Conservatism in Germany

Overview of conservatism in Germany

This article is part of a series on

Conservatism in Germany

Ideologies

* Agrarian
* Christian democracy
* Liberal
* Ordo
* Ritter School
* Monarchism
* Nationalist
* Neue Rechte
* Völkisch
* Paternalistic
* Prussianism
* Cameralistic
* Socialist
* Romanticism
* Right-Hegelianism
* Historical School
* Value

Principles

* Authority
* Christian values
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Federalism
* Gemeinschaft
* Geopolitik
* Germanisation
* Heimat
* Imperialism
* In Treue fest
* Kultur
* Medievalism
* Monarchism
* Organicism
*  Patriotism
* Political theology
* Prussian virtues
* Sittlichkeit
* Social market economy
* Sonderweg
* Subsidiarity
* Volk
* Volksgeist

History

* Holy Roman Empire
* The Junkers
* German Confederation
* Carlsbad Decrees
* Anti-Socialist Laws
* German Reich
* German Empire
* State Socialism
* Völkisch movement
* George-Kreis
* Leipzig school
* Freikorps
* Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
* Perceived Weimar decadence
* Conservative Revolution
* Oster conspiracy
* 20 July plot
* Historikerstreit
* Heidelberg Manifesto
* German reunification
* Erklärung 2018

Intellectuals

* Fichte
* Freyer
* Gadamer
* von Galen
* George
* Gehlen
* Gogarten
* Görres
* Hamann
* Hartmann
* Heidegger
* Hegel
* Herder
* Hielscher
* von Hildebrand
* Hoppe
* Jünger (Ernst)
* Jünger (Friedrich)
* Kantorowicz
* Klages
* Kommerell
* Koselleck
* Langbehn
* von Lilienfeld
* Lorenz
* Löwith
* Lübbe
* Mann (early)
* Maschke
* Moeller van den Bruck
* Müller
* Nolte
* Novalis
* Otto
* Pieper
* Plessner
* von Ranke
* Reck-Malleczewen
* Ritter (Gerhard)
* Ritter (Joachim)
* Röpke
* Rüstow
* von Salomon
* Scheler
* Schelsky
* Schlegel
* Schmitt
* Sieferle
* Sloterdijk
* Sombart
* Spaemann
* Spengler
* Steinbuch
* von Treitschke
* Voegelin
* Weber

Literature

* Addresses to the German Nation (1806)
* Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820)
* The National System (1837)
* Degeneration (1892)
* Ressentiment (1912)
* Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918)
* The Decline of the West (1918, 1922)
* Ideology and Utopia (1929)
* Man and Technics (1931)
* The Concept of the Political (1932)
* On the Marble Cliffs (1939)
* Man (1940)
* Diary of a Man in Despair (1947)
* Man in the Age of Technology (1949)
* The Questionnaire (1951)
* Fascism in Its Epoch (1963)
* Envy (1966)
* Moral und Hypermoral (1969)
* Germany Abolishes Itself (2010)
* Finis Germania (2017)

Commentators

* Anrich
* Aust
* Bolz
* Broder
* Deschner
* Thomas Fasbender
* Herman
* Höhler
* Hoven
* Joffe
* Krause Landt
* Kuby
* Hermann Löns
* Löwenthal
* Mann (Golo)
* Maurer
* Nagel
* Nebel
* Noelle-Neumann
* Otte
* Pirinçci
* Röhl
* Safranski
* Sarrazin
* von Schrenck-Notzing
* Schwilk
* Stein
* Strauss (Botho)
* Stürmer
* Tichy
* Weißmann
* Zehrer
* Zitelmann

Politicians

* Adenauer
* Ancillon
* Barschel
* von Bismarck
* von Bose
* Brüning
* Fehrenbach
* Filbinger
* von Gerlach
*  Goerdeler
* Held
* von Hindenburg
* Hugenberg
* Jongen
* Jung
* Kapp
*  Kohl
* Krah
* Lengsfeld
* Maaßen
* von Merkatz
* Merz
* Michaelis
* von Papen
* Petry
* von Radowitz
* Rauschning
* Ritter von Kahr
* von Roon
* Schäffer
* Schäffler
* von Schleicher
* Stresemann
* vom Stein
* Stoecker
* von Storch
* Strauss
* Wagener
* Weidel
* von Westarp
* Wilhelm II
* Winnig

