Conservatism," in Graeme Davison et al. eds., The Oxford Companion to Australian History  (2nd ed. 2001) pp 148–50

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