Jurists

* Böckenförde
* von Gierke
* Möser
* Quabbe
* von Savigny
* Schmitt
* Stahl
* Wackenroder
* Wagener

Activists

* Kohlmann
* Kubitschek
* Seibt
* Billy Six
* von Stauffenberg
* Stürzenberger
* von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)
* von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)

Parties

Active

* Alternative for Germany (AfD)

* Bavaria Party (BP)
* Bündnis Deutschland (BD)
* Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU)
* Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU)
* Centre Party
* Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP)
* Family Party of Germany
* The Republicans (REP)
* Values Union (WU)
* We Citizens (WB)

Defunct

* Bavarian People's Party (BVP)
* Conservative Party
* Free Conservative Party (FKP)
* German Conservative Party (DkP)
* German Freedom Party
* German National People's Party (DNVP)
* German Party (DP)
* German People's Party (DVP)

Organizations

* Aufbau Vereinigung
* Bibliothek des Konservatismus
* Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
* Die Deutschen Konservativen
* Forum of German Catholics
* Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
* German Burschenschaft
* German Taxpayers Federation
* Citizens' Movement Pax Europa
* Hanns Seidel Foundation
* Hans Filbinger Foundation
* Identitäre Aktion
* Institut für Staatspolitik
* Konrad Adenauer Foundation
* PEGIDA
* Studienzentrum Weikersheim
* Tradition und Leben

Defunct

* Der Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten
* Germany Foundation
* Queen Louise League

Media

* Die Achse des Guten
* Antaios (Defunct)
* Bild
* Cato
* Cicero
* COMPACT
* Deutsche Rundschau
* Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
* Junge Freiheit
* Kreuzzeitung (Defunct)
* Politically Incorrect
* Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung
* Süddeutsche Monatshefte
* Der Türmer
* Verlag Antaios
* Die Welt
* Welt am Sonntag

Related topics

* Alternative Mitte
* Bavarian nationalism
* Böckenförde dilemma
* European New Right
* Conservatism in Austria
* Conservatism in Switzerland
* Criticism of multiculturalism
* Cultural pessimism
* Freischwebende Intelligenz
* Immigration to Germany
* Criminality
* Remigration
* Metapolitics
* Politics of Germany
* Liberalism
* Stahlhelm-Fraktion

* Conservatism portal
* Germany portal

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Conservatism in Germany (German: Konservatismus) has encompassed a wide range of theories and ideologies in the last three hundred years, but most historical conservative theories supported the monarchical/hierarchical political structure.

## Historical conservative strains

[edit]

During the pre-revolutionary Vormärz era, the label conservatism united a loose movement of intellectual and political forces without any party organisation comparable to the British Tories. The tradition of conservative theorists like Justus Möser (1720–1794) opposed the Enlightenment tendencies and the ideals of the French Revolution.[1]

While many of the conservative theorists are labelled "political Romantics" (most notably by Carl Schmitt, himself a conservative), at least four strains are distinguishable before 1945:

* Status quo ante Romantic conservatives, who wanted to restore the medieval as it was prior to the French Revolution. Notable theorists are Novalis, Friedrich Schelling, Karl Ludwig von Haller and Adam Müller.
* Conservative Journalism defends the status quo of Metternichs System (the Restoration) and national conservatism. Notable theorists include Friedrich von Gentz, Friedrich Schlegel and Ernst Moritz Arndt.
* Conservative writing in defense of the (constitutional) monarchy in Germany included theorists Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Friedrich Julius Stahl.
* The conservative revolutionary movement and pre-Nazi radicals, such as Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, Oswald Spengler (adding pessimism and cultural conservatism) and Carl Schmitt.

Also included are the anti-Enlightenment Romanticism of Friedrich Nietzsche, the conservative Realpolitik and statecraft of Otto von Bismarck and the anti-republican monarchism of the German National People's Party (DNVP) during the Weimar Republic.

## Otto von Bismarck

[edit]

Conservative thought developed alongside nationalism in Germany, culminating in Germany's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War, the creation of the unified German Empire in 1871 and the simultaneous rise to power of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck's "balance of power" foreign policy model maintained peace in Europe for decades at the end of the 19th century. His "revolutionary conservatism" was a conservative state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans—not just his own Junker elite—more loyal to state and emperor. He created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s. According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis, his strategy was "granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist forces of liberalism and socialism".[2]

Bismarck also enacted universal male suffrage in the new German Empire in 1871.[3] He became a great hero to German conservatives, who erected many monuments to his memory after he left office in 1890.[4]

After the Revolutions of 1848, conservative parties were represented in several Landtag assemblies of the German states, particularly in the Prussian Landtag, from 1871 onwards also in the Reichstag parliament of the German Empire. The Prussian conservatives, mainly East Elbian landowners (Junker), who had been sceptical towards the Unification of Germany promoted by Minister President Bismarck, re-organised themselves within the German Conservative Party. In the Reichstag, they had to face the rivalry of the Free Conservative secession, which comprised bureaucratic elite leaders as well as Rhenish business magnates, who had supported Bismarck's politics from the beginning.

During Bismarck's time in office, German conservatives more and more turned to statism and paternalism in the rising conflict between economic liberalism as promoted by the National Liberals and the labour movement represented by the Social Democratic Party. They supported the Chancellor's Anti-Socialist Laws, but also strongly embraced the implementation of a social insurance (pensions, accident insurance and medical care) that laid the ground for the German welfare state. Likewise, conservative politicians appreciated the enforcement of what they called national interests during the Kulturkampf against the Catholic Church and the Centre Party. Though Bismarck's domestic policies did not prevail against his opponents, they further strengthened the power of the state.

At the same time, the influence of the parliament on those policy guidelines remained limited. Universal suffrage (for men) had been implemented already in the 1867 Reichstag election of the North German Confederation, but the MPs had few legislative powers. The German government remained responsible only to the Emperor and the Chancellor used to rule by alternating majorities. Not until the late days of World War I a parliamentary reform was carried out, instigated by the Oberste Heeresleitung (Supreme Army Command) in view of the German defeat. Biased by particular interests and reserved towards political parties espousing an ideology or vision in general, German conservatives up to then had not been able to install a big tent in the sense of a people's party.

## Weimar Republic and Nazi oppression

[edit]

Conservatism in Germany was shaken by the lost World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. The thinkers of the conservative revolution, a reaction to the lapse of the once venerated monarchical tradition, strived for an inventive realignment (new world order) based on continuous principles while in the late 1920s the DNVP under press baron Alfred Hugenberg turned towards far-right nationalist policies, culminating in the co-operation with the Nazi Party on the eve of the Machtergreifung in 1933. Several conservative politicians like Hugenberg himself, Franz von Papen and Konstantin von Neurath became members of the Hitler Cabinet and some like Franz Seldte even joined the NSDAP.

During the period of Nazi rule, all other political parties, including conservative, were outlawed. The "national revolution" of the Nazis had priority and the racist and social changes in German society were not allowed to be stopped by the conservative forces of "reaction" (Reaktion, see "Horst-Wessel-Lied"), like for instance the Catholic, Christian-democratic Zentrum and the Prussian monarchists. Several conservative opponents of the Nazi regime like former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher or Edgar Julius Jung were murdered during the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. After a period of pacification in the Third Reich, notable conservatives were involved in the German Resistance, most notably in the 20 July plot.

## Modern conservatism

[edit]

After World War II, conservatism in Germany had to deal with the experience of totalitarianism and its own involvement. Its protagonists finally adopted the ideals of a liberal constitutional (Rechtsstaat) democracy and in turn eliminated themselves as a separate political power.

In modern Germany, the post-war Christian Democratic Union (CDU) along with the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) claim to represent all forms of conservatism in Germany. National conservative new establishments like the German Party did not last while up to today there remain some marginal parties to the right of the CDU and CSU, difficult to distinguish from the far-right-parties, e.g. The Republicans. There also exist marginal movements to restore the German monarchy, most notably Tradition und Leben. During the German student movement of the late 1960s, CDU/CSU politicians called for a "strong state" and the restriction of individual rights in order to put down the disturbances.

Notable modern ("technocratic") conservative theorists included Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) and his brother Friedrich Georg Jünger (1898–1977), Hans Freyer (1887–1969), Helmut Schelsky (1912–1984) and Arnold Gehlen (1904–1976). They stressed the subjection of political decisions to the circumstances determined by a technologically advanced civilisation, denying ideological claims to overcome social alienation, which would remain an illusion only advocated by demagogues.

## Recent developments

[edit]

Like most political parties in Germany, the CDU and the CSU to a lesser extent has turned to centrist policies after German reunification. This has led to an emphasis on economic liberalism and social justice (in the tradition of Catholic social teaching) compared to firm conservative positions. However, the party's claimed conservative feature remains a non-defined iridescent term, oscillating between national and social manifestation.

Since West Germany Chancellor Helmut Kohl formed a coalition government of the CDU and the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) in 1982, both parties have often been frequently referred to as belonging to a larger centre-right (bürgerlich, "civic") faction within the German party system. However, this distinction has been criticised for neglecting not only social liberal trends, but also conservative tendencies within centre-left parties like the Social Democrats or The Greens.

## See also

[edit]

* conservatism portal

* Alternative for Germany
* CDU/CSU
* Conservatism
* Free Democratic Party of Germany
* Agrarian Conservatism in Germany
* Conservative Party (Prussia)
* Liberalism in Germany
* Far-right politics in Germany

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ James N. Retallack (2006). The German Right, 1860–1920: Political Limits of the Authoritarian Imagination. University of Toronto Press.
2. ^ Kersbergen, Kees van; Vis, Barbara (2013). Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform. Cambridge UP. p. 38.
3. ^ Moore, Robert Laurence; Vaudagna, Maurizio (2003). The American Century in Europe. Cornell University Press. p. 226.
4. ^ Richard E. Frankel, "From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945," German Studies Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Oct., 2003), pp. 543–560 in JSTOR

## Further reading

[edit]

* Berdahl, Robert M. "Conservative Politics and aristocratic landholders in Bismarckian Germany." Journal of Modern History 44#1 (1972): 2-20. in JSTOR.
* von Beyme, Klaus (2002). Politische Theorien im Zeitalter der Ideologien. Westdeutscher Verlag.
* Epstein, Klaus (1975). Genesis of German Conservatism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05121-6.
* Jones, Larry Eugene. James Retallack (ed.). Between Reform, Reaction, and Resistance: Studies in the History of German Conservatism from 1789 to 1945. Berg Publishers. ISBN 0-85496-787-7.
* Muller, Jerry Z. (1988). The Other God that Failed: Hans Freyer and the Deradicalization of German Conservatism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00823-X.
* Nipperdey, Thomas. Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 (1996). excerpt.
* Retallack, James. "'What Is to Be Done?' The Red Specter, Franchise Questions, and the Crisis of Conservative Hegemony in Saxony, 1896–1909." Central European History 23#4 (1990): 271–312. online.
* Retallack, James. The German Right, 1860–1920: Political Limits of the Authoritarian Imagination (2006).

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Conservatism

Schools
by region|

| International|

* Authoritarian
* Corporatist
* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Moderate
* National
* Paternalistic
* Populist
* Pragmatic
* Progressive
* Reactionary
* Religious
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Ultra

|

Asia|

| China|

* Chiangism
* Confucianism
* Neo
* New
* Dai Jitao Thought
* Neoauthoritarianism

|

Iran|

* Khomeinism
* Monarchist
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Israel|

* Fundamentalist
* Jewish
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* Neo
* Religious
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Japan|

* Minzoku
* Neo
* Nippon Kaigi
* Shōwa Statism
* State Shinto

South Korea|

* Ilminism
* New Right

Turkey|

* Democratic
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* Neo-Ottomanism

Other|

* Bangladesh
* Hong Kong
* India
* Malaysia
* Pakistan
* Ziaism
* Singapore
* Taiwan
* Chiangism

Europe|

| France|

* Action Française
* Bonapartism
* Gaullism
* Integral nationalism
* Legitimism
* Maurrassisme
* Nouvelle Droite
* Orléanism
* Révolution nationale
* Sarkozysm
* Ultra-royalism

|

Germany|

* Agrarian
* Hegelian
* Historical School
* Neue Rechte
* Ordoliberalism
* Prussianism
* Cameralistic
* Socialist
* Revolutionary
* Young
* Ritter School
* Romanticism
* State Socialism
* Völkisch

Italy|

* Berlusconism
* Historical Right
* Italian school of elitism
* Neo-Bourbonism
* Sanfedismo

Poland|

* Golden Liberty
* Kaczyzm
* Monarchist
* National Democracy
* Sarmatism

Russia|

* Duginism
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* Tsarism
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Spain|

* Alfonsism
* Carlism
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* National Catholicism
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United
Kingdom|

* Cameronism
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* Jacobitism
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* Powellism
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Other|

* Austria
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* Romania
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Latin America|

| Argentina|

* Federal Peronism
* Maurrasismo
* Menemism
* Nacionalismo
* Orthodox Peronism

|

Brazil|

* Bolsonarism
* Coronelism
* Integralism
* Janismo
* Monarchist
* Patrianovism
* Populism

Chile|

* Gremialismo
* Pinochetism

Other|

* Belize
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* Cuba
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* Mexico
* Cristero
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* Peru
* Fujimorism
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* Herrerism
* Riverism
* Ruralismo
* Venezuela
* Perezjimenismo

North America|

| Canada|

* Populism
* Trumpism
* Clerico-nationalism
* Social
* Toryism
* Blue
* Red
* Pink

|

United
States|

* Compassionate
* Libertarian
* Fusionism
* Paleo
* Tea Party
* Movement
* Neo
* Old Right
* Paleo
* Reaganism
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Trumpism

Oceania|

* Australia
* Centre Right
* National Right
* New Zealand

Philosophy|

| Principles|

* Ancestral worship
* Authority
* Traditional
* Class collaboration
* Consociationalism
* Clericalism
* Collective identity
* Confessionalism
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural heritage
* Cultural values
* Culture of life
* Pro-Life
* Discipline
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Noblesse oblige
* Ethical order
* Familialism
* Family values
* Fundamentalism
* Gender role
* Complementarianism
* Honour
* Imperialism
* Loyalty
* Monarchism
* Royalist
* Natural law
* Natural Order
* Norms
* Conventions
* Customs
* Mores
* Ordered liberty
* Organicism
* Organized religion
* Orthodoxy
* Patriotism
* Nationalism
* Personalism
* Philosophical realism
* Moral realism
* Private property
* Protectionism
* Public morality
* Rule of law
* Social hierarchy
* Social institutions
* Social order
* Solidarity
* Sovereignty
* State religion
* Stewardship
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

|

Intellectuals|

* Bainville
* Barruel
* Belloc
* Bonald
* Buckley Jr.
* Burke
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Politics|

| Organisations|

* European Conservatives and Reformists Party
* European People's Party
* Identity and Democracy
* International Democrat Union
* International Monarchist League
* Muslim Brotherhood
* Tradition, Family, Property

|

Politicians|

* Abe
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Religion|

* Christian democracy
* Christian politics
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* Hindutva
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* Islamism
* Islamic economics
* Theravada
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* Traditionalist Catholicism
* Catholic social teaching
* Distributism
* Integralism
* Ultramontanism
* Traditionalist School

Historical
background|

* Ancien régime
* Bourbon Restauration
* Congress of Vienna
* Concert of Europe
* Conservative Order
* Counter-Enlightenment
* German Romanticism
* Holy Alliance
* Ultra-royalism

Related|

| Ideologies|

* Agrarianism
* Clerical fascism
* Communitarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Corporatism
* Localism

|

* Anti-communism
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-Masonry
* Aristocracy
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* United States
* Desecularization
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* Conservative feminism
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* Elite theory
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* Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States
* LGBTQ conservatism
* Neo-feudalism
* Neo-medievalism
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Para-fascism
* Political Evangelicalism in Latin America
* Political theology
* Radical right
* Europe
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* Right realism
* Right-wing politics
* Authoritarianism
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Conservatism in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
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* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Svalbard

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